Utachiona hweganda isimbi yakagadzirwa nehove, inenge 2 masendimita akaenzana uye inorema 10 kusvika ku20 gramu, iri mujinga mehuro pamberi pe trachea (windpipe). Basa rayo nderokuita mahomoni anonyanya kukosha kumuviri wemagetsi uye mamwe mabasa anokosha.
Mahomoni maviri makuru akabudiswa nehutori-gland-thyroxine (T4) uye triiodothyronine (T3) -kubatsira kutarisa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kutengesa kwomwoyo, kuyerwa kwemuviri, simba remuviri, kufema, utsi hwemuviri, kumira ropa, kubuda kwemwedzi, hurongwa hwemagetsi, uye kushandiswa kwesimba.
Mune vacheche, mahomoni ehutori anokosha pakukura kweuropi uye skeletal system. Saka, chirwere chetachiona chinowanzoshanda chinonyanya kukosha kune kukura kwevana, uye kumararamiro evanhu venguva refu uye miniti-minute.
Icho chinonzi Gyroid Gland
Iyo ibasa rejeni yekotori kuti ibudise mahomoni ehutachiona, T3 uye T4. Izvozvo zvinoratidza mahomoni ehutori ndeokuti ane maatomu e-iodine-T3 ine maatomu matatu eodhomu, uye T4 ine ina. Saizvozvowo, chirwere chetachiona chakasiyana nehutano hwahwo hwakakwana hwokutora iodine kubva muropa, kuitira kuti iiswe muhomoni yekemikari.
Zvose T4 mumutumbi zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona-inenge 80 kusvika 100 mcg pazuva. Inenge 10 nguva iyo yakawanda yeT4 (anenge 1000 mcg) inopararira muropa. Zvinopfuura 99 muzana zvekutenderera kweT4 zvakasungwa nemaprotein mu plasma (kunyanya, ku-thyroid-binding globulin, TBG).
Chero bedzi chikamu chiduku chekutenderera T4 iyo isingawaniki ("pasina" T4) inowanikwa kuti ishandiswe.
Inenge 10 kubva muzana yekutenderera T4 (yakaenzana nehuwandu hweT4 itsva yakabudiswa zuva nezuva nehutachiona) inonyadzisa zuva rimwe nerimwe. Kazhinji, inenge hafu yezviyero izvi inoshandurwa kuT3 (nekubvisa pane imwe yemaatomu eodhomu), uye zvakasara zvinoshandurwa ku "kutengesa T3 " (rT3, nekubvisa atomu yeododhi kubva pane imwe nzvimbo).
T3 ndiyo inokonzera utachiona hormone, asi rT3 haina kushanda zvachose.
Kunenge 20 muzana chete yeT3 mumutumbi inoberekwa nehutachiona. Imwe 80 muzana inobudiswa kubva kuT4 mukati memishonga-kunyanya neitsvo, chiropa, tsvina, uropi, ganda, uye placenta. Zvose zvinokonzerwa neT3 zuva rimwe nerimwe zvinenge 30-40 mcg, uye vazhinji veT3 kunze kweganda rekroroid iri mukati memasero emuviri. T3 inonyadzisa zvakanyanya kupfuura T4.
Nzira inobatsira kutarisa mahomoni ehutori ndeyekutarisa T4 kuva "pro-hormone" yeT3-kureva, kufunga nezve T4 seinosanganisira dziva guru re "zvigaro" T3. Nhamba yakakwana yeT4 inoshandurwa panguva yakakodzera yeT3, maererano nezvinodiwa nemaminiti-miniti. T3 zvino inoita basa. Kudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwekuwandisa kwakawanda kweT4, "kutapudza" T4 kunoshandurwa kuti isashandise rT3, iyo inoshandiswa nemagetsi.
Izvo zvinotapira maHorth Hormone
Zvinonyanya kukosha, mahomoni e-thyroid-zvakananga, T3-zvakananga kudzora kubudiswa kwemapurotini akasiyana-siyana akaitwa nemasero emuviri. T3 inoita izvi nekusunga DNA yesero.
Kusununguka T4 uye kusununguka T3 kunopararira muropa kunowanika kuti pakarepo uise masero emumuviri pose pavanenge vachidiwa.
Mimwe yezvinonzi T4 inonzi intracellular inoshandurwa kuva T3, uye imwe yeT3 inosunga kune zvakananga T3-receptors mumusana weesero. Izvi zvakasungwa T3 zvinokonzera nuclear nyukliya kukurudzira (kana kudzivisa) kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni chaiwo.
Mamwe masero mashoma mumuviri ane marudzi akasiyana eT3-nuclear nyuzi, uye mune zvakasiyana-siyana, naizvozvo chiitiko cheT3 pane sero chakanyatsosiyana kubva kune zvisikwa kusvika kune zvisikwa, uye pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ezvinhu ose mahomoni ehutori anobata nekugadzirisa basa reDNA, zvichiita kuti riwedzere kana kuti kuderedze kugadzirwa kwemapuroteni anokosha.
