Maitiro Anobatsira Sei Kukwegura uye Maitiro Aungaita "Kuchinja" Zvako Zvitadzo
DNA yako inogona kufanotaura zvakawanda nezvako kupfuura nzira yaunotarisa. Maererano nemazwi ehutano hwekukwegura, mazamu enyu (pamwe nekushanduka-shanduka mune zvemajeni) ndivo vanoita kuti muchagara kwenguva yakareba sei. Hezvino izvo zvaunofanira kuziva nezvemajeni uye kurarama kwenguva refu, uye apo mageneti anowirirana pakati pezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekukwegura.
Genetic Theory of Aging - Tsanangudzo
Nhoroondo yehutano yekukwegura inotaura kuti hupenyu huzhinji hwakagadzirirwa nemajene atinowana.
Maererano nedzidziso, hupenyu hwedu hupenyu hunonyanya kutsanangurwa panguva yekuberekwa uye inonyanya kuvimba nevabereki vedu uye majini avo.
Chikonzero chechirevo ichi ndechekuti zvikamu zveDNA zvinowanika pamagumo e-chromosomes, anonzi telomeres , anoona hupenyu hwemazuva ose eesero. Telomeres zvidimbu zve "junk" DNA pamagumo emakromosomes anova maduku nguva dzose apo sero rinoparadzana. Aya ma-telomere ave maduku uye maduku uye pakupedzisira, masero haagoni kugovana pasina kurasikirwa zvidimbu zvinokosha zveDNA.
Asati apinda mune zvinyorwa zvekuti genetics inobata sei kukwegura, uye magumisiro ezvo uye zvinopesana nedzidziso iyi, zvinobatsira kukurukura muchidimbu zvikamu zvekutanga zvekukwegura mafungiro uye mamwe emamwe maonero ari mumatanda aya. Panguva ino yazvino hapana imwe nyanzvi kana imwechete yemanamato anokwanisa kutsanangura zvose zvatinoona mukukwegura.
Nheyo dzekukwegura
Kune zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvekukwegura kwemashoko zvakasiyana zvakananga mune izvo zvinogona kutumidzwa se "chinangwa" chekukwegura. Muchikamu chekutanga, kukwegura kunonyanya kuitika; kuwedzerwa kukanganisa uye kupfeka uye kubvarura pamuviri uyo unozopedzisira waita kuti ufe. Kusiyana neizvi, zvakarongeka zvekukwegura maonero ekuona kukwegura sechikonzero chinangwa, chinodzorwa nenzira iyo inogona kufananidzwa nedzimwe zvikamu zvehupenyu sekuyaruka.
Kukanganisa zvinyorwa zvinosanganisira zvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira:
- Kupfeka uye kubvarura pfungwa yekukwegura
- Muenzaniso wekurarama dzidziso yekukwegura
- Mapuroteni akabatanidza chirevo chezvezvezve
- Rusununguko rukuru rwemashoko ekukwegura
- Somatic mutation pfungwa yekukwegura
Kugadziridza mafungiro ekukwegura zvakare akaparadzana muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzira iyo muviri wedu wakarongeka kuti ude uye kufa.
- Yakarongwa kwenguva refu - Yakarongwa kwenguva refu inotaura kuti hupenyu hunotsanangurwa nehutano hunotenderera uye huchibva kune jenesi.
- Endocrine dzidziso yekukwegura
- Dzidziso yehutachiona hwekukwegura
Pane zvakakosha pakati peiyi mazano uye kunyange mapoka evanhu vakwegura.
Zvisikwa uye Mabasa Akashanda
Usati wataura nezvemashoko makuru anoenderana nekukwegura uye genetics, ngationgororei izvo DNA yedu iri uye dzimwe nzira dzinokosha iyo maitiro ejene anokanganisa mararamiro edu.
Majini edu anowanikwa muDNA yedu iyo iripo munharaus (mukati memo) yesero rimwe nerimwe mumitumbi yedu. (Panewo DNA mitochondrial inowanikwa mumitambo inonzi mitochondria iyo iripo mu cytoplasm yesero.) Mumwe nomumwe ane 46 chromosomes inogadzira DNA yedu, iyo 23 inobva kumadzimai edu uye 23 inobva kumadzibaba edu. Pakati peizvi, makumi mana ari mahara, uye maviri ndiwo ma-chromosomes zvepabonde, anosarudza kana tichifanira kunge tiri varume kana vakadzi.
