Ndezvipi Masero Ezvakanaka Uye Vanoitei?

Mamwe maBells Brain

Iwe wakangodaro wakanzwa nezve "gorozi" nyaya yeuropi, iyo yakaumbwa nemasero anonzi neurons, asi rudzi rusingagoni kuzivikanwa rweuropi chemaoko ndiro rinoita "nyaya dema." Izvo zvinonzi maglial cells.

Ndezvipi Zvitsva Zvitsva?

Pakutanga, masero emasero-anonziwo glia kana neuroglia-aitenda kuti anongopa ruzivo rwekuvaka. Izwi rokuti "glia" rinoreva kuti "neural glue." Zvimwe zvakawanikwa munguva ichangobva kuitika, zvisinei, zvakaratidza kuti vanoita marudzi ose emabasa muuropi uye nemitsipa inomhanya mumuviri wako wose. Somugumisiro, tsvakurudzo yakaputika uye tadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakawanda zvakasara kudzidza.

Mhando dzeGlial Cells

Kunyanya, glial masero anopa rubatsiro rwemapuroni. Funga nezvavo semvura yeunyori wehurongwa hwako hwemitsipa, pamwe chete nevashandi vekugarisa nekuchengetedza. Vangasaita mabasa makuru, asi kunze kwavo, iyo mabasa makuru haazomboiti.

Mamwe masero aya anouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe inoshandisa mamwe mabasa anochengetedza uropi hwako huchishanda zvakanaka-kana kwete, kana une chirwere chinopinza masero aya anokosha.

Nheyo yenyu yepamusoro yenheyo (CNS) inoumbwa nehuropi hwako uye nemitsipa yemukona wako wespinha. Mishanu mavara aripo muNCS yako ndeaya:

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal masero
• Radial glia

Iwewo une magetsi emasero ako munharaunda yako yenheyo system (PNS), iyo inosanganisira mitsipa mumigumo yako, kure nemutsana. Mhando mbiri dzeglial cells ipapo:

• Schwann masero
• Satellite cells

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Astrocytes

Rudzi rwakawanda kupfuura rumwe rweglial cell mu-central central nervous system ndiyo astrocyte, iyo inonziwo astroglia. I "astro" chikamu chezita nokuti inoreva chokwadi chekuti inoratidzika senyeredzi, ine zvikwata zvinenge zvichibuda munzvimbo yose.

Zvimwe, zvinonzi protoplasmic astrocytes, zvine maitiro akawandisa nemapazi akawanda. Mamwe, anonzi fibrous astrocytes ane nguva refu, maoko mashoma anoshanda zvishoma. Izvo zvinonzi protoplasmic zvinowanzowanikwa pakati peeurons mumusoro we grey asi fiber iyo inowanzowanika mumusoro mutsvuku. Pasinei nekusiyana uku, vanoita mabasa akafanana.

Astrocytes ine mabasa anoverengeka anokosha, kusanganisira:

• Kuumba ropa-uropi huripo (BBB). IBBB yakafanana nekuchengeteka kwehurongwa hwekuchengetedza, kungorega zvinhu izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zviri muuropi dzako nekuchengetedza zvinhu zvingava zvinokuvadza. Iyi tsvina inokosha kuti uchengetedze uropi hwako huve hwakanaka.
• Kudzora makemikari ari pedyo neuroni. Nzira iyo neurons inokurukura inoshandisa makemikari anonzi neurotransmitters. Kamwe kemikemikari yakaburitsa shoko rayo kune imwe kero, inogadzika imomo pane zvinhu zvakanyanyisa kusvika kusvikira astrocyte ichidzokorora zvakare kuburikidza nehutano hunonzi reuptake . Iro reuptake nzira inotarisirwa nemishonga yakawanda, kusanganisira anti-depressants. Astrocytes anochenesawo izvo zvakasara shure apo neuron inouraya, pamwe neyongopfuura yakawanda ye potassium, iyo inokemikari inoita basa rinokosha mumishonga.
• Kudzora kuerera kweropa kusvika muuropi. Kuti uropi hwako hugadzirise ruzivo rwakakodzera, runoda imwe ropa rega kuenda kune dzose dzaro dzakasiyana. Nharaunda inoshanda inowana zvinopfuura izvo zvisingaiti.
• Kubvumirana nemabasa emaxons. Mahaxoni akareba, tsvina-sezvikamu zveeuroni uye masero emagunha anofambisa magetsi kutumira mameseji kubva kune imwe sero kune imwe.

