Nzira Iyo Ubongo Hunoita Maitiro Aunonzwa Sei
Mubazi reBerkeley, California, murume ane vhudzi ane bvudzi akagara pamberi peterevhizheni. Mutsara wemavhidhiyo anoitirwa kwaari: chikamu cheCharlie Chaplin makaroo, kuburitswa kwekuvhara pamuviri, mwana ari kuchema. *
Zvichakadaro, mune imwe kamuri yakatarisana, tiri kutarisa terevhizheni. Pamusoro peizvi, zvakadaro, ndeye chiso chemurume ari pedo neimba, achiratidza mumwe nomumwe kuita mafirimu.
Zvinoshamisa, zvose zvaanoita zvakafanana. Anopindura kune umwe neumwe nekuseka kuseka. Chiitiko che rudo, comedy, kana chiitiko chekuponda chinokanganisa zvakafanana. Mushure memumwe nomumwe, anotaura nechivimbo kuti anonzwa anofadza. Iyo munyoro ine unhu hwakasiyana-siyana hunotungamira mberi kwema dementia . Manzwiro ake haachazosiyanisi zvakakodzera nenyika yakamupoteredza.
Kufunga Nezvekutambudzika
Iwe haufaniri kuva nyanzvi yezvepfungwa kuti unzwisise kukosha kwekunzwa kwoupenyu hwezuva rega rega. Zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva zvinotungamirirwa nemanzwiro-tinoteverera izvo zvatinofunga kuti tichawana zvikomborero uye edza kudzivisa izvo zvichatiita tisingatongogutsi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kana ichienzaniswa nekufambisa, manzwiro uye pfungwa dzekuziva, mafungiro haasati adzoke muuropiology, zvichida nekuda kwechikamu kune matambudziko makuru mune chiyero chechokwadi.
Dr. Robert Levenson akamborondedzera manzwiro se "nguva pfupi yepfungwa-yezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu zvinomiririra nzira dzakanaka dzekugadzirisa kuchinja kudiwa kwezvakatipoteredza." Kushungurudzika kunobatanidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri uye neurological zvinosanganisira kushungurudzika kwevakecera (kana kuti "gut"), kutaura mumeso uye muviri, uye kuchinja kufunga uye kufunga.
Iyi mhinduro inowanzobatsira uye inokurumidza nzira mupfungwa nemuviri kurongedza mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Uropi hunoita manzwiro mumatanho ematanho. Kutanga, ruzivo ruchauya runofanira kuongororwa uye rwupiwe hunokosha hwemwoyo. Iyi nzira inowanzokurumidza uye inogona kupfuura kudarika kwedu kuziva.
Kunyangwe zvakadaro, maitiro edu ekutanga maitiro anotarisana nehuwandu hwevanhu vasina hanya nemamiriro ezvinhu. Isu tinozogona kuziva uye kunzwa manzwiro. Zvichienderana nehupenyu hwevanhu, tinogona kubva taifanira kutarisa kutaura kwemanzwiro iwayo. Somuenzaniso, pane dzimwe nguva apo tingada kuratidzira hasha kana kuvenga asi tinofanira kuramba takanyarara zvisinei.
Emotional Neuroanatomy
Kutanga kufungidzira manzwiro kune chimwe chinhu munharaunda yedu kunowanikwa nekukurumidza uye kazhinji hakunzwi kutaridzika. Iyi mhinduro inoitika munharaunda yekare yeuropi yedu inozivikanwa sechimbic system. Kusiyana nekartex yakakurumbira ichangobva kusimbiswa, chironga chechimbichika chine maitiro mashomanana ekutsvaga ruzivo. Chigumisiro chacho chirikurumidza, asi sezvinoratidzwa nezvakaitika kwatiri, iyo haisiwo nguva dzose inosanganisira zvose zvese zvakakodzera.
Miganhu yenhengo yechimbaradzi haina kutsanangurwa kunotsanangurwa mumabhuku uye inoita kunge ichiwedzera kana chibvumirano chakanakisisa zvinodiwa nemunyori. Mabasa ehumbic system anowedzera kunze kwemanzwiro kuti aise mhemberero, kuvhiringidza , uye kuzviita basa . Zvinhu zvakakosha zvikamu zvehumbic system yekunzwa zvinosanganisira amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, uye ventral tegmental nzvimbo.
Izvo zvivako zvinowanzove zvakafanana nenzira yakadzika yeortictical structure (zvishomanana zvidimbu zveeuroni kupfuura zvitanhatu) uye zvose zviri pedyo nechepakati uye nheyo yeuropi. Kunyange zvazvo kukosha kwechimiro chechimiro mukunzwa kwakasimbiswa, zvivako izvi zvinoshandiswawo nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeuropi, zvikurukuru prefrontal cortex .
Kuongorora
Kune hutano hwakasiyana-siyana muuropi hunobatanidza chifuro nehunokosha hwepfungwa. Aya maitiro anowirirana zvikuru nechishuvo, sezvo manzwiro edu anowanzoita kuti tive nekuita. Maitiro ehumwe haawani ari oga, asi pane kutaura nekutarisana.