Pakati pemapuroteni aya maune enzyme akasiyana-siyana ayo, zvakare, anotonga maitiro emabasa akawanda emumuviri anokosha.
Maitiro eTroroid System Anogadziriswa
Sezvatakamboona, utachiona hwetachiona hwakakosha mune zvose zviripo kwenguva refu uye neminiti-miniti kudzora kwemazhinji emabasa anokosha emuviri. Chero nguva iyo muviri wehutano ichi ichi chakakosha, tichaona kuti zvisikwa zvakapa zvikamu zvakaoma zvemutemo, zvinotarisirwa kusimbisa kuti iyo nzira yakarongedzwa zvakanaka kuti iite zvainofanira kuita, uye kuti basa rayo rinotungamirirwa mukati mechetete. Izvi zvikamu zvakakomba zvepamusoro zvepamusoro zvinoshanda chaizvo muhutano hwetachiona.
Ngatitorei kwenguva pfupi nezve "maitiro" makuru ehutano hwehutano.
The Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Nhengo yepituitary-thyroid inopa mutungamiri mukuru pamusoro pehutano hwetachiona pachako. Plandish gland (gland iri mukatikati meuropi) rinobudisa TSH, kana kuti utachiona hunokurudzira hormone. TSH inokonzera chirwere chetachiona kuti chiwedzere kugadzirwa kwayo uye kusunungurwa kweT3 uye T4. Panguva imwecheteyo, kutenderera hormone yehutachiona (kunyanya, T3) inhibisa TSH kubudiswa ne pituitary, nokudaro kuumba mhinduro yakashata. Saka, sezvo T3 yemazinga emadhora inowedzera, mazinga eTSH anowa. Izvi zvinoreva loop zvinoshandiswa kuchengetedza kubudiswa kwetachiona hormone nehutano hwetachiona mukati mechetete.
The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis. Kusunungurwa kweTSH nechepituitary gland, kunze kwekupindura kutenderera T3, kunogadziriswawo nekubudiswa kwe TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) ne hypothalamus. Kusunungurwa kweTrH ne hypothalamus kunokonzera kuti chirwere chepituitary chibudise zvakawanda TSH, uye nokudaro, inowedzera hutori hwehutori hutachiona nehutachiona hwetachiona.
Iko hypothalamus chikamu chepakutanga cheuropi iyo inobatanidza dzakawanda zvemuviri wemabasa ekutanga, akadai se circadian rhythms, neuroendendine system, hurongwa hwehutongi hwehutongi, uye huwandu humwe. Iyo hypothalamus inopindura kune zvakawanda zvinokonzera kusanganisira chiedza uye rima, kunhuhwira, inzwi rezvioni, mahomoni akawanda, kushungurudzika mupfungwa, uye neural maitiro kubva pamwoyo uye mumvura.
Nokudaro utachiona hwehutori hwehutori hahuna kungoenderana chete neTSH, asi hunotarisawo pane izvo hypothalamus "kufunga nekunzwa" pamusoro pechiitiko chemuviri nemuzvakatipoteredza.
Puroteni Binding yeTyroid Hormones. Sezvakataurwa, kupfuura 99% yehomoni yehomoni inopararira yakabatanidzwa kune mapuroteni muropa, kunyanya kune TBG. Uyezve, chirongwa cheprotini-yakagadzirwa nehomori yehutori haina kushanda. Chero chete T4 uye T3 vane chero muviri we physiologic.
Iyi proteine ​​inosungirirwa yehomoni yehutori inoshumira maitiro anoverengeka ekugadzirisa. Inopa ganda guru rekutenderera T4 kuti ridzivirire pakuderedzwa kamwe kamwe mubasa retachiona chetachiona, asi uchichengetedza kuisa pfungwa kwakanyanya kweT3 uye T4 mukati memiganhu yakanyanyisa.
Kana iyi T4 gorosi yakanga isingawanikwi, maviri acho aizotorerwa hormone yehutori mukati maawa mashomanana, kana chirwere chetachiona chikazove chisina basa.
Puroteni inosungirirwa nehomoni yekare inodzivirirawo kuwedzera kwechimbichimbi kunoenderera mberi pasina T3, kana maitiro acho achiwedzera nokukurumidza kutendeuka kweT4 kusvika kuT3.
Intracellular Mutemo weTyroid Hormones . Sezvataona, T3 neT4 vanoita basa ravo rinokosha mukati memasero. Basa ravo rinowanzoshandiswa mukati memasero-kusanganisira kutakura kwaro kumusana memuviri kubva muropa kusvika mukati memasero, kutendeuka kweT4 kusvika kuT3, kuyerwa kweT3 mumusero wesero, uye kusungirirwa kweT3 kusvika kuDNA-kunotsamira mamiriyoni emitemo yekutungamirira uye yekutakura mukati memasero ayo maitiro uye zvigadziri zvichiri kuwanikwa.