(Dito Mitochondrial, zvakasiyana, inotakura zvishoma nezvemazwi uye inogamuchirwa kubva kumadzimai edu chete.)
Mukati ma-chromosomes pane mazamu edu, genetic bluepirint yedu inotakura hutano hwezvinhu zvose zvichaitika mumasero edu. Majena edu anogona kufungidzirwa sezveranda rwemashoko anoita mazwi nemitsara yemirairo. Aya mazwi nemitsara yekodhi yekuita mapuroteni anotungamirira mashandisi ese emagetsi.
Kana imwe yemagenhi aya akaparara, somuenzaniso, nekushanduka-shanduka kunoshandura mutsara we "tsamba nemashoko" mumirayiridzo, mapuroteni asina kukodzera anogona kuumbwa, ayo anobva aita basa rakakundikana.
Kana kuchinja kunowanikwa mumapurotini anokonzera kukura kwesero, kenza ingaguma. Kana mazamu aya akachinjwa kubva pakuberekwa, syndromes dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kuitika. Semuenzaniso, cystic fibrosis inzvimbo iyo mwana anogamuchira maviri ejene anogadziridza chirongwa cheproteine ​​chinotungamirira nzira dzinokonzera kufamba kwekloride kumativi ose mumasero e sweat, glands gestive, nezvimwewo. Chigumisiro chechimiririro chimwe chete chinokonzera kuwedzerwa kwemasukirwo anobudiswa nemaronda aya, uye zvinetso zvinoguma zvinosanganiswa nemamiriro aya.
Maitiro eGenesis Anogadzirisa Upenyu
Hazvirevi kudzidza kwakanyatsojeka kuti kuziva kuti mazamu edu anotamba pane imwe nzvimbo inotora nguva refu. Vanhu vane vabereki uye madzitateguru vakararama kwenguva yakareba, vanogara kurarama kwenguva yakareba uye zvakasiyana. Panguva imwe chete, tinoziva kuti genetics chete haisi iyo inokonzera kukwegura. Zvidzidzo zvakatarisa mapatya akafanana zvinoratidza kuti pane zvakajeka chimwe chinhu chiri kuitika; akafanana mapatya ane mazita ejene asina kugara nguva yakafanana yemakore.
Mimwe majene anobatsira uye inovandudza upenyu hurefu. Semuenzaniso, geni rinobatsira munhu kuderedza cholesterol ringaderedza dambudziko remunhu wehutano hwemoyo.
Zvimwe zvipenyu zvinochinja zvakagadzirirwa nhaka, uye zvinogona kupfupisa upenyu. Zvisinei, kuchinja kunogonawo kuitika mushure mokuberekwa , sezvo kusvibiswa kune chepfu, rusununguko rusununguko uye mazai ezuva anogona kuita kuti geni richinje. (Gene kuchinja kunowanikwa mushure mekuberekwa kunonzi kunowanikwa kana kufungidzirwa kwemajeni kuchinja.) Zvizhinji zvekuchinja hazviiti kwauri, uye zvimwe zvinogona kubatsira. Ndiko kushanduka kwemashoko kunounza hutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vagone kunge vane utano hwakanaka. Zvimwe zviitiko, zvinonzi kushanduka kwekunze, hazvina maturo pamuviri zvachose.
Mamwe majini, kana akachinjwa anokuvadza, seaya anowedzera dambudziko rekenza. Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva ne BRCA1 uye BRCA2 kuchinja-chinja kunowanzoita kenza yepabonde. Aya mazamu anoonekwa sechirwere chinodzvinyirira jenesi iyo koni yepuroteni inodzora kugadziriswa kweDNA yakaora (kana kubviswa kwesero neDNA yakaora kana kugadzirisa kusingaitiki.)
Zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana nemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemajini zvinogona kuchinja zvakananga upenyu. Izvi zvinosanganisira cystic fibrosis , sickle cell anemia , Tay-Sachs uye chirwere chaHuntington , kutumidza mashoma.
Nheyo dzinokosha muGenetic Theory of Aging
Nheyo dzinokosha mumagetsi nekukwegura zvinosanganisira pfungwa dzakawanda dzinokosha uye pfungwa dzinobva kuTelomere kupfupika kune zvinyorwa pamusoro pebasa remasero ekudzivirira mukukwegura.