Simba reSyrocyte rave rakakonzerwa nehutano hwehutachiona hwehutachiona, hunosanganisira:

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS kana chirwere chaLou Gehrig)
• Huntington's chorea
• Chirwere chePalinson

Zviratidzo zvezvipfuwo zvezvirwere zvine chokuita ne astrocyte zviri kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pavo vane tariro yekuwana mikana mishonga yekurapa.

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Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocyte inobva kuNeural stem cells. Izwi rinoumbwa mazwi echiGiriki ayo, ose pamwe, anoreva "masero ane mapazi akawanda." Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechokubatsira ruzivo kufamba nekukurumidza pamwe nemashoni.

Oligodendrocytes inoratidzika sezvipfeki zvinokwana. Pamusoro penheyo dzepikisi dzadzo dzakachena, dzinopenya membrane dzinenge dzichikomberedza majekoni pamasero emagetsi. Chinangwa chavo ndechekuita chidimbu chekudzivirirwa, kufanana nekugadziriswa kwepurasitiki pamagetsi emagetsi. Ichi chinyorwa chinodzivirira chinonzi myelin sheath.

Iyo sheati haisi kupfuurira, zvakadaro. Pane musiyano pakati pechando chimwe nechimwe chinonzi "nhamba yeRurvier," uye iyo node inobatsira zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvakapararira zvakakwana pamasero emagetsi. Iko chiratidzo chinonyanya hops kubva kune imwe node kusvika kune inotevera, iyo inowedzera kuwedzerwa kwehutano hwekutengesa uyewo kuderedza kushandiswa kwese simba iro kuitumira. Zviratidzo pamwe nemisungo yangu inogona kufamba nekukurumidza semakiromita mazana maviri nemasere.

Pawakaberekwa, iwe unongova nemasikoni mashomanana, uye chiyero chavo chinoramba chichikura kusvikira wava nemakore anenge 25 kusvika ku30-makore. Kufungidzirwa kunofungidzirwa kuti kunotora basa rinokosha mukuchenjera.

Oligodendrocyte inopawo kugadzikana uye inotakura simba kubva kumasero eropa kuenda kune-axons.

Izwi rokuti "myelin sheath" rinogona kunge richizivikanwa kwauri nekuda kwesangano rayo ne multiple sclerosis . Muchirwere ichocho, zvinofungidzirwa kuti muviri wechirwere chemuviri unoshungurudza myelin sheaths, iyo inotungamirira kusakosha kweavoonons iwayo uye nehutano hwehutano husina kunaka. Kukuvadzwa kwemutsipa wembambo kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa maelin sheaths.

Zvimwe zvirwere zvinotendwa zvinosanganiswa ne oligodendrocyte kusapindirana zvinosanganisira:

• Leukodystrophies
• Tumha dzinonzi oligodendrogliomas
• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar disorder

Imwe tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti oligodendrocyte inogona kukuvadzwa neurotransmitter glutamate, iyo, pakati pemamwe mabasa, inokurudzira nzvimbo dzouropi hwako kuitira kuti ugone kutsvaga uye kudzidza ruzivo rutsva. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzakakwirira, glutamate inofungidzirwa se "excitotoxin," zvinoreva kuti inogona kuderedza masero kusvikira afa.

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Microglia

Sezvo zita ravo rinoratidzira, microglia zviduku zvidiki masero. Vanoita seuropi ezvakazvitsaurira maune immune system, iyo inofanirwa sezvo BBB inoparadzanisa uropi kubva mumuviri wako wose.

Microglia vari kungwarira zviratidzo zvekukuvara uye zvirwere. Pavanozviona, vanopinda uye vanotarisira dambudziko-kana zvinoreva kurega masero akafa kana kubvisa chepfu kana pathogen.

