Thyroid Disease

Chirwere Chetachiona Chetachiona

Chirwere chetachiona ndechimwe chezvakanyanya kufanana, asi chisinganzwisisiki uye chisingakanganwi, mamiriro ezvinhu muAmerica. Inofungidzirwa kuti muUnited States, mamiriyoni 27-uye vakawanda semamiriyoni 60-vanhu vane chirwere chetachiona.

Vakadzi vanoumba huwandu hwevatachiona hwehutano. Uye zvinosuruvarisa, vanhu vane chirwere chetachiona asi vasati vaongororwa vanoita huwandu hwevatachiona hwehutachiona.

Ngationgororei ruzivo rukuru pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutachiona hwetachiona.

Chii Chine Utachiona?

Utachiona hwako hudiki, girafu yakafanana nemagumbeve ari mumutsipa wako-pasi uye shure kweapuro yako yaAdam. Utachiona hwakanaka hunowanzosvika anenge imwe chete. Basa rehutachiona nderekubudisa utachiona hwehutano hunokosha pamabasa ose emuviri wako.

Utachiona wako gland ndiyo nhengo huru mumuviri inogona kunwa iodine. Utachiona hunotora iodini kubva pane zvaunodya uye hunochinja huri hwehomoni.

• Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana neTyroid Disease

• Maitiro eTroroid Disease Akasiyana Nevarume

Inosanganisira amino acid tyrosine uye iodine kuti iite utachiona hwehomori.

Iviri mahomoni makuru anobudiswa nehutachiona ndiwo thyroxine-inozivikanwa seT4-uye triiodothyronine-inozivikanwa seT3. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nehomoni idzi ndezvekutonga kuti masero ako, nhengo, maviri, uye gland zvinoshandisa sei oxygen nesimba.

Zvose zviri mumuviri wako zvinotsigirwa nehomoni yehutori-kusanganisira kudyiwa, kukura kwebvudzi rako uye misumari, yako zvekuita zvepabonde, uye basa remuviri wako uye gland. Uropi hwako, mwoyo, uye metabolism zvinonyanya kutarisana nehutano hwakanaka hwehutori hwetachiona hunoshanda zvakanaka uye zvakanaka.

Iyo utachiona inoshanda mumashoko ekutaurirana nepituitary gland yako.

Iyo inotarisa inotarisa mazinga ehomori yekemikari iri kubuda muropa rako uye inodzinga-kana kunonoka kusunungurwa kwe-hormone inonzi Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Apo TSH yakasunungurwa, basa rayo nderokukurudzira utachiona kuti ubudise mamwe hormone. Apo TSH dzinoderera, mharidzo kune utachiona ndeyokuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yetachiona hormone.

Chii Chirwere Chetachiona?

Kune huwandu hwezvirwere zvakasiyana-kwete nemigumisiro yakafanana ne hyper kana hypothyrodism-iyo inogona kukanganisa thyroid yako gland. Maitiro ehutano anowanzokonzerwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona huri pasi. Zvirwere zvakasiyana zvinokonzera utachiona zvinosanganisira:

Hashimoto's Disease

Ichi chirwere chekuzvimirira, zvinoreva kuti maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri wako hazvina kunaka kurwisa utachiona hwako pachako. Chimbo chacho? Utachiona-hutachiona hunokonzera muviri wako, kusanganisira utachiona peroxidase antibodies (TPO) uye thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb).

Chirwere chaHashimoto chinowanzokonzera kupisa uye kuparara zvishoma kwehutano hwetroroid munguva.

Pakupedzisira, vanhu vazhinji vane Hashimoto vanopedzisira vane hypothyroidism, mamiriro ekushaya hutachiona husina kukwana.

Hashimoto anokwanisa, zvisinei, anokonzera nguva kana zvikamu zvekusagadzikana, zvinonzi hyperthyroidism. Izvo zvinouyawo nehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, goiter (utachiona hwakawedzerwa), uye kakawanda kakawanda kenza yekenza.

