HIV Microscopy mumifananidzo

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HIV Microscopy mumifananidzo

Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwepamusoro ekutengesa microscopy electron (SEM) uye mamwe maitiro ekufungidzira, masayendisiti vane unyanzvi hukuru hwekuongorora tsvina yeHIV neyeimwe zvirwere zvinokonzera zvirwere zveHIV.

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Utano hwevanhu T-Cell

A scanning electron micrograph yemunhu T-lymphocyte (inonziwo T-cell) kubva mumuviri wemuviri wemupi wehutano.

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HIV-inokonzerwa neCD4 Cell

A scanning electron micrograph ye CD4 yakatakura HIV. Kushandiswa kwepakombiyuta kunobatsira kusiyanisa hutachiwana hweHIV virions (mumucheka) sezvavanenge vachibuda kubva kune jira rekutapukirwa (mumagetsi uye muhove).

CD4 cell inonzi T-lymphocyte cell (kana T-cell) ine glycoprotein inonzi CD4 pamusoro. Izvo zvinozivikanwa se "masikati" masero, CD4 haidziviriri utachiona, asi zvinokurudzira masimba ezvirwere zvemuviri kuti agadzire pane munhu ane hutachiona. Nokuderedza CD4 masero, simba rekudzivirira zvirwere rinowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, richiwedzera hutachiwana hwehutachiwana hune hutachiwana husina kunaka .

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HIV-inopindwa neCD4 Cell (Yakaswedera-kumusoro)

Kuwedzerwa kukudzwa kweCD4 yakakonzerwa neHIV.

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Kurwisana neHIV Kubva kune HIV yakagadzirirwa

Utachiona hweHIV huri kuratidzwa huchidimbu uye kubudiswa kubva kune CD4 yakakonzerwa.

Munguva kana kuti mushure mekunge budding, virion inopinda muchikwata chekutsvaira iyo maitiro mashoma emapuroteni anochekwa kuva maitiro ane hutachiona hweHIV neenzyme. Kuchengetedza kunodiwa kuitira kuti utachiona huve hwehutachiona.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A scanning electron micrograph yeMycobacterium tuberculosis mabhakitiriya, inokonzera chifukidzo (TB). TB inowanzokonzera mapapu, asi kune dzimwe nhengo dzakawanda dzomuviri, zvakare. Kubva muna 1993, M. tuberculosis yakarongedzwa neCenters for Disease Control uye Prevention (CDC) sechiitiko chinotsanangura AIDS .

Munyika yose, TB ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera rufu pakati pevanhu vanogara neHIV. MuUnited States, yevanhu 8 683 vane TB vane chirongwa cheHIV chakaongororwa muna 2011, 6% vakaiswa mari neHIV.

_Chinhu

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "HIV neTiberculosis." Atlanta, Georgia; March 19, 2013.}

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Pneumocystis jiroveci

Sirivha yakasvibiswa micrograph yePneumocystis jiroveci fungi yakabva kune yakasvibira.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (inozivikanwawo seCPP) inoonekwa sechinangwa chekuisa AIDS mune vanhu vane HIV. Pamusana pekubudirira kwekubatanidza antiretroviral therapy (kadhi) , chiitiko chePPP chakaderera zvikuru kubva pakureba kwedenda reHIV pakati pemakore ekuma 1990. Izvozvo zvakati, PCP ndiyo inonyanya kukanganisa hutachiona pakati pevanhu vane AIDS muUnited States

P. jirovecii pakutanga akanzi saP. carinii , asi akazoshandurwa kuti azviparadzanise kubva kune dzimwe mhando dzePneumocystis inowanikwa mumhuka.

_Kunobva:

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Unogona Kudzivirira PCP." Atlanta, Georgia; June 21, 2007.}

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Candida albicans

Kukura kwe1000x kweChrisida albicans inoculated inoculated, yakasarudzwa kubva kune inenge yafungidzirwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona.

C. albicans imwe yemhando yemasipu fungi inogona kukonzera kutapurika mumunhu, zvichibva pamuromo wecandidiasis wemuromo (thrush) uye vaginitis (vaginal mbiriso yeutachiona) kuti zvive nehupenyu hunopisa, chirwere chetachiona muvanhu vanozvidzivirira pamuviri. Nzvimbo dzeUnited States for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dzakarongedza seophagheal candidiasis (candidiasis yemapapu, bronchi kana trachea) semamiriro ekujekesa AIDS mune vanhu vane HIV.

