Kuwedzera muUpenyu huripo kubva kune Prehistory Kupfuura Mazuva Era
Vanhu vakagara kwenguva yakareba sei munguva yakapfuura? Iwe unowanzonzwa nhamba dzehuwandu hweupenyu hwevanhu vakararama mazana, kunyange zviuru, zvemakore akapfuura. Ko madzitateguru edu aizofa here ava nemakore makumi matatu kana makumi mana kare kare? Heino zvishoma zvishoma pamusoro pehupenyu kwenguva refu mukukubatsira kunzwisisa kuti upenyu hwehupenyu uye hupenyu hwakashanduka sei munguva.
Lifespan vs. Upenyu Husingaperi
Izwi rokuti tarisiro yehupenyu inoreva mavhareji ehupenyu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, vachifunga nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vanofa neboka iroro revanhu. Lifespan inguva yehurefu chaihwo hwehupenyu hwomunhu. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko maviri achiita seanojeka, kusakwanisa kwezvakaitika kare uye zvinyorwa zvakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma kune vanotsvakurudza kuti vaone kuti vanhu vanorarama sei vakashanduka kubva munhoroondo.
Upenyu Hwevanhu Vokutanga
Kusvikira zvishoma munguva pfupi ichangopfuura, ruzivo ruduku rwakanga ruripo pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu vanogara kare. Kuva nekusvika kune vashomanana vashoma vepasi revanhu yakagadzirisa kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kune vanyori venhau dzakaenzana kuverenga kuwanda kwevanhu vose. Vaprofesa veAnthropology Rachel Caspari uye Sang-Hee Lee, weCentral Michigan University neYunivhesiti yeKalifornia kuRwiziside, pamwe chete, vakasarudza kuongorora mazera ehutachiona akawanikwa mumasvingo ekumavirira nekumadokero kweAfrica, Europe, uye kune dzimwewo nzvimbo.
Mushure mekuenzanisa chiyero cheavo vakafa vaduku nevaya vakafa pazera remakore, boka racho rakagumisa kuti upenyu hurefu hwakatanga kuwedzera zvikuru-kureva, hwakapfuura makore makumi matatu kana kupfuura-makore anenge 30 000 akapfuura iyo nguva yekushanduka kwevanhu. Mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa muna 2011 muScientific American, Caspari inoshandura kuchinja kwe "kushanduka kwababambuya nasekuru," sezvo inoratidza nguva yekutanga munhau yevanhu kuti zvizvarwa zvitatu zvingave zvakabatana.
Mumakore Makore Ekutanga
Hupenyu huri kutarisirwa huwandu hunotsanangura huwandu hwevanhu pamwe chete hunotambura nekushayikwa kweuchapupu hwakavimbika hwakaungana kubva panguva idzi. Muna Nyaya ya2010 yakabudiswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences gerontologist uye evolutionary biologist Caleb Finch inotsanangura mavhareji mararamiro emakore munguva yekare echiGiriki neyeRoma sekufupi kwenguva inenge makore makumi maviri kusvika kune makumi matatu, kunyange zvazvo achichema mazita acho akavakirwa " nekutonga risingabvi "makuva epitaphs uye sampuli.
Kufambira mberi pamwe chete nematsetse ezvakaitika kare, Finch inonyora zvinetso zvekuderedza hupenyu hwehupenyu hwepanguva uye zvikonzero zvekufa mune izvi zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Semhando yekutsvakurudza, iye uye dzimwe nyanzvi yekushanduka-shanduka zvinoratidza kuenzanisira kunogona kuitwa nehuwandu hwemashoko kubva kune pre-industrial industry kuSweden (pakati pezana remakore rechi18) uye vamwe vemuzuva ranhasi, vaduku, vanovhima-gatherer mumarudzi munyika dzakadai seVenezuela neBrazil.
Finch anonyora kuti kutonga nemashoko aya zvikonzero zvikuru zvekufa mumazana emakore epakutanga zvingangove zvive zvirwere, zvichibva kune zvirwere zvinotapukira kana mavanga ane utachiona anokonzerwa nemakemikari kana kurwa. Mamiriro ehupenyu husina hanya uye kushanyiswa kuduku kwekurapa kunobudirira kwakaratidza kuti kutarisira upenyu kunogona kunge kwakakwana kune anenge makore makumi matatu.
Ndihwo tarisiro yeupenyu pakuberekwa , chimiro chinoshamisa chinokonzerwa nekufa kwecheche-chikwata panguva iyo yakakwirira se30 muzana. Izvo hazvirevi kuti munhu akawandisa anogara muna 1200 AD akafa pazera remakore makumi matatu nemashanu. Pane kudaro, kumwana wose akafira mucheche, mumwe munhu angangodaro akararama kuti aone kuberekwa kwavo kwema70. Makore okutanga kusvika kusvika makore gumi nemashanu akaenderera mberi kuva nengozi, nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvinokonzerwa nechirwere, kukuvadzwa, uye njodzi. Vanhu avo vakapukunyuka munguva ino inotyisa yehupenyu vanogona kuzviita pakukwegura.
