Dhopombwe chirwere chinopararira chinokonzerwa nechirwere che variola chakadzingwa nehutachiona hwepasi rose muna 1980, zvichireva kuti hachizoitiki zvakare. Kupedzisira kwekuzvarwa kwepanyama kuUnited States kwaiva muna 1949. Zvisinei, chibhokisi chaiva chimwe chezvirwere zvinouraya kwezviuru zvemakore, zvichiuraya vanhu vatatu pavatatu vakaitora uye vachisiya vamwe vazhinji vane zvigamba zvekusingaperi kana kunyange mapofu.
Zviratidzo zvepakutanga zvakafanana nehosha uye kuputika kunowedzera mukati memazuva mashomanana, zvichiita kuti blister yakadzika inopera uye iwa.
Nhoroondo
Mhuka yegorokosi haina chokwadi, asi inofungidzirwa kuti yakabva kuEgypt kana kuIndia. Nhomba yakasvika kuEurope pakati pezana rechishanu nechinomwe uye yaivapo mumaguta makuru eEurope nezana remakore rechi18. Epidemics yakaitika muNorth America makoloni mumazana zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe. Pane imwe nguva chibhokisi chaive chirwere chikuru mumarudzi ose munyika yose kunze kweAustralia uye zvitsuwa zvishomanana zvakasara. Mamiriyoni evanhu akafira munyika yose, kunyanya muEurope neMexico, zvichibva pamapapupiki evanhu vepachikapu.
Variolation
Kuwa kwechibhokisi kwakatanga nekuziva kuti vakapona vechirwere vakange vasina kudzivirirwa kwehupenyu hwavo hwose. Izvi zvakakonzera kuita tsika yekusiyana-nzira yekuratidzira munhu ane utano kune zvinhu zvakakanganiswa kubva kune munhu ane chibhokisi mune tariro yekuita chibhokisi mune imwe nzira yakaoma iyo yakapa hutachiona hwekuwedzera hutachiona.
Nhoroondo yekutanga yakanyorwa yechinyorwa ichi inotsanangura musikana wechiBuddha achiitakura kusvika 1022 kusvika muna 1063 AD. Aizokuya zvikwangwani zvakatorwa kubva kumunhu anotapukirwa nehoveksi muupfu, uye ozoipinza mumhino dzomunhu asina muviri. Pakazosvika makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, nzira iyi yekusiyana-siyana yaiwanzoita muChina, India, neTurkey.
Mukupera kwema1700, vanachiremba vekuEurope vakashandisa izvi nemamwe nzira yekusiyana. Vamwe vanhu vakanga vari kuchinjwa vachiri kufa nechibhokisi, asi tsika iyi yakaderera zvakanyanya nhamba yehutachiona hwekufa.
Vaccination
Nhanho inotevera kusvika pakugadziriswa kwechibhokisi chikaitika nekuonekwa kwechiremba weChirungu, Edward Jenner, kuti milkmaids iyo yakagadzira cowpox (chirwere chisina kuderera) hachina kuva nezviratidzo zvechibhokisi apo yaive yakasvibiswa nekusiyana. Nekuwanikwa ikoko, muna 1796, Jenner akatora mvura iyi kubva kune cowpox pustule pane ruoko rwe dairymaid uye akavhara mukomana ane makore 9. Vhiki masere gare gare, akafumura mukomana wacho nechibhokisi, uye mukomana uyu haana kuva nezviratidzo. Jenner akagadzira izwi rokuti "vaccine" kubva pashoko rokuti "vaca," rinoreva "mhou" muchiLatin. Basa rake pakutanga rakatsoropodzwa asi munguva pfupi rakagamuchirwa uye rakagamuchirwa. Pakazosvika 1800, vanhu vanenge 100 000 vakanga vachengetwa munyika yose.
Chirwere chemazuva ano chakange chichibvumirwa neDain and Drug Administration (FDA) chakatorwa kubva muhutachiona husina simba hunonzi "New York City Board Health". Yakabudiswa naWedeth Laboratories uye yaibvumirwa pasi pezita rokuti Dryvax. Kudengenyeka kwekupedzisira kwechibhokisi muUnited States kwakaitika muTexas muna 1949 uye 8 maitiro uye 1 kufa.
Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji veNorth America, Western Europe, Australia, neNew Zealand vakanga vasina rusununguko panguva ino, dzimwe nyika dzakadai seAfrica neIndia dzakaramba dzichitambura nehosha dzezvirwere.
Kurasikirwa
Muna 1967, World Health Organization (WHO) yakatanga mushandirapamwe wepasi pose wekuparadza chibhokisi. Ichi chinangwa chakazadzikiswa mumakore gumi nekuda kwechikamu chikuru chekuita zvirwere zvakanyanya. Nyaya yekupedzisira yepasipo yakaitika muSomalia muna 1977. Musi waMay 8, 1980, World Health Assembly yakashuma nyika isina bhomba-chinhu chaicho chechokwadi.
IUnited States yakamira kuvhara vanhu vakawanda muna 1972 asi yakaramba ichipora varwi.