Telomeres - Pamagumo echromosomes ega rega pane chidimbu che "junk" DNA inonzi telomeres . Telomeres haikodhi kune chero mapuroteni asi inoita seine chidziviriro, kuchengeta magumo eDNA kubva kune zvimwe zvikamu zveDNA kana kuumba denderedzwa. Nguva imwe neimwe sero rinoparadzanisa zvishoma zveteremeri rakabviswa. Pakupedzisira. hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvisina kukwana DNA zvakasara, uye kuwedzereka kunogona kukuvadza ma chromosomes nemajeni kuitira kuti sero rifa.
Pakati pese, svondo rega rinokwanisa kuparadzanisa makumi mashanu tisati tereomere ishandiswa (iyo Hayflick chikamu). Makero eCcercer akafunga nzira yokurega kubvisa, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kuwedzera kune, chikamu che telomere. Mukuwedzera, mamwe masero akadai semasero eropa ropa haatombogadziriswa netomere . Zvinotarisa kuti kunyange mazamu mumasero edu ese ane kemo yezwi re enzyme telomerase iyo inhibisa tereomere kupfupika uye zvichida kunyange kukonzera kuwedzerwa, jeni rinongo "shanduka" kana kuti "rinoratidzwa" semasikirini anotaura kuti, mumasero akadai semachena masero eropa uye masero emukenza. Masayendisiti akaraira kuti kana iyi telomerase inogona kuiswa mune mamwe masero (asi kwete zvakanyanya kuti kukura kwavo kwaizoenda haywire sekenza masero) muganhu wezera wedu unogona kuwedzerwa.
Zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu asingagumi akadai sokukwirira kweropa kunobatanidzwa nebasa duku retelomerase asi kudya kwakanaka uye kurovedza muviri kunobatanidzwa necheteresi refu. Kunyanya kuwandisa kunobatanidzawo nechepfupi tereomere.
Mazuva mazhinji ejeni - Mazuva mazhinji ejeni mazita ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinosanganiswa nekurarama kwenguva refu. Majini maviri akabatana nehupenyu kwenguva refu ndeye SIRT1 (sirtruin 1) uye SIRT2. Masayendisiti anotarisa boka revanhu vanopfuura 800 vane makore zana kana kupfuura, vakawana zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana mumagenwe anowanikwa nekukwegura.
Cell senescence - Cell senescence inoreva nzira iyo masero anoparara munguva. Izvi zvinogona kuenderana nekuchepeta kwetereomeres, kana kuti nzira ye apoptosis (kana sezvizvi kuzviuraya) umo masero akare kana akaora akabviswa.
Masero ematsipa - Pluripotent stem masero anenge masero masero anokwanisa kuva chero chero rudzi rweesero mumuviri. Inotsanangurwa kuti kukwegura kungave kwakabatana nekuderera kwemasero emadziro kana kurasikirwa kwekwaniso yemasero emadziro okusiyanisa kana kukura mumarudzi akasiyana emasero. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyi nheyo inoreva masero evanhu vakuru, kwete embryonic stem cells. Kusiyana ne embryonic stem masero, masero emakumbo makuru haagoni kukura mumhando ipi zvayo yesero asi pane imwe nhamba yemamwe masero. Mazhinji masero mumitumbi yedu akaparadzaniswa, kana kuti akakwana zvakakwana, uye masero emadzimai ari nhamba shomanana yemasero aripo mumuviri.
Chimiro chechimiro chemuviri chinoshandiswa patsva patsva nenzira iyi chiropa. Izvi zvinopesana nehupi hwehupi izvo kazhinji hazvikwanisi izvo zvinogona kugadzirisa zvakare. Ikozvino kune uchapupu hwokuti masero emadzimai anogona kuchinjwa mukukwegura, asi izvi zvinyorwa zvakafanana nehuchi-uye-e-yai inokonzerwa. Hazvine chokwadi nezvekukwegura kunoitika nekuda kweshanduko mumasero emasero, kana, kana pane kudaro, kuchinja mumasero emadzimai kunokonzerwa nekugona.