Apo vanopindura mukukuvadzwa, microglia inokonzera kutuka sechikamu chekuporesa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvakadai sechirwere cheAlzheimer , vanogona kunge vane hyper-activated uye vanokonzera kuputika kukuru. Zvinotendwa kuti zvinotungamirira kune amyloid plaques nezvimwe zvinetso zvinosangana nehosha.

Pamwe pamwe neAlzheimer's, zvirwere zvingave zvakabatanidzwa nehutachiona husina simba hunosanganisira:

• Fibromyalgia
• Chronic neuropathic pain
• Autism spectrum zvinetso
• Schizophrenia

Microglia inotendwa ine mabasa akawanda kunze kweiyo, kusanganisira mabasa ekudzidza-akabatanidzwa kwepurasitiki uye kutungamirira kukura kweuropi, umo vane basa rinokosha rokuchengetedza imba.

Uhu hwedu hunobatanidza hukama hwakawanda pakati peeuroni hunovabvumira kudarika mashoko shure uye mberi. Ichokwadi, uropi hunoita zvakawanda kwavari kupfuura zvatinoda, izvo zvisingaiti. Microglia anoona sachiapes zvisina kufanira uye "kuitema", sezvinoita murimi anotema rose rose kuti achengetedze.

Kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa zvinyorwa zvishoma kwakave kwakabviswa mumakore achangopfuura, zvichiita kuti kuwedzere kuwedzere kunzwisisika kwebasa ravo mune zvose hutano uye zvirwere mukati mehutano hwenheyo.

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Ependymal Cells

Masero Ependymal anonyanya kuzivikanwa pakuumba membrane inonzi ependyma, iyo inopenya yakanyungudutswa inoisa munharaunda huru yomutsara wepelinha uye mhepo inotenderera (inzira) yeuropi. Izvowo zvinogadzira cerebrospinal fluid .

Masero eEpendymal ari maduku zvikuru uye anosungirirana zvakasimba pamwechete kuti aumbe membrane. Pakati pemhepo, vane cilia, iyo inoratidzika semavhudzi mashomanana, iyo inotenderera mberi nepamusoro kuti iwane cerebrospinal fluid iri kupararira.

Mvura inotapira inopa mishonga uye inopedza zvinodhaka kubva muuropi uye mumutsara wemupfupa. Iyo inoshandawo sekumhanyisa uye kutyisidzira mukati mehupi hwako nehenya. Zvakakoshawo kumbaostasis yehuropi hwako, izvo zvinoreva kutonga kutaridzika kwayo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvishande pamwe chete.

Masero Ependymal zvakare anowanikwa muBBB.

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Radial Glia

Radial glia inofanirwa kuva rudzi rwe stem cell , zvinoreva kuti dzinogadzira mamwe masero. Mune uropi huri kukura, ivo ndivo "vabereki" veyeuroni, astrocytes, uye oligodendrocytes. Pawakanga uri mucheche, ivo vakapawo ganda rekushongedza neuroni, nekuda kwemafiber akareba anotungamirira masero europi ehupi panzvimbo iyo uropi hwako huchiumba.

Basa ravo semasero emadziro, kunyanya sevadzidzisi ve-neurons, anovaita chinangwa chekutsvakurudza pamusoro pekugadzirisa huropi hwehupi kubva mukurwara kana kukuvara.

Gare gare muhupenyu, vanoita basa muuropeplasticity zvakare.

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Schwann Cells

Masero eSchwann anonzi apiologist Theodor Schwann, akazviwana. Zvinoshanda zvakadai sailigodendrocytes mune kuti dzinopa myelin sheaths kune axons, asi dzinowanikwa munharaunda yehutachiona hwepamusoro (PNS) panzvimbo yeCSS.

Zvisinei, pachinzvimbo chekuva pakati pekamuri nemagetsi-akabatanidza maoko, Schwann masero anoumba miviri yakananga zvakapoteredza axon. Nodhu dzaRarvier dzinorara pakati pavo, sezvinoitwa pakati pemakumbo eOligodendrocyte, uye dzinobatsira mukushandura kwehutano nenzira imwecheteyo.

