Mazinga Ekubatsira Anowanikwa mune Autism Spectrum Diagnosis
Munhu wose ane autism anogamuchira kufanana kwakadaro: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Asi autism chirwere chinonzi spectrum, zvinoreva kuti munhu anogona kuva munyoro, zvine mwero, kana zvakasimba autistic. Zvakare, apo munhu wese ane autism ane zvimwe zviratidzo zvepfungwa, vanhu vazhinji vanewo zvimwe zviratidzo zvinosanganiswa zvakadai sekunyatsoziva kana mutauro.
Kubatsira vanachiremba (uye vamwe) zviri nani kutsanangura maitiro evo autism, vadzidzisi vebhuku rinozivikanwa rekuongorora (DSM-5) vakagadzira "marongerwo ekutsigira." Vanachiremba vanotarisirwa kuongorora vanhu vane autism muzinga 1, nhamba yechipiri, kana nhare 3. Aya mazinga anoratidza vanhu 'kukwanisa kutaura, kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu matsva, kuwedzera kudarika zvido zvisingabvumirwi, nekugadzirisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vanhu vari muzinga 1 vanoda rubatsiro ruduku, asi vanhu vari mumatatu vatatu vanoda rubatsiro rwakakura.
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa yeAIDS inotsigirwa inopa pfungwa inonzwisisika, haisi nyore nguva dzose kuvakiriniki kupa chikamu. Uyezve, basa remazinga rinogona kunge rakazviisa pasi. Izvo zvinogonawo kuti munhu achinje mazinga pahuse apo unyanzvi hwavo hunovandudza uye dzimwe nyaya (sekunyanya kuzvidya mwoyo) kuderera.
Maitiro ekunyatsorongedzwa kweVidism akachinjwa ne DSM-5
Sangano reDMM ndiro bhuku rakasununguka reAmerica Psychiatric Association iro rinotsanangura zvinetso zvepfungwa uye zvekukura.
Kunyange zvazvo isina mvumo yepamutemo, DSM inobatanidza zvikuru nzira iyo vatsigiri vehurumende, zvikoro, uye vamwe vatapi vebasa vanofunga nezvekutora autism.
Kusvikira muna 2013, DSM yakatsanangura autism sechirwere chinosanganisira zvikamu zvishanu zvakasiyana. Asperger syndrome yaive, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo inofananidzwa ne "kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwevistism ," apo chirwere chepistine chaireva zvakangofanana ne " kuvhunduka kwakanyanya ." Vanhu vane PDD-NOS vaine zvimwe asi kwete zviratidzo zve autism (asi zviratidzo izvi zvingava zvinyoro kana zvakaoma).
Rett syndrome uye Fragile X syndrome, zvisingawaniki maitiro ezve genetic, zvakaonekwawo sechikamu che autism spectrum.
Zvadaro, muna May 2013, DSM-5 yakabudiswa. I-DSM-5, kusiyana neDMM-IV, inotsanangura autism se "imwe chirwere chinokonzera," ine mitezo inotsanangura zviratidzo mumamiriro ekukurukurirana kwevanhu , maitiro , kushanduka, uye kunzwa kwekunzwa Munhu wose akanga atoona kuti ane rimwe zvekusawirirana ikoko "akaberekwa" mukati mutsva autism spectrum disorder. Chimwe chiitiko chekutsvaga, chirwere chekukurukurirana kwevanhu , chakasikwa kuti chigadzirise vanhu vane zvinyoro zvinyorwa zvevhisi-yezviratidzo.
Nhamba Dhatu dzeZitsigiro (ASD Nhamba 1, 2, uye 3)
Iyo autism spectrum inoshamisa zvikuru uye yakasiyana. Vamwe vanhu vane autism vane njere apo vamwe vakagadziridzwa mupfungwa. Vamwe vane matambudziko makuru ekukurukura asi vamwe vanyori uye vatauriri vevanhu vose.
Kugadzirisa nyaya iyi, chirongwa cheDMM-5 chekuongorora chinosanganisira zvitatu "zvinoshanda," chimwe nechimwe chinotsanangurwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwe "rubatsiro" munhu anoda kuti zviite munzvimbo yose. Nokupa autism spectrum diagnosis nehutano hwepamusoro, kunyanya muchirevo, zvinofanira kuve zvakakosha kuti tive nemufananidzo wakajeka wekodzero yemunhu uye zvido zvake.
Hewa mazinga matatu, sezvakatsanangurwa mu DSM:
ASD Nhamba 3: "Inoda Kunyanya Kubatsira Kutsigira"
Kukanganiswa kwakanyanya mumashoko uye kusinganzwisisiki hukama hwekukurukurirana kwevanhu kunokonzera kukanganiswa kwakanyanya mukushanda, kunyanya kushandiswa kwekushamwaridzana kwevanhu, uye kuderera kwekutarisana kwevanhu kune vamwe. Semuenzaniso, munhu ane mazwi mashomanana okutaura anonzwisisika asingawanzoiti kutaurirana uye, kana achiita, anoita nzira dzisinganzwisisiki dzekuzadzisa zvido chete uye anopindura kune nzira dzakananga dzevanhu.
Kusanzwisisika kwekuzvibata, kuoma kwakaoma kukunda kushanduka, kana zvimwe zvinoremekedzwa / kuzvidzokorora maitiro zvinopesana nekushanda mune zvese.