Epigenetics - Epigenetics inoreva kutaura kwemajini. Mune mamwe mazwi, geni rinogona kuvapo asi rinogona kuvharwa kana kubviswa. Isu tinoziva kuti kune mamwe majini mumuviri anongotarirwa kwechinguva chenguva. Munda we epigenetics uri kubatsirawo masayendisiti kunzwisisa kuti zvisikwa zvipi zvinogona kushanda mukati mezvipingamupinyi zvejeneti kuti zvidzivirire kana kuti zvigadzirire zvirwere.
Zvitatu Zvinyorwa Zvokutanga Mafungiro Okukwegura
Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, kune huwandu hwakawanda hwehupupu hunotarisa kukosha kwemajeni muhupenyu hunotarisirwa. Apo pachitarisa mazita ezvinyorwa, izvi zvinoputsika muzvikoro zvitatu zvepfungwa.
- Pfungwa yekutanga inotaura kuti kukwegura kunobatana nekuchinja kwemashoko kunobatanidza nekugara kwenguva refu uye kuti kukwegura kunobatana nekuunganidza kwekuchinja kwemajeni kusina kugadziriswa.
- Imwe nyanzvi ndeyekuti kukwegura kwakabatana nekuguma kwemigumisiro yemamwe magenhi, uye inonzi se-pleiotropic antagonism.
- Asi imwe yedzidziso, yakataurwa maererano nekupona muma opossums, ndeyokuti nzvimbo iyo inokonzera njodzi shomanana yekupindira nekutarisira hupenyu ichaita kuti kuwedzerwa kune nhengo dzakagadzirisa zvinokonzera kukwegura.
Uchapupu Hunopesana Nedzidziso
Kune dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupupuriro dzinotsigira ruzivo rwemazwi ekukwegura, pamwe muchikamu.
Zvichida humwe uchapupu hune simba hunotsigira mazita ezvinyorwa ndeyezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana-zvakasiyana-siyana mukurarama zvakanyanya, nezvimwe zvipenyu (zvakadai seve butterflies) dzine zvishoma zvishoma zvoupenyu, uye zvimwe, zvakadai senzou nemhashu, zvakafanana neyedu. Mukati yemhando imwe chete, kupona kwakafanana, asi kupona kunogona kunge kwakasiyana kwazvo pakati pemhando mbiri dzakasiyana zvakafanana nehukuru.
Twine dzidzo dzinotsigirawo ruzivo rwemashoko, sezvakaita mapatya (monozygotic twins) zvakanyanya kufanana maererano nekutarisira hupenyu kune avo vasina kufanana kana kuti mapatya ediki. Kuongorora maitiro akafanana akamborerwa pamwe uye kusiyanisa izvi nemapatya akafanana avo vanokwidzwa vari voga vanogona kusiyanisa maitiro ekuita saikudya uye mamwe maitiro emararamiro sechikonzero chemaitiro emhuri munguva refu.
Uhu humwe humwe uchapupu hwehuwandu hwave hwakawanikwa nekucherechedza maitiro emagetsi ekuchinja mune dzimwe mhuka. Mune dzimwe mhondi pamwe chete nemimwe mutsara, rimwe chete rekuchinja mutema rinogona kupedzisira rarama nekusvika 50 muzana.
Mukuwedzera, isu tiri kuwana humwe humwe humwe nzira dzakananga dzinoshandiswa muhutano hwema genetic. Kutarisa kwakananga kwetereomere kureba kwakaratidza kuti tereomere inowanzoshungurudzwa kune zvizvarwa zvinokonzera kukurumidza kukwidza kukwegura kwekukwegura.
Uchapupu Hwokurwisa Genetic Mafungiro ekukwegura
Chimwe chemashoko akasimba anopesana nemafungiro ehutano ekukwegura kana "kurarama kwarongwa" kunobva mukushanduka kwemaonero. Sei paizova nehupenyu hwakataurirwa kunze kwekuberekwa? Mune mamwe mazwi, ndeapi "chinangwa" chiripo nokuda kwehupenyu mushure mekunge munhu atorazve uye ave akararama kwenguva yakakwana yekurera vana vavo kuti vave vanhu vakuru?
Zvinonyatsojeka kubva pane zvatinoziva pamusoro pemararamiro ehupenyu uye zvirwere izvo kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinokonzera kukwegura. Mamwe mapatya angave ane upenyu hwakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwavo, mararamiro avo maitiro (akadai sekusvuta) uye miitiro yekuita basa.