Schwann masero zvakare chikamu chemuviri wezvirwere zvePNS. Kana sero resimbi richikuvadza, inokwanisa kukwanisa, idzo, idya mitsipa yechirungu uye inopa nzira yakachengetedzwa yeiyoxon itsva yekuumba.

Zvirwere zvinosanganisira masero eSchwann zvinosanganisira:

• Guillain-Barre 'syndrome
• Chirwere cheCharcot-Marie-Tooth
• Schwannomatosis
• Kupera kwechirwere kunopedza kubvisa polyneuropathy
• Maperembudzi

Takave nekutsvakurudza kwakavimbiswa pakutsvaga masero eSchwann emusana wechipfupa nekukuvara uye mamwe maitiro ehutachiona hwemhirizhonga.

Schwann masero anobatanidzwawo mune mamwe maitiro ekurwadziwa kusingaperi. Kushanda kwavo mushure mekushungurudzwa kwemishu kunogona kuita kuti kusagadzikana kwerudzi rwehutachiona hunonzi neciceptors , iyo inonzwisisika yezvakatipoteredza zvakadai sekupisa uye kutonhora.

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Satellite Cells

Sero reSatellite rinoita kuti zita ravo rive nenzira iyo inopoteredza dzimwe nyuroni, uye ma satellite akawanda achiumba rutivi rwakatarisana nemasero. Isu tangotanga kudzidza pamusoro pemasero aya asi vatsvakurudzi vazhinji vanofunga kuti vakafanana neye astrocytes.

Chinangwa chemaawa eshanu chetestamende chinoratidzika sechirevo chezvakatipoteredza zvakapoteredza neuron, kuchengeta makemikari akaenzana.

I-neurons ine satellite satellite inoita chimwe chinhu chinonzi gangila, icho chiri masumbu emasero emagunha mumagadzirirwo emagetsi ezvimirira uye manzwiro evanhu. Izwi rinotyisa rinogadzirisa nhengo dzako dzomukati, nepo hurongwa hwekunzwa hunoita kuti iwe uone, kunzwa, kunhuwa, kubata, uye kunwa.

Masero emapuraneti anounza kudya kunovaka neuron uye anogadzira serosi yakakura yesimbi, yakadai se mercury uye mutungamiri, kuitira kuti arege kukuvadza neurons.

Vanotendwawo kuti vabatsire kutakura nhamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzeurotransmitter nezvimwe zvinhu, kusanganisira:

• Glutamate
• GABA
• Norepinephrine
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Substance P
• Capsaicin
• Acetylcholine

Kufanana ne microglia, satanisi masero anoona uye anopindura mukukuvadza nekuputika. Zvisinei, basa ravo mukugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemasero harina kunzwisiswa.

Seroti dzemazuva ekunze dzinobatanidza kurwadziwa kusingaperi kunosanganisira kuparara kwepanyama, kuora kwehutano, uye kushandiswa kwehutano hwehutano (hyperalgesia) iyo inogona kuguma kubva chemotherapy.

Shoko Rinobva

Zvakawanda zvatinoziva, tinotenda, kana kuti tinofungidzira nezvemajeri maseroji zivo itsva. Aya masero ari kutibatsira kuti tinzwisise kuti huropi hunoita sei uye chii chiri kuitika kana zvinhu zvisingashande sezvavanofanirwa kuita.

Ichokwadi kuti tine zvakawanda zvakawanda zvekudzidza pamusoro peglia, uye tinogona kuwana mishonga mitsva yezvirwere zvakakura sezvo dziva redu rekuziva richikura.

> Sources:

> Gosselin RD, Suter MR, Ji RR, Decosterd I. Glial cells uye kurwadziwa kusingaperi. Neuroscientist. 2010 Oct; 16 (5): 519-31.

> Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A. Maitiro ezvinyama zve embryonic uye adult neural stem cells. Ongororo yegore negore ye neuroscience. 2009; 32: 149-84.

> Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L. Uchapupu hwebasa reKonnexin 43 muTexgeminal Pain Achishandisa RNA Kusarudzwa MuVivo. Nyaya yeyeurophysiology. 2008 Dec; 100 (6): 3064-73.