Matongo 'Matenda

Chirwere ichi chirwere chekudzivirira muviri apo muviri wako wekuzvidzivirira usina kunaka unobereka zvirwere zvinorapa, inozivikanwa sehutori inokurudzira maitiro (TSI). Izvi zvinopesana nehutachiona hwehutachiona uye huchiita kuti iwedzere kutapira kwehomoni.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvirwere zve TPO neTgAb zvinogonawo kuwedzerwa. Kuwedzeredza kwehutachiona kunoguma nehuwandu hwehutori hwehomori (hyperthyroidism) kana thyrotoxicosis. Denda reSheori rinowanzotungamirirwa ne goiter uye pane dzimwe nguva utachiona hunotyisa.

Thyroid Cancer

Izvi zvinoreva kenza inowedzera muhutano hwetachiona. Chirwere chepurojekiti chinowanzowanikwa mumagununu (maridhi anozadza kana kuti akasimba) mumuchero wekroroid.

Kune mhando ina dzekenza yehutano:

1. Papillary kana kuti yakavhenganiswa papillary-follicular kanzira yekenza iyo inoita inenge 80 muzana yehutachiona hwehutachiona hwose.
2. Nyaya kana kuti inokuvadza sero kemukirini yemukenza iyo inoita inenge 15 muzana yematambudziko.
3. Medullary thyroid chirwere chinokonzera anenge zvitatu muzana yekenza yekemikari.
4. Anaplastic chirwere chetachiona chinokonzera anenge maviri muzana yematambudziko.

Ruzhinji rwehutachiona hwehutano hunofungidzirwa kurapwa uye hunobudirira zvikuru.

> Ona maitiro ehutachiona uye zvikamu zvekenza yekameti.

Thyroiditis

Ichi chikamu chezvirwere zvehutachiona zvinosanganisira kuvhiringidzika kwetachiona yako yeganda. Thyroiditis inogona kukonzerwa nekurwiswa kwevanhu vanorwisa maronda, mavairasi, uye mabhakitiriya. Mhando dze thyroiditis dzinosanganisira:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis / de quervain's thyroiditis / painful subacute thyroiditis
• Acute infectious thyroiditis
• Painless thyroiditis / silent thyroiditis
• Riedel's thyroiditis / invasive thyroiditis
• Postpartum thyroiditis

Kurapa kunoenderana nerudzi rwetachiroiditis uye kubva pakatarisa uye kwete-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication kune antibiotics uye utachiona hwemapiriniti ekuchinja mishonga.

• Basa reGyroid rinoshanda sei?

• My Thyroid Antibody for Hashimoto's Positive, but My TSH Is Normal

Toxic Multinodular Goiter

Ichi chirwere apo chirwere chetrojeni chinowedzera mavhungu akawanda uye inowedzera (goiter). Kazhinji, mavhunumu "anoshandiswa," zvinoreva kuti kunze kwehutachiona hwehutoni huchigadzirwa, hutachiona hunobudisa uye hutumira hormone yekemikari. Goxic multinodular goiter inowanzokonzera hyperthyroidism.

Chii Chinonyanya Kuisa Mungozi?

Zvimwe zvinokonzera ngozi dzehutachiona zvinosanganisira:

• Iodine kukwana kana kuwedzera
• Kudavira kune radioactivity kana kuti radioactive fallout
• Kunyanya kudarika zve soy uye goitrogenic foods
• Kuvhiya kana kushungurudzika kumutsipa
• Kuberekwa kana kuberekwa kwekuzvarwa
• Mukadzi wechikadzi
• Nhoroondo yega wega kana yemhuri yehutachiona hwemoto
• Sodya fodya

Ndezvipi Zvimwe Zvirwere Zvoutano?

