Vatsvakurudzi Vanotsvaga Nzira Dzakasiyana-siyana Dzakasiyana-siyana kuti Dzobvisa HIV
Yaiva muna 1984 apo-Munyori wehutano neHuman Services Margaret Heckler akashinga akafanotaura kuti chirwere cheAIDS "chichagadzirira kuongorora mumakore maviri."
Iye zvino, makore anopfuura makumi matatu apinda muchirwere, hatisati taona chero chinhu chinosvika kune munhu anokwanisa, kana kudzivirira kutapurika kwehutachiwana kana kupa vanhu vane HIV kuti vakwanise kudzora utachiona pasina kushandisa madhiragi.
Izvi zvinoreva here kuti hatina kuwana chero nguva iyo yose? Kunyange zvazvo zvingaratidzika nenzira iyo, nekutadza kusingagumi kwekukundikana kwevanhu, chokwadi ndechekuti tine zvishandiso zvishomanana zvakare mumakore ekuma1980 uye makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu ekuzarura zvakavanzika zvehutachiona hwehutachiona.
Nhasi, nehuwandu hwemashandisi aya atinayo-kubva mberi ye 3D electron microscopy kusvika kune chizvarwa chechizvarwa chekugadzira-tiri isu tiswedera pedyo nekuwana chirwere chisingaoneki cheHIV here?
Matambudziko uye Kukwana Kwekuongorora Kwokutanga
Ichokwadi ndechokuti, kunyange muna 1984, vatsvakurudzi vainyatsoziva zvipingamupinyi zvavakatarisana mukugadzira chirongwa chinobudirira. Mumushumo weC Congressional wakatumirwa neHhovisi yeKiongorori Ongororo, vatsvakurudzi vakati:
"Hazvirevi zvirwere zvehutachiona hweHIV, uyewo maitiro asina kukwana anogadzirisa ane maitiro ehutachiona hweAIDS, iye zvino ane chivimbiso chikuru," achiwedzera kuti "kana kuchinja kwemafuro (kweHIV) kwakakosha zvakakwana ... zvichava zvakaoma kukura mushonga unobatsira. "
Kuwedzera kune dambudziko nderokuti vazhinji vehutano hwekodzero dzaidiwa kukudziridza chirongwa chekuzvidzivirira vainyanya kuedza panguva iyoyo, zvikurukuru maitiro eDNA anogadziriswa anoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano.
Asi kunyange nekukundikana kwepakutanga, vatsvakurudzi vakawana zivo yakawanda sekukwanisa kwekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekugadzirira, iko
- izvo zvinonzi "zvakaparadzwa zvachose" zvirwere (umo HIV inoparadzwa mumuviri kana nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, makemikari, kupisa kana kupisa mazaisai) haibvumiri maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri.
- kuti kungoita kuti muviri wekuzvidzivirira muviri usakwana sezvo HIV inouraya masero anokonzera maitiro ekudzivirira zvirwere mumuviri ( CD4 T-cells ), achisiya muviri usingakwanisi kuwedzera kushanda kwakasimba.
- kuti huwandu hwekuchinja kune hutachiwana hutachiona hweHIV nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana hunoita kuti kuve nechirwere chimwechete-icho chinogona kukonzera matambudziko ose akasiyana-siyana eAIDS- zvisingaiti zvakaoma, kana zvisingaiti.
Kuwedzera kweArapeutic Vaccines
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzave dzichitaura nezvekuvandudzwa kwezvirwere zverapa. Muchidimbu, kana mukana wemubhadharo asingagoni kukwanisa zvakakwana kudzivirira hutachiona, inogona kuderedza kana kutomesa kufambira mberi kwechirwere kune avo vakatotapukirwa. Kuti chirwere chokurapa chionekwe sechishanda, zviremera zvinoratidza kuti zvinofanira kumira zvishoma nezve50% zvezvirwere kune avo vasina kukohwa.
Takatarisa pedyo nechinangwa ichocho mumakore achangobva kupfuura, hapana zvakare kupfuura RV144 muedzo muna 2009. Ichi chidzidzo cheku Thai, icho chakabatanidza vaviri vakasiyana-siyana vachengeti vachengetedzo (zvose zviri zviviri zvainge zvanyatsogadzirisa ivo pachavo), vakaratidza kuzvininipisa kwe 31% kuderedza zvirwere pakati pevatori vechikamu muboka rekudzivirira rinopesana nevaya vari boka re placebo.
