Njodzi inonyanya kukosha pakuzvitakura uye vanhu vane HIV
Toxoplasmosis (inozivikanwawo se "toxo") inokonzerwa ne-single-celled parasite inonzi Toxoplasma gondii. Iyo inowanzokonzerwa nekudya zvokudya zvakasvibiswa kana nechinguva chekubatana-ne-muromo kusangana nemakwenzi ekati. Iyo mishonga inogonawo kuparadzirwa kubva kuna amai kusvika kumwana panguva yekuzvitakura uye, zvisiri zvishoma, panguva yechirongwa kana shina sekushambadzira.
Maererano nehuwandu hunobva kuCenters for Disease Control uye Prevention, 13,2 muzana yevanhu vemuUnited States vanopfuura makore mashanu vakapararira naT. gondii (kana kuti vanenge mamiriyoni 39 emarudzi).
Kunyange zvazvo chirwere chacho chinowanzokonzera vashomanana, kana zvipi, zviratidzo , zvinogona kuuraya vanhu vane maitiro ekudzivirira zvirwere zvezvirwere zvepachiviri kana kuti vacheche vanotapukirwa munguva yekuzvitakura.
Nokunzwisisa zvinokonzera uye njodzi dze toxoplasmosis, unogona kutora matanho anodiwa kuti usapinda utachiona chero ipi zvayo muhupenyu.
Nzira dzekutumira
T. gondii parasite inowanika munyika yose uye munenge mhuka dzose dzinodziya-neropa. Kutapurirwa kweT. gondii kwakasiyana nekuti kunogona kuitika mune imwe yenzira mbiri: kana nokudya nyama yakatapukirwa kana kuti kushaya njodzi kuisa mukaka wechaka.
Chirwere Chine Utachiona
Kana uine utachiona, zvirwere zvemuviri zvemuviri wemuviri (kana iri mhuka kana munhu) zvinowanzokwanisa kudzora utachiona. Zvisinei, chirwere chinorasikirwa hachina kupera. Pane kudaro, inopinda mune imwe nzvimbo ye dormancy, kuumba cysts maduku mumasukisi (anonzi bradyzoites) mukati mematumbu emuviri.
Kana munhu achidya mhuka ine utachiona, majekiti aya anogona kugadziriswa muhutachiona hwakakwana (inozivikanwa se tachyzoites) uye zvinokonzera utachiona.
Cat Feces
Makate, angave ari mumba kana kuti masango, akasiyana mune izvo T. gondii anogona kurarama uye kubereka mumucheka wematumbo emhuka. Mukati memaviri aya, chirwere chinokonzera mishonga chinogona kubudisa cysts duku, inonzi oocysts, iyo inosunungurwa nemamiriyoni mucheka.
Aya maoocysts ari kudzokorora-akagadzirira uye anokwanisa kurarama kwemwedzi yakawanda mukupisa kunotonhora kana kutonhorera nekuda kwechimiro chavo chakavakirirwa.
Vanogona kunyange kupona uye kupararira mumvura.
Kamwe kangozodyiwa, ma oocysts anoita chirongwa chinozivikanwa sechircystation umo chirwere chinosunungurwa uye chinogona kukonzera masero emakumbo ekudya, mapapu, nezvimwe zvirongwa zvemuviri.
Zvinowanzokonzera
Toxoplasmosis kazhinji inowanzoitika apo T. gondii oocysts kana tissue cysts dzinodya zvisiri izvo. Izvi zvinowanzoitika apo:
- Iwe unodya nyama inotapukirwa iyo inenge yakasvibirira kana isina kunwa (kunyanya gorosi, gwayana, kana nyama yemhuka).
- Iwe unobata nyama ine utachiona kana zvigunzva kana zvishandiso zvakasvibiswa nyama yakatsvuka.
- Iwe unotadza kuvhara mukaka wecheka paunenge uchichenesa bhitter bhokisi kana murima mune ivhu rakasvibiswa.
- Iwe unodya michero isina kushambwa nemiriwo yakabata ivhu rakasvibiswa nekate.
- Iwe unonwa mvura yakasvibiswa nekati feces.
- Iwe unodya zvakasvibiswa zvakasvibiswa zvekutengeswa kwemakese.
- Unodya zvokudya zvakasvibiswa zvegungwa.
Ngozi Pakuberekwa
Congenital toxoplasmosis inoitika apo T. gondii yapfuura kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana panguva yekuzvitakura. Izvi zvinowanzoitika apo amai vane utachiona panguva yekuzvitakura pachavo kana mumwedzi mitatu inotanga kusvika pamuviri.
Kuwana utachiona hazvirevi kuti mwana wako acharwereka. Izvozvi, munguva yekutanga kwekutanga kwemitatu, njodzi ichava yakaderera (pasi pezvitanhatu kubva muzana).
Zvisinei, sezvo pamuviri uchikura, njodzi icharamba ichiwedzera. Nenguva yechitatu, maitiro ekuparidzirwa anogona kumhanya kubva kune 60 kusvika ku80 muzana.
Pashoma zvishoma, kutapurika kunogona kuitika kune vanaamai vakatapukirwa naT. gondii. Tinowona izvi zvikuru kuvakadzi vane HIV . Pakati pehuwandu hwevakadzi, bradyzoite dzimwe nguva inogadzirisa uye inotapukira. Iyo njodzi inowedzera kuwedzera mukubatana nekuderera kwemaitiro ekudzivirira muviri.
Ndiani Ari Pangozi?