Zvakakurudzirwa kuti chirwere chemauto chinomira muna 1986 uye kupora kwakagadziriswa mumashure kunotora muna 1990.
Zviratidzo
Apo iwe unotanga kuzarurirwa kune utachiona hwechibhopikisi, uri mune izvo zvinonzi nguva yekudzivirira. Iwe hausi kupararira uye iwe hauzove nezviratidzo zveimwe mazuva manomwe kusvika ku19. Zviratidzo zvechibhokisi chinotanga nefivha huru, musoro, kuneta, uye muviri aches, uye dzimwe nguva kurutsa, izvo zvose zvinogona kupera kubva mumazuva maviri kusvika mana. Iwe unogona kupararira pane ino.
Mazuva mashomanana mushure mekunge, iwe uchava nekukurumidza kuputika kunotanga mumuromo mako nekupararira, kutendeuka mumakumbo akasimudza uye mabhetera anozadza-mazadza ayo akareba, akazadza, uye anowira shure kwemavhiki mashatu, achisiya chidimbu chakavharwa. Iwe unogonawo kukura blisters mumhino dzako nemuromo. Iwe unopararira zvikuru kana kukurumidza kunotanga, uye iwe unoramba uine hutachiwana kusvikira pakupedzisira gorosi ganda rinowira.
Zvinokonzera
Dhopombwe chirwere chinokonzerwa nechirwere che variola. Inogona kubvumirwa pakusangana nomumwe munhu, kuburikidza nemhepo mune imwe chivako chakavharwa (kazhinji), kana kubva pakusangana nezvinhu zvakasvibiswa, zvakadai semavheketi uye nguo. Hapana humwe uchapupu hwokuti chibhokisi chinoparadzirwa nemhuka kana zvipembenene.
Kuziva
Nemhaka yokuti chibhokisi chave chichibviswa kwechinguva, vanachiremba vakawanda havazokwanisi kutaura kuti iko kamukirayo pakarepo, izvo zvinoreva kuti inogona kupararira nokukurumidza kusati kwaonekwa. ICentral for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inoda kuedza hutachiona hwomunhu ane hutachiona kuti husimbise chibhokisi. Chimwe chete chinyorwa chakasimbiswa, chero kupi zvako munyika, chinogona kusimbisa hutano hwehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Kurapa
Hakuchina kurapwa kwega kwega kwechibhokisi. Iyo vachox vaccine inodzivirira vanhu kuti vasawana chibhokisi uye inogona kushandiswa kana kuputika kuchiitika. Kana ukawana chirwere chechibhokisi mukati memazuva matatu uchirwara nehutachiona, chirwere chinogona kukumisa kuti urege kubatwa nechibhokisi. Kana iwe uchiri kuwedzera hutachiona, hunogona kunge hwakanyanya kuderera. Kana ukawana chirwere mukati memakore mana kusvika kwemazuva masere mushure mokutsvaira, zvingangoita kuti uve nechidziviriro uye zvakare, zvingaita kuti utachiona husanyanya kuoma. Kana kambomira ikatanga, chirwere chacho hachizobatsiri.
Zvirwere zvekare zvinogonawo kuva nenzvimbo mukurapa chibhokisi, asi izvi zvinoramba zvisinganzwisisiki sezvino. Mishonga ingangodaro inosanganisira yekuchengetedza iwe wakasununguka, kuve nechokwadi kuti iwe unogara hydrated, uye kurapa chero zviratidzo kana zvinetso zvinogona kuguma, zvakadai sekupa maantibayoti nokuda kwekutapukirwa kwebhakitiriya.
Shoko Rinobva
Nhoroondo yekusimudza nekuwa kwechibhokisi ndeyebudiriro yenyaya yekurapa kwemazuva ano uye hutano hwevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo inenge inenge yose inosvika mabhii evirombo yeviroro yakaparadzwa apo bhokoni yakaziviswa kuparadzwa, chirwere che variola chinochengetwa panzvimbo mbiri nekuda kwekutsvakurudza-imwe muCDC muAtlanta, Georgia, uye imwe muRussia State Centre yeKutsvakurudza nezveVirology uye Biotechnology muRussian Federation. Maererano neCDC, zvinokwanisika asi hazvigoneki kuti chirwere che variola chingashandiswa mukurwiswa kwebioterrorist, saka pane urongwa huri munzvimbo iyo apo chirwere chekuita chinotyisa chinowanikwa. Semuenzaniso, pane chirwere chinokwana chikafu chinowanikwa kuti chirwere munhu mumwe chete muUnited States inofanira kuva nehomwe yekutakura chibhokisi kana kurwisa.
> Sources:
> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chibhokisi. Yakapedzwa July 12, 2017.
> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Nhomba: Kudzivirira uye Kuchivirira. Yakaperedzwa June 7, 2016.
> Mayo Clinic Staff. Chibhokisi. Mayo Clinic. Yakaperedzwa July 26, 2017.
> World Health Organization (WHO). Inowanzobvunzwa mibvunzo nemhinduro pamusoro pehomwe. Yakapedzwa June 28, 2016.