Hypothyroidism

Chirwere chetachiona chakanyanya kufanana ndi hypothyroidism, iyo inoreva chiitiko chausina hutoni yakakwana yehutori. Iine zvikonzero zvakawanda:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis-chimwe chiitiko chinokonzera kuora mwoyo kana kuparadzwa kwetachiona yeganda.
• Post-chirwere hypothyroidism-mushure mokunge zvose kana chikamu chetachiona chetachiona yakabviswa chirwere.
• Post-ablation hypothyroidism-zvinoguma mushure mehutachiona iodine (RAI) yakashandiswa nekenza yekenza, chirwere cheGraves, uye mune dzimwe mamiriro e hypothyroidism uye nemasukirwe.
• Congenital hypothyroidism- kana mwana akaberekwa asina chirwere chetachiona kana ane chirwere chisina kunaka chisingakwanisi kubereka hormone yakakwana yehutano.
• Iodine-kukwana hypothyroidism-nemhaka yekushayikwa kweododhi muzvokudya.
• Zvinodhaka-uye kuwedzerwa-induced hypothyroidism-mishonga yekurapa uye mishonga inokwanisa kukonzera hypothyroidism.
• Goitrogen-induced hypothyroidism- yose yakashandiswa ye goitrogens yakasvibirira-zvokudya zvine makemikari mavari zvinotonhora utachiona.
• Secondary / central hypothyroidism-nekuda kwechirema muhutano / hutano hweplandishi gland uye hypothalamus.
• Kutambudza hypothyroidism-kushungurudzika kwakakomba kumutsipa, zvakadai sechaplash kana kuputsa mutsipa, kwakabatanidzwa pakutanga kwe hypothyroidism.
• Hypothyroidism yaisingazivikanwi yakabva / idiopathic hypothyroidism-pane maitiro apo utachiona hunova husingaiti uye hapana chimwe chinokonzera zvinokonzera kana zvirwere zvakaonekwa.

Hyperthyroidism

Izvi zvinoreva chiitiko umo chirwere chetachiona chinowedzera kuwedzera hormone yekemikari. Iinewo zvimwe zvinokonzera:

• Chirwere cheAustimmune Graves '-icho chinowanzokonzera hyperthyroidism.
• Kuita zvirwere zveHashimoto-dzimwe nguva zvinokonzera nguva dzenguva pfupi hyperthyroidism.
• Iodine-inodarika hyperthyroidism-inokonzerwa nokuwedzerwa kana kuwedzerwa kweododhi.
• Zvinodhaka-uye kuwedzera-kunokonzera hyperthyroidism-zvinobva pamitambo yakawanda yemishonga pamwe chete nezvimwe zvepamusoro-ye-counter supplements.
• Zvinokonzera zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona-chiitiko chinowanzokonzera kudarika kuwanda kwehomoni yehomoni.
• Thyroiditis-mamwe maitiro anogona kukonzera nguva ye hyperthyroidism.
• Pituitary-inokonzerwa hyperthyroidism-apo chirwere chetachiona chinogona kuwedzererwa nehana yepituitary uye inobereka zvakanyanyisa hormone yekemikari.
• Utachiona hunogunun'una-mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwehutano hwehutano hwakapoteredza, zvichikonzera hyperthyroidism. Vanokwanisa zvakare, ivo pachavo, kubereka hormone yekemikari.

Goiter

Izvi zvinoreva chiitiko umo chirwere chetrojeni chinowedzera mukukura. Goiter inogona kuitika kuburikidza nezvirwere zveHashimoto's uye Graves zvisingatauri, iodine yakawandisa nekushayikwa, uye chirwere chetachiona chinotyisa.

Zviratidzo

Zviratidzo zvehutano hwetachiona zvinowanzoratidza kuratidzika kweglandi (hypothyroidism), kusagadzikana (hyperthyroidism), autoimmune activation, uye / kana kuvhiringidza / kuwedzera / kutenderera mukati memutsipa (thyroiditis, nodules, kenza.)

Zviratidzo zvinowanzoitwa hypothyroidism zvinosanganisira:

• Kuneta
• Kuwedzera kwehuwandu
• Kusakwanisa kuderedza uremu nekudya uye kurovedza muviri
• Constipation
• Infertility
• Kunzwa kupisa
• Kurasikirwa kwebvudzi (kusanganisira kunze kwekunze kwemashizha)
• Brain fog
• Tsvina uye marwadzo maziso / aches

Zviratidzo zvinowanzoitwa hyperthyroidism zvinosanganisira:

• Kufunganya
• Kunyunyuta
• Panicky kunzwa
• Kutuka
• Kuwedzeredza reflexes
• Yakawanda mwoyo yezinga
• Dhairrhea kana zvigaro zvakasununguka
• Kunzwa kunetseka
• Unexplained kuora kurasikirwa

Zviratidzo mumutsipa uye panzvimbo yehutachiona zvinogona kuratidza dambudziko rehutori dzinosanganisira:

• Neck isinganzwisisiki
• Visible utachiona hwekuwedzera kana bundu
• Kusashamwaridzana nemisungo, zvitsvuku, turtlenecks, kana mitsipa
• Hoarseness
• Huro inorwadza
• Kusuruvara mumutsipa
• Dambudziko kukumedza

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvirwere zvehutano uye mamiriro ezvinhu hazvina zviratidzo zvachose, zvakadai sekenza yekenza kana mamwe maitiro e thyroiditis.

Kuongorora uye Kuongororwa

Kuongororwa kwehutano hwehutano kunosanganisira matanho anoverengeka anokosha:

• A kliniki yekuongorora
• Kuongorora ropa : T ypically, izvi zvinosanganisira utachiona hunokurudzira hormone (TSH) muedzo, pasina thyroxine (Free T4) uye pasina triiodothyronine (Free T3) zvirwere zvinoshandiswa kuongorora Hashimoto's uye Graves 'chirwere, uye kuongororwa kwemaT3.
• Kufungidzira miedzo : Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekufungidzira dzinoitwa kuti dzienderere mberi kuongorora ukuru, maitiro, uye basa retachiona gland. Izvi zvinotarisa zvakare kutarisa mutsvuku kana kumira uye kuongorora kana kana kwete ivo vanofungidzirwa nekenza yekenza uye vanoda kuwedzera kuongororwa. Iyi miedzo inosanganisira iodine inoputika (RAI-U), CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), uye ultrasound.
• Chimiro chesenzi chinoshuva chirwere: Chidimbu chinonzi aspector (FNA) biopsy inowanikwa apo mishonga yekirusi inonzi inofungidzirwa uye inodikanwa kuongororwa nekenza yekero inogoneka.

Kurapa

Hypothyroidism

Ichi chirwere chinorapwa nehutachiona hutsva mishonga . Aya ndiwo mishonga yemishonga inoshandiswa iyo inotsiva hutachiona husingawaniki mumuviri.

• Nyaya inonyanya kutaurwa ye thyroid hormone replacement mishonga inozivikanwa zvikuru se levothyroxine, inoita maitiro echitachiona hormone thyroxine.
• Panewo maitiro ekugadzira t3 hormone, inozivikanwa seodonronine, iyo dzimwe nguva inowanikwa ku levothyroxine yeT4 / T3 kusanganiswa kwehutano.
• Uyewo, kune hormone inoshandiswa mushonga inonzi yakasikwa yakasvibiswa nehutachiona, dzimwe nguva yakafukidzirwa NDT kana kuti inonzi "chido chetachiona." Kunyange zvazvo yakave ichiwanikwa kwemazana emakore uye ichiri kushandiswa mazuva ano, NDT inonzi inopesana nehuwandu hwehutano hwevanhu.

Matenda 'Emakuva uye Hyperthyroidism

Pane nzira nhatu dzinokosha iyo Gwepa 'chirwere uye chisingarapiki hyperthyroidism inotapwa:

1. Utachiona hweAitithyroid -Mishonga yeAnthithyroid, kusanganisira methimazole (tapazole), carbimazole (neo-mercazole), uye propylthiouracil (PTU), inogona kuderedza utachiona hwehutori hwehomoni.
2. Utachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona (RAI) -Girai muzana imwe chete, kana mune capsule kana kunwa, inopinda murosiyo, inopisa majekiseni echitendero, uye inokuvadza uye inovauraya. Izvi zvinoderedza utachiona, zvinopedzisira zvishoma nezvishoma, uye zvinoderedza hyperthyroidism.
3. Utachiona hwehutano / thyroidectomy -Mune zvimwe zviitiko, izvi zvinoshandiswa sechirwere cheHerves 'chirwere uye hyperthyroidism, kunyanya kuvanhu vasingakwanisi kubvumira mishonga yevitithyroid kana kuti vane pamuviri uye RAI haisi iyo nzira.