Candidiasis inowanikwa kune vanhu vane HIV. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwekubatanidza antiretroviral therapy (chirwere) kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya dambudziko re esophageal candidiasis, ichiri chimwe chezvirwere zvinowanzosvika kune dzimwe nyika mune zvigadziriswa-uye pfuma.

C. albicans ndiyo mhando dzinowanzowanzobatanidzwa ne candidiasis, kunyange mamwe mhando ya Candida (yakadai inogona kukonzera utachiona hwevanhu.

_Kunobva:

_{Gona, P .; Van Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; et al. "Kuitika kweMikana Yakasununguka uye Mimwe Zvirwere muHIV-Vachibatwa nevana muHARTART Era." Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Ipapillomavirus yevanhu (HPV) ine hutachiona hunogona kukonzera hutachiona hwevanhu, uye ndiyo inowanzobatwa nehutachiona (STD) muUnited States Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vane HIV neHIVV vasina kumira, uye zvishoma kwenguva refu, mamwe matambudziko anogona kukonzera marwadzo kuti, mune zvishomanana zvezviitiko, zvinogona kuve zvirwere zvekenza, chirwere, chikadzi, penis, anus, uye oropharnx (chikamu chehuro pamusana pemuromo).

Dzidzo dzinoratidza kuti vakadzi vane HIV vane pangozi yakawanda yekuwana HPV pane vakadzi vasina HIV vane utachiona hweHIV, vachiratidzira zviitiko zvakakura zveHIVV-zvakashata zvakasangana nemasero emumuromo. Izvo aya masero anogona kuitika kuva kenza yemukati.

Chirwere chinokonzera chirwere chemuviri wechimwe ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinosarudzwa neU.S. Centers for Disease Control uye Prevention (CDC) sehosha inorondedzera AIDS mune vanhu vane HIV.

Munguva iyi, inofungidzirwa kuti 90% yevana vanorwara nekenza inozivikanwa neHIVV, nevarume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume (MSM) vanoshanda kanenge ka 35 kungozi yekenza yemunhu kupfuura vanhu vakawanda.

_Kunobva:

_{Singh, D .; Anasto, K .; Hoover, D; et al. "Utachiona hwepillomavirus hwevanhu uye kervical cytology mune utachiwana hweHIV uye vasina HIV vasina hutachiona hweRwanda." Zvinyorwa zveHIV Zvinotapukira. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

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Toxoplasma gondii

A photomicrograph ye Toxoplasma gondii inowanikwa mumashamba emuenzaniso.

T. gondii inonzi protozoan yakaoma iyo inogona kukonzera chirwere chinonzi toxoplasmosis kuvanhu uye nezvimwe zvisikwa zvine simba. Kana isina kusiyiwa, toxoplasmosis inogona kukonzera encephalitis yakanyanya (kupisa kweuropi) nekukuvara kwe retinal. Zvinonyanya kuonekwa neurological zviratidzo ndekutaura uye kushaya simba kwemotokari. Muhutano hwakanyanya, kukanganisa, meningitis, optic nerve kuora, uye zviratidzo zvepfungwa zvinowanzoonekwa.

Toxoplasmosis yeuropi inorongedzerwa neUnited States Century for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sehutachiona hweAIDS kuvanhu vane HIV.

Anopfuura 200,000 maitiro e toxoplasmosis anonzi kuUnited States gore negore, zvichiita kuti vanhu vanenge 750 vafe-zvichiita kuti zvive chikonzero chechipiri chinowanzokonzera zvirwere zvinouraya zvinotapira shure kweSalmonella .

_Kunobva:

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Infection - Epidemiology uye Risk Factors." Atlanta, Georgia; Global Health, Kurwisana Kwezvirwere Zvirwere uye Marariya; January 10, 2012.}

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Salmonella

A scanning micrograph micrograph yeSalmonella enterobacteria inopinda sero revanhu rakagadzirwa.