The Bottom Line
Yakave ichifungidzirwa kuti mazamu anogona kutsanangura zvikamu makumi matatu nezviviri zvezana remakore, asi pane zvimwe zvatisingazivi nezvekukwegura kupfuura zvatinonzwisisa. Pasi pose, zvinenge zvichiita kuti kukwegura inzira yekuita maitiro akawanda, zvichireva kuti zvichida kusanganiswa kwezvikamu zvakawanda zvezvirevo. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti dzidziso dzinokurukurwa pano hadzisi dzepabonde. Pfungwa ye epigenetics, kana kuti kana kwete geni iripo "rinoratidzwa" rinogona kuderedza kudonzwisisa kwedu.
Mukuwedzera kune genetics, pane zvimwe zvinokonzera mukukwegura zvakadai semafambiro edu, kuisa pachena, uye kungofanana nematambudziko. Iwe hausi kuparadzwa kana mhuri yako inowanzofa kufa, uye iwe haugone kukanganwa hutano hwako kunyange kana mhuri yako inowanzorarama kwenguva refu.
Chii Chaunogona Kuita Kuti Kuderedze "Genetic" Kukwegura Kwemajeri Ako?
Tinodzidziswa kudya chikafu chinopa utano uye kuva nekushanda uye izvi zvoupenyu zvinokonzerwa zvingangove zvakakosha zvisinei kuti muviri wedu unobatanidzwa sei pakukwegura. Miitiro imwechete iyo inoratidzika kuchengetedza nhengo nezviviri zvehutano hwemuviri wedu zvinogonawo kuchengetedza majeni edu nemaikromosomes ane utano.
Pasinei nezvimwe zvinokonzera kukwegura, zvinogona kuita mutsauko kune:
- Kudzidzira - Maitiro akawana kuti kubata muviri hakungobatsiri mwoyo wako uye mapapu zvakanaka, asi kurovedza muviri kunowedzera tereomeres.
- Idya kudya kwakanaka - Kudya zvakanyanya mumichero nemiriwo kunobatanidzwa nebasa guru retelomerase (zvichinyanya, kupfupika kwetereomeres mumasero ako). Zvokudya zvakanyanya mu omega-3-fatty acids zvinosanganiswa nemazuva akawanda tereomeres asi kudya kunowedzera mu omega-6-fatty acids ndiko kwakasiyana uye kunobatanidza nekfupi tereomere. Mukuwedzera, soda pop kudya inobatanidza ne shorter telomeres. Reservatrol, iyo inokonzera kufara pamusoro pokunwa waini tsvuku (asi zvakare inowanikwa musina tsvina yemurope mazambiringa) inoratidzika kuita kuti puroteni yehupenyu hurefu iwane SIRT
- Deredza kudzvinyirira
- Dzivisa majekitini
- Chengetedza uremu hune utano - Kwete kungorema kwakabatana nemamwe maitiro ekuberekwa anokonzerwa nekukwegura kwakataurwa pamusoro (zvakadai sokuwedzerwa kwekuwedzera kweetereomere), asi kuongorora kwakadzoka kwakawana hupenyu hurefu hunobatanidza ne caloric kudziviswa. Nheyo yekutanga muhupenyu hwekudzivirira chirwere chekenza yakaiswa neAmerican Institute for Research on Cancer-ive yakaonda sezvinobvira pasina kushaya simba-inogona kuita basa mukurarama kwenguva yakareba pamwe nekudzivirira kenza uye nekudzivirira kenza yekudzoka.
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Jin, K. Modern Biological Theories of Aging. Kukwegura uye Kurwara . 2010. 1 (2): 72-74.
Kasper, Dennis, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, naJames Jameson. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Dzidzo, 2015. Print.
Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, naJames A. Perkins. Robbins uye Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders, 2015. Print.
Leung, C., Laraia, B., Needham, B. et al. Soda uye Cell Kukwegura: Masangano Pakati peSuar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption uye Leukocyte Telomere Kureba Muhutano Hwevanhu Vane Utano Kubva muNational Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. American Journal of Public Health . 2014. 104 (12): 2425-31.
Smith, J., uye R. Daniel. Masero eStem uye Kukwegura: Nyuchi-Kana-E-Egg Issue ?. Kukwegura uye Kurwara . 2012. 3 (3): 260-267.