Summary . Utachiona hwetachiona hunotungamirirwa pane zvakawanda. Dhigirii yakakura-zhinji inogadziriswa kuburikidza ne-pituitary-thyroid axis, iyo (nekutemesa kwemhepo inopiwa ne hypothalamus kuti iongorore kuongororwa kwakazara kwezvido zvemuviri zvinodiwa), inotarisa kuti utachiona hwakawanda sei hutachiona hwehutano hunobudisa uye hunobudiswa. Mazinga ehurukuro anotenderera mahomoni ehutachiona anowanikwa kumatumbu anonongedzwa, paminiti-miniti, zvichienderana neTBG uye imwe yehutachi-binding blood proteins. Uye, pane imwe nguva pakarepo, kusungirirwa kweT3 kusvika kuT3-nuclear nenyuchi, panzvimbo yeDNA yesero, inoratidzika kuti inotungamirirwa nemaitiro akawanda emaproteni. Iyi sarudzo yemutemo inoita kuti hutachiona hwakawanda huvepo hunovapo nguva dzose kumatumbu, asi panguva imwechete inobvumira kutongesa zvakanyanya kwehutachiona-DNA interface mukati memasero ega.
Matambudziko eTroroid
Icho chinhu chakawanda chekutonga, pane zvakawanda zvakawandisa. Uye zvinoreva kuti zvinetso zvehutachiona zvinogona kuitika nehutano hunoita chirwere chetrojeni pachako, kana nemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera hypothalamus, pituitary, kana ropa reprotein, kana kunyange nezvinetso zvine chokuita nekubata mahomoni ehutachiya nezviviri zvakasiyana zvemuviri.
Muzhinji, kushungurudzika kwetachiona hwetachiona kunowanzoita kuti utachiona huve hunoita kuti huve husingaiti ( hypothyroid ), kana kuti kushaya simba ( hyperthyroid ). Mukuwedzera kune zvinetso izvi zvose, chirwere chetachiona chinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya (chiitiko chinonzi goiter ). Kanzira yehutachiona yakanyanya kuonekwa. Zvose zvezviitiko izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakomba.
Zviratidzo zvechirwere chetachiona zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana. Zviratidzo zve hypothyroidism zvinowanzobatanidza ganda rakaoma, kutapudza kwemwoyo, kusvibiswa, kuzvikudza, ganda kuchinja, kurasikirwa kwevhudzi, kushaya simba, kuwedzera kuwanda, nezvimwe zvizhinji. Zviratidzo zvinowanzoitwa hyperthyroidism zvinosanganisira kupisa kwakakwirira, maziso akaoma, kushushikana kwekunzwa, kusuruvara, kuponda-bvudzi, kushaya simba, uye kudengenyeka - asi zvakare pane zvimwe zviratidzo zvizhinji zvinogona kuonekwa. Verenga zvakawanda pamusoro pezviratidzo zvechirwere chetachiona .
Kunyatsoongorora dambudziko rehutano kunoda kuongorora nekunyatsoongorora kuongororwa kwetachiona yekutengesa ropa, uye kuwedzera kuongororwa kana chirwere chetachiona chikafungidzirwa. Verenga pamusoro pekuongorora utachiona .
Mukuona kuongorora chirwere chetachiona, kuongorora pituitary-thyroid axis inonyanya kukosha. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa kuburikidza nekuyera sarum yakasununguka T3 uye T4, uye serum TSH mazinga. Kana mazinga eTSH akakwirira, inoratidza kuti chirwere chetachiona hachina kubudisa hormone yakakwana, uye pituitary iri kuedza kurova chikwata chacho. Kana mazinga eTSH ari kudzvinyirirwa, zvinogona kureva kuti utachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzera utachiona hwakawandisa hwehomoni.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kududzirwa kwakakodzera kwemazinga eTSH kunogona kuva kunonyengera, uye kunogona kunge kuri kukakavara. Verenga zvakawanda pamusoro pekuedza kweTSH nekududzira .
Iyo yakanakisisa kurapwa kwechirwere chetachiona inogonawo kuva inonyangadza, asi kazhinji dambudziko rinowira pasi pakusarudza pakati pemishonga dzakasiyana-siyana dzakanaka, pane kutsvaga kurapwa kunoshanda zvachose. Verenga pamusoro peimwe yemakakatanwa pamusoro pokurapa hypothyroidism , uye ye hyperthyroidism .
Shoko Rinobva
Utachiona hutema, uye mahomoni ayo anogadzira, anonyanya kukosha pakukura kwevanhu uye kune hupenyu hwakanaka. Kunyanya kukosha kwehutachiona hunoonekwa mune nzira dzakaoma dzakasikwa nehupenyu hwehutachiona hwetachiona. Nemhaka yekuti utachiona hunokosha zvikuru, zvakakosha kuti unyatsorongorore uye kubata zvinetso zvose zvehutachiona.
> Sources:
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> Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid Hormone Mutemo weMetabolism. Physiol Rev 2014; 94: 355.
> Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Mirayiridzo yeKutsvaga uye Kutungamirirwa kweHyperthyroidism nezvimwe Zvikonzero zve Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343.