Nzira yekutanga inobatanidza nekuongorora ndiyo dopaminergic mubairo, iyo inosanganisira ventral tegmental nzvimbo uye nucleus accumbens. Izvo zvivako zvinogara pakadzika uye pasi peuropi, nepamusoro pehupamhi hwemaziso uye kumashure sematemberi. Iyi nzira inopindura mibayiro, uye inotikurudzira kudzokorora chimwe chinhu chinonzwa "chakanaka."
Nzira yechipiri inosanganisira dunhu reAmygdalae. Iko masumbu maviri emitsipa inenge yakaenzana nehukuru hwearumondi inogara mune imwe yega yega. Izvi zvinowanzopindurwa mhinduro dzehasha, kutya, uye utsinye.
Zvimwe zvivako, zvakadai saisula, zvinosanganisirawo manzwiro. Iyo insula (kureva guva) inharaunda yeuropi yakanamatira kumashure kwekona kwepamberi nechekare yekare pane kurutivi rweuropi. Chikamu chekunaka chinobatsira kugadzirisa maitiro ekunyangadza.
Emotional Recognition
Kana izvi zvivako zvikabatanidza kukurudzira nekunakidzwa kwepfungwa, hutano husina kutanga hunotanga. Semuenzaniso, amygdala yakabatana ne hypothalamus uye inogona kukurudzira kuwedzera kwemwoyo uye kuwedzerwa kweropa, izvo zvose zviri chikamu chinokosha chekutya kana kutsamwa. Iyo insula inobatanidzwa pamaturakiti emagetsi anotyisa anogona kuita kuti mudumbu ichinzwa neuseous. Muviri wedu unogona kutora pane zviratidzo izvi uye kuziva manzwiro.
Mukuwedzera pakucherechedza kuchinja mumuviri, nzvimbo dzekufungidzirwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dze cortex dzinotibvumira kuziva kuti manzwiro ari kuitika. Semuenzaniso, mibairo yepurokiti yepurogiramu kune ye medibitofrontal cortex, iyo inotibatsira kuona zvisarudzo zvenguva yemberi zvichienderana nemashoko ekufunga.
Mutemo weEmotion
Kune dzimwe nguva umo manzwiro anofanirwa kutongerwa. Semuenzaniso, hatifaniri kuseka pamariro kunyange kana mumwe munhu akapfekedza chipfeko chinonyadzisa. Sezvo manzwiro anouya mberi, tingafanira kutungamira kutaura kwemanzwiro iwayo. Tingaedza kuvhara manzwiro kuburikidza nokusabvumira chiso chedu kana muviri kuti tiratidze zvatinonzwa. Somuenzaniso, kana tikaona tiger, tinogona kuedza kumira noushingi. Tinogona kuongorora zvakare, zvinoreva kunyatsoyemura kurongedza kweruzhinji rwakaita kuti tive nemanzwiro. Semuenzaniso, tinogona kuzviyeuchidza kuti inongova mufananidzo weguru panzvimbo peicho chaiye.
Iro orbitofrontal cortex inobatsira mumamiriro ekuronga kwepfungwa, uye kukanganisa kunharaunda ino kunogona kukonzera kushushikana uye kusakwanisa kutarisa manzwiro okutanga Mutevedzeri unozivikanwa zvikuru ndeyePineas Gage, mutungamiri wezvitima akafira mutsaona akatumira tsvimbo huru yesimbi kuburikidza nechikamu ichi che uropi. Maererano nemishumo yechiremba wake, aive ane manzwiro uye aishushikana nguva pfupi pashure penguva yacho. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti varwere havakwanisi kuongororazve kukoshesa kwepfungwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu achichinja. Semuenzaniso, mune imwe nzira apo vatendi vakadaro vanochinja kubva kubhejena basa, vanogona kusarudza mibairo mikuru munguva pfupi pasinei nekuziva kuti haisi mune zvavanoda kwenguva refu.
Kazhinji, vanhu vazhinji vakaratidza kuti rutivi rworudyi rwehupi hwedu hunobatanidzwa nekugadzirisa manzwiro akadai sekutya, kusuruvara, nekunyangadza. Ruoko rworuboshwe rwakarongedzwa kuti ruve rwakawedzerwa nemufaro uye zvichida kutsamwa. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyisa, kunyange zvidzidzo zvakasiyana siyana kutsigira pfungwa huru.
Mhedziso
Kusuruvara hakusi kungobva kune rumwe rutivi rwehupfungwa hwedu asi kunotsvaga pane dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira amygdala, ventral tegmental area, orbitofrontal cortex, uye zvizhinji zvakare izvo zvose zvinoshandiswa kuongororwa zvinokonzera kunze, zvinokonzera kutanga kwepfungwa, uyezve kutonga mhinduro iyoyo kana zvichidiwa. Kuvhiringidzwa kwegadziriro ino kunogona kutungamirira mukusava nemanzwiro kana kuwandisa, zvichienderana nemamiriro uye nzvimbo yemhirizhonga.
* Zvimwe zvinhu zvakashandurwa kuti zvidzivirire zvakavanzika.
Sources:
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Levenson R (1994): Manzwiro evanhu: Maonero anoshanda. Mu: Ekman P, Davidson R, vaparidzi. Chimiro chemanzwiro: Mibvunzo inokosha. New York: Oxford, mapeji 123-126.
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