Thyroid Cancer

Kurapa kwekenza yekemapa kazhinji kunosanganisira kubudiswa kwekurohwa kwetachiona gland . Nokuda kwemamwe marudzi ane utsinye hwekenza yekenza, izvi zvinogona kuteverwa neRIra kurapwa kuti uone kuti masero ose ejestro anoparadzwa, chirongwa chinozivikanwa sekusara kwekubvisa.

Kutevera kubviswa kwetachiona gland, varwere vanoshanda hypothyroid uye vanoda utachiona hwehupenyu hwose huchigadziriswa mushonga. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mamwe marapirwo-kusanganisira kunze kwemashizha emvura, chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, uye majekiseni eonolin-percutaneous-anoshandiswa.

Autoimmunity naHashimoto

Vashandi vanobatana uye vanoshanda dzimwe nguva vanorapa chirwere chetachiona chemotokari, zvikurukuru Hashimoto, ine chirwere chinodhaka chinonzi naltrexone (LDN) chinogona kubatsira kuderedza zvirwere.

Dzimwe nzira dzokurapa dzinosanganisira:

• Supplementation ne selenium kuderedza zvirwere
• Kutaura nezvehutano husina kuenzana huripo hungave huri nyore kunzwisisa utachiona
• Zvokudya zvinoshandiswa kuderedza kupisa
• Kubvisa gluten kubva pakudya nekuda kwekubatana pakati pe gluten uye kuzvimirira
• Kushungurudzika mupfungwa uye kutungamirirwa

Kubereka uye Kubata

Kuita kuberekera nguva inonyanya kukosha kubhadhara utano hwehutano uye basa. Utano hwehutano hwakanaka hunodiwa mukubereka, kubata pamuviri uye kubudirira kwehutano .

Kana pane chine utachiona husingazivikanwi-kana kuti isina kunaka-yakarapwa, inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda, kusanganisira:

• Kutadza kubereka
• Yakakundikana kubatsirwa kurapa (sekuita se in vitro fertilization)
• Kuwedzera kwengozi yekuparara kwepakutanga
• Kuwedzera kwengozi ye preeclampsia uye prematurity
• Kuwedzerwa njodzi yekuzvarwa patsva
• Kuwedzera kwengozi yekudengenyeka kwemashure
• Kuwedzerwa njodzi yezvinetso zvekuyamwisa

Chinhu chakanaka kutanga kutanga kutsvaga mazano ehurumende ekutarisira chirwere chetachiona panguva uye mushure mokunge aberekwa .

Nzira Yokubudirira Nayo Nevanachiremba

Zvinoshamisa kuti chimwe chezvipingamupinyi muhutachiona hwehutano hwako, kurapwa, uye kuregererwa kwezviratidzo zvingangodaro kuva vashandi vako vehutano. Chiremba akakodzera anogona kuita mutsauko wese. Kusvika pakupedzisira, zvakakosha kuziva nzira yekunyatsosarudza chirongwa chakanaka chechiremba chetachiona chako uye kudzidza kuti ungataurirana sei navo

Mumwe mubvunzo waungangoshamisika ndewokuti iwe unoda here kana kuti hausi iwe unopotoginologist . Mhinduro yacho inobva pane zvaunofunga uye zvinangwa zvako. Kana iwe uchida chigumo chemagnologist, iwe unoda kuve nechokwadi kuti unowana muchechi wekupedzisira wekodzero nehutano hwakanaka uye zvidzidzo . Uyewo, unoda kuve nechokwadi chokuti chiremba wako ari kupa zvakanakisisa kutarisirwa kwehutachiona hwako.