Iko kuedzwa kwakakurumidza kuteverwa neRV505 , iyo yairehwa kuwedzera pamusoro pemigumisiro iyoyo nekubatanidza chirwere che "priming" ne "kukurudzira" chirwere chinogara mukati mevhirwere adenovirus (chirwere chinowanzosangana nehutano). Asi panzvimbo pacho, kutongwa kwakamiswa nguva isati yakwana munaEpril 2013 apo zvakashamiswa kuti vamwe vatori vechikamu vachirwere vachipukirwa kune vasiri vatsigiri vepamuviri.
Mukufamba kwenguva, vazhinji munharaunda yekutsvakurudza vakaratidza kushushikana pamusoro pezvisina kusiyiwa zvakasara neRV505, zvichiratidza kuti zvingave zvakanaka kudzorera zvirongwa zvekudzivirira kwemakumi makumi emakore.
Ndeipi Ramangwana reHIV Vaccine Research?
Pasinei nokukundikana kweRV505, miedzo shomanana yakaramba ichitsvaga kutsvaga nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokutanga.
Ikutanga yeiyi, RV305 , yakatora 167 vatori vechikamu vaHIV vasingabvi pachiitiko chekutanga cheRV144 muThailand. Chinangwa chekutsvakurudza ndechekuona kana mamwe ekusimbisa inoculations achawedzera kukuchengetedza kunze kwe 31%.
Chidzidzo chechipiri, chinozivikanwa seRV306 , chichatsvaga kubudirira kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvokudzivirira zvirwere apo inoshandiswa pamwe chete nemishonga yepakutanga yeRV144.
Zvichakadaro, zvizhinji zvekutsvakurudza kwechangobva kuve zvave zvichitaura kune izvo zvinonzi "kick-kill" mazano. Kubatanidza kusangana kunoshandisa kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvinodhaka kushandura utachiona hweHIV kubva munzvimbo dzacho dzakavanzika dzemasereji apo imwe nhengo yepiri (kana vashandi) inobudirira inouraya utachiona husina kupararira.
Pakave nemamwe kubudirira mukubvisa zvivako zvehutachiona, kusanganisira kushandiswa kweHCDAC inhibitors (rudzi rwemishonga inorondedzerwa se antipsychotic). Kunyange zvazvo tine zvakawanda zvokudzidza pamusoro pekupararira kwezvivako izvi zvakavanzika zvingava, nzira inoita seinovimbisa.
Saizvozvowo, masayendisiti akaita misoro mukukudziridza kwema immunologic agents anokwanisa kukurudzira muviri wekuzvidzivirira kwekudzivirira muviri. Pakati penzira iyi inonzi inonzi neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) -pecificed proteins inokwanisa kukonzera kuparadzaniswa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hweHIV subtypes (zvisingaenzaniswi nehuwandu husingaiti neutralizing antibodies inogona kuuraya dambudziko rimwe).
Nokudzidza vatungamiri vehutachiona hweEIDS (vanhu vane hukama hweHIV nevakawanda), masayendisiti ave akakwanisa kuzivisa uye anokurudzira kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvivimbiso zveBNA. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wepakati unoramba uripo: ungava masayendisiti anokurudzira mhinduro yakakwana yekuuraya HIV pasina kukuvadza munhu ane utachiona here? Kusvika iye zvino, kufambira mberi kwave kuri kuvimbisa, kana kuzvininipisa.
Mukuzara kwavo, miedzo iyi inofungidzirwa inokosha sezvo ichivaka pane zvidzidzo zvadzidza kubva pakundikana kwepachigara, iko:
- Kukundikana hazvirevi nguva dzose kukunda. Chirongwa cheAIDVAX, chakakundikana mumatambudziko maviri evanhu muna 2003, chakagadziriswa zvakare se "booster" vaccine yeRV144 kudzidza.
- 50 muzana haisi kunze kwekusvika kwedu. Kutaura zvazviri, chidzidzo cheku Thai chakaratidza kuti kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemakemikari hwakanga huri pedo nematanda makumi matanhatu muzana mugore rokutanga, kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo nguva yakafambira mberi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera inoculations kana kukura maitiro kunogona kupa kukurudzira kukuru uye kwakasimba.