Kutambudzika kukuru / kuoma kuchinja kutarisa kana kuita.
ASD Nhamba 2: "Inoda Kubatsirwa Kwakawanda"
Kuratidza kukanganisa mukutaura uye kusinganzwisisiki hukama hwekukurukurirana; kusagadzikana kwevanhu munharaunda kunoratidzika kunyange nehutsigiro munzvimbo; kusanganisa kwakatangira kushamwaridzana kwevanhu; uye kuderedzwa kana kusagadzikana kwekupindura kunzvimbo dzekugarisana nevamwe kubva kune vamwe. Semuenzaniso, munhu anotaura mumitsara iri nyore, kushamwaridzana kwake kunogumira kune zvakaderera zvakanakisisa, uye ndiani ane zvisingaoneki zvisiri izvo zvekukurukurirana .
Kusanzwisisika kwekuzvibata, kuoma kusangana nekushandura, kana zvimwe zvinoremekedzwa / kuzvidzokorora mafambiro zvinowanzoonekwa zvakakwana kuti zvionekwe kune munhu asingaoneki uye zvinopindira nekushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana. Kushungurudzika uye / kana kuoma kuchinja kutarisa kana kuita.
ASD Nhamba 1: "Inoda Kutsigirwa"
Pasina tsigiro munzvimbo, kukanganisa mukukurukurirana kwevanhu kunokonzera kuora mwoyo kunooneka. Dambudziko rinotanga kushamwaridzana kwevanhu uye mienzaniso yakajeka yemhinduro dzisingatauriki kana dzisina kubudirira kumagariro evanhu nevamwe. Zvingaita sokuti yakaderera kufarira mukubatana kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, munhu anokwanisa kutaura mumitsara yakazara uye anobatanidzwa mukukurukurirana asi uyo anofanirwa kutaurirana nevamwe nekutadza, uye uyo anoedza kuita shamwari isinganzwisisiki uye haasi kubudirira.
Kusagadzikana kwehutano kunokonzera kukanganisa kukuru nekushanda mune imwechete kana kupfuura mamiriro ezvinhu. Kuoma kuchinja pakati pemabasa. Zvinetso zvekusangana nekugadzirisa zvinokanganisa rusununguko.
Chii Chisingarasikirwi Nemazinga Aya ASD ekutsigirwa?
Sezvave zvichida watoziva, zvitatu "autism" zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda sezvavanopindura. Semuyenzaniso:
- Ndeupi "sangano" iyo American Psychiatric Association yaive nayo mupfungwa apo yakatanga maitiro aya? Anobatsira? Iwe mubatsiri wekuzvitarisira? Mudzidzisi wekuchikoro 1: 1? Muchengeti webasa? A college college?
- Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akaita vanhu kumatunhu akasiyana-siyana anoda "rubatsiro?" Vamwe vanhu vane autism vanoita zvakanaka kumba asi vanoda rubatsiro kuchikoro (apo zvinoda zvakananga uye zvakasimba). Vamwe vanhu vane autism vanoita zvakanaka kuchikoro asi vanoda rubatsiro mumagariro evanhu uye mabasa.
- Vamwe vanhu vane autism vakagamuchira kurapa kwakakwana kuti vaonekwe pedyo nevakawanda kana vakabvunzurudzwa nemumwe munhu mukuru asi vane nyaya dzinokosha kana vachikurukura nevezera ravo. Ndechipi rubatsiro rwavangada?
- Ko mazinga ekutsigirwa anodzokera kumashure, nenzira ipi zvayo, kumabasa anopiwa? (Mhinduro, kusvika ikozvino, inoita se "dzimwe nguva.")
- Kuzvidya mwoyo inzira yakajairika pakati pevanhu vane hutano hwekusimudzira autism, uye izvi zvinogona kukonzera zvinetso zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Kana munhu akajeka, mazwi, uye anyanzvi-asi ane hanya uye akaora mwoyo, saka achida kubatsirwa zvikuru kuitira kuti aite basa kana chikoro-anokodzera kupi pamufananidzo?
Kana iwe ukazviwana iwe wakavhiringidzika nezvemaitiro matsva ekushanda uye apo iwe kana mwana wako unofanirwa kupinda, iwe uri pedyo hausi iwe woga. Nokufamba kwenguva, APA nemasangano ehurumende achange ari kuunganidza mashoko kubva kuvashandi, bhizimisi, vabereki, uye autistic vanozvimiririra kuti vawane manzwiro ekuziva uye kuti sei hurongwa hutsva hunoshanda. Pane chiitiko chakanakisisa kuti DSM-5.1 ichabatanidza kuchinja kune hutano hunoshanda sezvo ruzivo runowanikwa.
> Sources:
> Kuongorora uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. Print.
> King BH, Navot N, Bernier R, Webb SJ. Chirongwa chekutsvaga chirongwa mu autism. Current opinion in psychiatry . 2014; 27 (2): 105-109. doi: 10.1097 / YCO.0000000000000040.
> Weitlauf AS, Gotham KO, Vehorn AC, Warren ZE. Brief Report: DSM-5 "Nhamba dzeSitsigiro:" A Comment on Discrepant Conceptuations of Severity in ASD. Zvinyorwa zve autism uye zvinetso zvekukura . 2014; 44 (2): 471-476. doi: 10.1007 / s10803-013-1882-z.