Kurarama Nehutano Hwechiroid

Kuva ruzivo, kupa simba, nekushanda nevadzidzisi vakarurama zvakakosha pakukura nechirwere chetachiona. Kune mamwe mazano anobatsira, tarisa pa:

• Nzira 10 Dzokuva Smart Teroid Patient
• 14 Mazano Okurarama Zvakanaka Nezvirwere zveTroroid

Zvokudya, Kurasikirwa Kwekureruka, uye Kubatana Kwechivimbo

Imwe yenzira iyo vamwe vanhu vanoona kuti vane dambudziko rehutachiona ndiko kutanga kwekukurumidza kwekurema kana kushaya kukwanisa kuora muviri . Nokuda kwekuongororwa uye kuporesa varwere vetachiona, chimwe chezvinetso zvakajairika ndeyekuomerwa nekuderedza uremu kana kuwedzera kwekureruka, pasinei nekudya kwakanaka uye chirongwa chekurovedza muviri.

Kubatana pakati pehutachiona basa uye metabolism zvakajeka. Asi, mishonga yakawanda ichiri kuderedza hukama pakati pe hypothyroidism uye kuwedzera kukura, matambudziko vanhu vane hypothyroidism vari kurasikirwa , uye zvinokonzera kuti utachiona huve nehutano hwehutano, kudya, shuga yeropa, uye utano hwemetabolism.

Vakawanda vehutachiona vane hutano hwekuremera vanove zvichibatsira kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuora nekurasikirwa ne hypothyroidism . Izvi zvinosanganisira mabasa ekutsvaga T3 uye leptin , maviri mahomoni makuru anokonzera varwere vehutano kukwanisa kuderedza uremu.

Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, tarisa:

• Chii Chakanakisisa Cheroyo Zvokudya?
• 30 Nzira Dzokuita Kuti Zvokudya Zvako Zvishande
• Thyroid Diet uye Weight Loss Information Information

Shoko Rinobva

Chero chero nguva iwe unorwara uine chirwere chisingaperi chine utano, chinogona kuvhiringidza uye chinotyisa. Mukana wako wakanakisa wehutano hunobudirira kunosanganisira kuva nekutarisana uye kutsigira kwehutachiona hwako pachako. Uye chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuva mutachiona unobatsira kuburikidza nekugara uchiziva. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuverenga, kutevera kutsvakurudza kwezvino, nekubatana nevamwe vanogona kugovera mazano avo kubudirira.

Dzidza zvakanyanya sezvaunogona uye ita nechokwadi kuti iwe unogona kutarisana nekufungisisa , semuenzaniso, unogona kubatsira pamwe nehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwako. Uye kunyange kana iwe uchinzwa sokuti uri kurwisa hondo yakakwira nevarapi, kurapa, uye zviratidzo zvinoparadza, usakanda mapfumo pasi ! Mamiriyoni evanhu vari kurarama zvakanaka nemamiriro ehutano uye iwewo unogona kuva imwe yemashoko ekubudirira.

_Sources:

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_{Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10th Edition. WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.}

_{Garber, J, Cobin, R, Gharib, H, et. al. "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism muVakuru: Cosponsored neAmerican Association of Clinical Endocrinologists uye American Thyroid Association." Endocrine Dzidzira. Vol 18 Nha. 6 November / December 2012.}

_{Haugen, A, Alexander, K., Bhaibheri K, et. al. "2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines Yevarwere Vakwegura neTyroid Nodules uye Kusiyana Kwekenza Yekenza." Thyroid. January 2016, 26 (1): 1-133. doi: 10.1089 / thy.2015.0020.}

_{Smallridge, R, Ain, K, Asa, S, et. al. "American Thyroid Association Mirayiridzo Yekutarisira Vatano NeAnaplastic Thyroid Cancer." Thyroid. Bhuku 22, Nhamba 11, 2012 nei: 10.1089 / yako.2012.0302}

_{Stagnaro-Green, A., Abalovich, M, Alexander, E. et. al. "Nhungamiro yeAmerican Thyroid Association yekuziva uye Kurapa Matenda eTroroid Panguva Yokuberekwa uye Postpartum." Thyroid. Bhuku 21, Nhamba 10, 2011 nei: 10.1089 / thy.2011.0087}

_{Wells, S., Asa, S., Dralle, H, et. al. "Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma." Thyroid. Bhuku 25, Nhamba 6, 2015. ini: 10.1089 / thy.2014.0335}