- Tinofanira kuwana nzira dze "kudzivirira kukwikwidza." Kutsvakurudzwa kwemazuva ano kwakaratidza kuti masimba anokwikwidzana angave ari pamwoyo wekukundikana kweRV505. Genetic modeling inoratidza kuti zvirwere hazvina kungoita kuti zvirwere zve immunoglobulin G (IgG) zvirambe zvichisarudzwa, sezvakagadzirirwa, asiwo zvakakonzera kukwira kwezvirwere zvemunoglobulin A (IgA), izvo zvakaderedza simba rokudzivirira. Kuwana ivo zvinoreva kukunda kana kuti kukwikwidzana kunogona kunge kuri dambudziko guru kukufambira mberi.
- Zvichida isu hatingawani kamwe chete. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinobvumirana kuti zvinogona kutora nzira yakabatana yekuita kuti hutachiwana hweHIV iparadzwe kana kuti kupa chirwere "kurapwa". Nokubatanidza mishonga yemagariro uye maitiro ekudzivirira mafungiro , vazhinji vanotenda kuti tinokwanisa kukona HIV, zvose pakukwanisa kwayo kubata uye kukwanisa kwayo kuzvivanza kubva pakuonekwa.
Chirwere Chekutsvakurudza Zvakakosha Mamiriyoni Ari Kupihwa Here?
Pane imwe nguva apo mari yeHIV inenge yakanyangarika kana kuti yakadzoserwa, vamwe vakatanga kusava nechokwadi kana nzira yekuwedzera-kuunganidza uchapupu zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza nekuedzwa uye kukanganisa-inopa ma $ 8 mabhiriyoni akashandiswa kare pakutsvakurudza kwekudzivirira. Vamwe vanofunga kuti iyo inoparadza vanhu uye zvemari apo vamwe vakaita saRobert Gallo vakatsigira kuti zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvino hazvikwani zvakakwana kuti zvive nehuwandu hwekuwedzera.
Kune rumwe rutivi, sezvatinotanga kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemajeri uye kushandiswa kwemaitiro akawanda ekudzivirira zvirwere, vamwe vanodavira kuti ruzivo runogona kushandiswa nyore nyore zvimwe zviitiko zvekutsvaga kweHIV.
Mukubvunzurudzwa kwe2013 nepepanhau re Guardian , Françoise Barre-Sinoussi , akarumbidzwa semumwe akawana-discoverer weHIV, akaratidza kuvimba kuti mushonga unoshanda unogona kunge uripo mukati me "makore makumi matatu anotevera."
Pasinei nokuti kufanotaura kunomutsa kutarisira kana kuderedza tariro, zvakajeka kuti kufambira mberi ndiyo chete nzira chaiyo. Uye kuti kukanganisa kwechokwadi chete ndiko kwatisingadzidze chinhu.
> Sources:
> Office of Technology Assessment. "Kudzokorora kweHurumende yeHurumende yeHurumende yeHindura yeAIDS." Washington, DC: US Congress; February 2005: p. 28. Library of Congress Catalog Kano Number 85-600510.
> Rerks-Ngarm, S ;; Pitisuttithum, P .; Nitayaphan, S ;; et al. "Kurora neAlvac neAIDSVAX kudzivirira utachiwana hweHIV-1 muThailand." New England Journal of Medicine. December 3, 2009; 361 (23): 2209-20.
> National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). "NIH Inorambidza Kuvharirwa muHIV Vaccine Study." Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health (NIH). April 25, 2013.
> US US Army Research Research Program (MHRP). "RV144 Kudzidza-Kudzidza RV305 Inotanga muThailand." Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington, DC; Media Release: April 11, 2012.
> International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI). "Kufambira mberi mumugwagwa unoenda kune AIDS." New York, New York; Media Release: June 2012.
> Tomaras, G. "E103 Chirwere cheHIV-1 Chakaita IgA uye IgG Antibody Specificities." Zvinyorwa zveAkawana Immune Defence Syndromes. April 2013; 62 (1): 52.
> MacNeil, J .; Johnson, M .; Birx, D; uye Traumont, E. "Chirwere cheHIV chinotongwa." Sayenzi. February 13, 2004: 303 (5660): 961.
> Connor, S. "Mishonga yeHIV iye zvino inogona kuitika." The Independent. Yakabudiswa May 19, 2013.