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvinotapukira zvakadai sekurera , chifuba , uye chibhokisi chinoramba chichiwedzera kupedza upenyu hurefu, asi hapana pachiyero chakaipisisa dambudziko re bubonic muzana remakore rechi14.
Black Black Plague yakayambuka kuAsia neEurope, uye yakaparadza chikamu chetatu chevanhu vomuEurope, kuchinja kwenguva yekurarama kweupenyu pasi.
Kubva kuma1800 kusvika nhasi
Kubvira kuma1500 zvichienda mberi, kusvika kumakore ekuma1800, tarisiro yehupenyu muEurope yose yakatakura pakati pemakore makumi matatu nemakumi mana emakore. Kubvira pakutanga kwema1800, Finch anonyora kuti tarisiro yehupenyu pakuberekwa yakapetwa kaviri mumakore gumi kana gumi chete. Kuvandudzwa kwehutano, kushandiswa kwehutsanana, majekiseni, kuwanika kwemvura inoyerera, nekudya kunovaka muviri zvose zvinoratidzwa nekuwedzera kukuru.
Kunyange zvakaoma kufungidzira, vanachiremba vakatanga kungoshamba maoko avo vasati vavhiyiwa pakati pemakore ekuma1800. Kunzwisiswa kwakanaka kwehutsanana uye kutapurirwa kwemakemikari kwakabva kwaita kuti zvive nehutano hwehutano. Zvirwere zvaive zvichiri kuitika, zvisinei, uye zvakakanganisa upenyu hwekutarisira. Zvirwere, typhoid , uye zvirwere zvakadai se rheumatic fever uye nyekundu fever zvose zvaiwanzoitika muma1800s.
Kunyange munguva pfupi yapfuura muna 1921, nyika dzakadai seCanada dzakanga dzichiri necheche kufa kwevana vanenge 10 muzana, zvichireva kuti mumwechete pavana gumi haana kupona. Maererano neTancial Canada, izvi zvaireva mararamiro ehupenyu kana chiyero chekupenyura munyika iyo yaiva yakakwirira pazera rimwe kupfuura panguva yekuberekwa-chiitiko chakaramba chiripo kusvikira pakutanga kwema1980.
Mazuva ano nyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira dzinoratidzira mararamiro ehupenyu hwemakore anopfuura makumi manomwe, zvichienderana nekuenzanisa kwakagadzirwa neCentral Intelligence Agency.
Mune Ramangwana
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakafanotaura kuti mararamiro ehupenyu sekuda kuneta kunomisa kana kutochinja zvakare kuwedzera kwekutarisira kweupenyu kwekutanga kokutanga munhoroondo yezvino. Epidemiologists uye gerontologists vakaita saSouth Jay Olshanky vanonyevera kuti muUnited States-apo zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvehuwandu huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu kana huwandu-hutete uye zvinetso zvaro, sechirwere cheshuga , zvinogona kuderedza kunaka kwehupenyu kumakore ose muhafu yekutanga Muzana remakore rechi21.
Panguva ino, kusimudzira tarisiro yehupenyu muWesten inounza zvose zvakanaka nezvakaipa-zvakanaka kuti urarame kwenguva yakareba, asi iwe zvino unowanzosangana nemhando dzezvirwere zvinowirwa sezvaunokura. Zvirwere izvi zvinosangana nezera rinosanganisira chirwere chetachiona , chirwere cheshuga, chirwere cheshuga, uye chirwere chemaitiro .
Kunyange zvazvo zvingakanganisa huwandu uye hupenyu hwehupenyu , dzakawanda zvezviitiko izvi zvinogona kudzivirirwa kana kuti kuderedzwa kuburikidza nehutano hwehupenyu hunoita sekutevera kurwisa kwekukwegura , kuchengetedza uremu hwakanaka, kurarama nguva dzose uye kuchengeta mahomoni anokonzera kushungurudzika sezvakaitwa cortisol.
Sources:
> Beltrán-Sánchez H, Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Kufa kweboka rekare kunofanirwa kuwedzera kwekukwegura muboka: nhoroondo yekuongorora. Zvinyorwa zveKutanga Kwekuvandudza Kwehutano Nezvirwere . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. doi: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Kuenzanisa Nyika: Upenyu Husingatarisiri paKuberekwa. US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Ruzivo Rwevanhu Rwenyika. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Finch CE. Kuchinja kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye zvirwere zvekukwegura: Basa rehutachiona, kuputika, uye kudya. PNAS , January 26, 2010, vol. 107, Mapeji 1718-1724.
> Utano Mukukudzwa: Kusiyana Muupenyu Tarisiro paKuberekwa. Statistics Canada Public Information Sheet. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> Olshansky SJ, Carnes BA. "Remangwana rehupenyu hwevanhu," muInternational Handbook of Population Aging , ed ed Uhlenberg P., mupepeti. (New York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.