Kunyange zvazvo njodzi panguva yekuzvitakura yakawanda kana kuti isina kufanana neyevanhu vakawanda, kutsvakurudza kubva kuCenters for Disease Control nekudzivirira kwakaratidza zvinhu 11 zvinopa mukadzi ane pamuviri pangozi yakawanda yeT. gondii utachiona:
- Kupa kati
- Kuchenesa lita bhokisi
- Kudya nyama yakakangwa kana isina kunyorerwa, nyama yemakondohwe, gwayana, nyuchi, kana minced-nyama mishonga
- Gardening
- Kudya michero yakaoma kana isina kushambwa kana michero
- Kudya miriwo yakasviba kunze kwemusha
- Kusvika pakubatana nevhu
- Kushambidza makikani mapikisi zvishoma
- Kuva nehurombo hwakachena
- Kufamba kunze kweEurope, Canada, kana United States
- Kunwa mvura isina kujekeswa kubva kune yakasvibiswa
Njodzi NeHIV
Toxoplasmosis inoonekwa sehutachiona hunotarisa (OI) kune vanhu vane HIV mune izvo zvinongokonzera zvirwere apo maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere zvekare anenge apera zvakanyanya. Tinogona kuyera izvi nehuwandu hweCD4 T-seli muropa redu. Vanhu vane hutano vachabva pane imwe nzvimbo kubva pa800 kusvika ku1 500 emasero aya muzamu reropa. Vaya vane pasi pe2004 vari pangozi yehuwandu hunopararira hwehutano hwakanyanya uye hunogona kuuraya.
Kune vanhu vazhinji vane HIV , chirwere cheT. gondii hachina kuwanikwa asi panzvimbo yekugadziriswa kwechirwere chekare. Kana CD4 yemunhu ichivhara pasi pemakumi mashanu, maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere hazvichazogoni kuchengetedza mabhondizoiti akaoma.
Iro bradyzoites, kutora mukana, ichadzoka kuva tachyzoite uye inokohwa kuputika kwezviviri uye nhengo dzavakange dzabatanidzwa. Izvi zvinowanzowanzobatanidza uropi uye hutachiona hwemagetsi (CNS toxoplasmosis), maziso (ocular toxoplasmosis), nemapapu (pulmonary toxoplasmosis).
Nenzira yakanaka, chirwere chetachirwere chetachiona chinoshandiswa pakurapa utachiona hweHIV chinogona kudzivirira hutachiona 'kukwanisa kudzokorora. Nokuita kudaro, hutachiona hwevanhu hune hutachiona hunogona kudzvinyirirwa kuti hurege kuonekwa , huchibvumira masimba ezvirwere kuti azvidzore zvakare uye aise T. gondii kumashure.
Ngozi Inobva Muzvinyorwa Zvomuviri
Kuiswa kwezvikamu zvakakonzerwa naT. gondii kunogona kutungamirirawo kune hutachiwana mune mutori wenhengo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuonekwa nemwoyo, tsvete, uye kuputika kwechiropa uye hematopoietic uye allogeneic stem cell transplants.
Kunyange zvazvo zvingava zvine musoro kufunga kuti izvi zvingava nengozi zvakapiwa kuti mupiro haazovi nekudzivirirwa pamusoro peT. gondii reactivation, kutsvakurudza kusvika iye zvino kwave kwakapesana.
Chimwe chidzidzo chakaitwa muNetherlands muna 2013 chakagumisa kuti kutapurirwa kweT. gondii panguva yekutengesa moyo kwakange kusina matanho ekuchengetedzwa kwemaawa muna 577 varwere vakanga vambovhiyiwa kuwedzera pakati pa1984 na1011. Pakati pezvi, 324 vakaedzwa vaT. gondii.
Kusiyana neizvi, chidzidzo chiduku kubva kuMexico muna 2017 chakatarisa matambudziko makumi maviri ekutengesa kweT. gondii kwakaitika sechikonzero chekuwedzerwa kwechiropa. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, varwere 14 (kana kuti 70 muzana) vaifanira kurapwa kuti T. gondii reactivation mushure mekugadzirwa. Pakati idzi, masere (kana kuti 40 muzana) akafa sechikonzero chehutachiona.
Pasinei nehuchapupu hunopesana, Organ Procurement uye Transplantation Network (OPTN) yakagadzwa neU.S. Congress muna 1984, yakaraira kuti nhengo dzose dzakapiwa dzinongoratidzwa T. gondii. Izvo izvo zvinoedzwa zvakajeka hazvibviswe kubva mune zvekugovera asi zvinowirirana nevanopa vanoedza zvakare.
> Sources:
> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. "Zvirwere - Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Disease): Kudzivirira uye Kudzora." Atlanta, Georgia; yakarongedzwa naJanuary 10, 2013.
> Galván-Ramírez, M .; Sánchez-Orozco, L .; Gutiérrez-Maldonado, A. et al. "Ko Toxoplasma gondii chirwere ichi chinokonzera chiropa chekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa here?" Kuongorora kwakarongeka. " J Med Microbiol. 2018. DOI: 10.1099 / jmm.0.000694.
> Jones, J .; Kurzson-Moran, D .; Rivera, H. et al. " Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence muUnited States 2009-2010 uye Kuenzanisa neZvekare Makumi maviri." Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014; 90 (6): 1135-1139. DOI: 10.4269 / ajtmh.14-0013.
> Dhipatimendi reUnited Health yeHurumende neHuman Services. " Mazano ekudzivirira uye kurapwa kwezvirwere zvinopesana nevarwere vane HIV nehutachiona hweHIV neAIDS." AIDSInfo. Rockville, Maryland; yakarongedzwa Gumiguru 28, 2015.
> van Hellemond, J .; Van Domburg, R .; Caliskan, A. et al. "Toxoplasma gondii Serostatus Haishamwaridzani Nekushaya Muviri Kwemazuva Akareba Pashure Pemwoyo Kutapurirwa." Kudyara. 2013; 96 (12): 1052-58. DOI: 10.1097 / TP.0b013e3182a9274a.