Salmonella septicemia ndiyo mamiriro ezvinhu apo kuvapo kweSalmonella muropa kunokonzera kutyisidzira upenyu, muviri wose unoputira kupindura. Recurrent Salmonella septicemia kune vanhu vane HIV inoratidzirwa sehosha yekujekesa AIDS ne US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Nekuuya kwesangano reraretroviral therapy (kadhi) , Salmonella septicemia inonzi haifaniri pakati pevanhu vanogara neHIV munyika yakabudirira. Zvisinei, ruzhinji rweSalmonella-rwunofanirwa kufa rwunowanikwa muUnited States huri pakati pevanhu vakwegura kana avo vane zvirwere zvekudzivirira zvakanyanya.

_Kunobva:

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Mashoko Okuwedzera A - AIDS Kujekesa Zvimwe." Atlanta, Georgia; kupedzisira kuongororwa musi waNovember 20, 2008.}

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Coccidioides immitis

Sirivha inonzi micrograph yeCoccidiodes immitis spherule nemagumo anooneka.

Coccidioimycosis chirwere chinokonzerwa neC C. immitis kana C. posadaii , uye chinowanzozivikanwa se "Valley Fever." Inogara kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweU.S., kubva kuTexas kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweCalifornia, uyewo kuchamhembe kweMexico, Central America, uye South America.

Kunyange zvazvo coccidioimycosis inowanzopa mukati memapapu, kana ichipararira kupfuura mapapu kune vanhu vane HIV, inofungidzirwa kuti chirwere chinoshandiswa neAIDS neU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Muna 2011, vanopfuura 22 000 mitsva ye coccidioimycosis yakashumwa neCDC, kuwedzera kwegumi kubva muna 1998. MuCalifornia chete, nhamba yakakura kubva pa719 muna 1998 kusvika kune 5 697 muna 2011.

_Kunobva:

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Kuwedzerwa Kwazvakaudzwa Coccidioidomycosis - United States, 1998-2011." Kufa uye Kuipa Kwemavhiki Yega (MMWR). March 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

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Varicella zoster

A fiery-looking electron micrograph ya Varicella zoster virus.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) inhengo ye herpes virus mhuri, iyo inowanzokonzera chickenpox muvana, vechidiki uye vechidiki vaduku. Mushure mekugadzirisa kwepakutanga utachiona, VZV inogara yakarara mumamiriro emagetsi, pasina zvimwe zvinetso kana zvinogadzirisa.

Zvisinei, mu10-20% yezviitiko, VZV ichaita zvakare muhukuru hukuru, zvichiita kuti herpes zoster (kana shingles) . Izvi zvinowanzoitika kune vanhu vakwegura kana vanhu vane hutachiona hwakakomba hutachiona.

Vanhu vane HIV vanowanzokwanisa kuva neVZV reactivation kupfuura vanhu vasina HIV vane HIV. Kunyange zvazvo herpes zoster inowanika kakawanda kune vanhu vane maCD4 ari pasi (pasi pe200), vanogona kupa kune vanhu vane maitiro ekudzivirira zvirwere zvemasimba (CD4s anenge 400).

VZV ndeyemhuri imwechete yewaretori seye herpes simplex virus (HSV) . VVV chirwere hachina kuonekwa sehutachiona hweAIDS .

_Kunobva:

_{Jordaan, H. "Kazhinji ganda uye zvirwere mucosal zveHIV / AIDS." South African Family Practice. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

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Cystoispora belli (Isospora belli)

Ultraviolet micrograph yemauto Cystoisospora belli parasite.

Cystoispora belli (yaimbozivikanwa seIsospora belli ) inorapa zvirwere zvinogona kukonzera chirwere chevanhu chinonzi cystoisosporiasis .

Nekuuya kwesangano reraretroviral therapy (kadhi) , cystoisosporiasis inofungidzirwa ishoma pakati pevanhu vanogara neHIV munyika yakabudirira. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva kuputika kwave kuri kuziviswa mumakore achangobva kupfuura, zvichida zvakakosha kuti vadzoke vanofambira vachibva kunzvimbo dzakatonhora umo chirwere ichi chapararira.

Cystoisosporiasis yakarongedzwa neU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sehosha yekujekesa AIDS mune vanhu vane HIV.

_Kunobva:

_{US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Mashoko Okuwedzera A - AIDS Kujekesa Zvimwe." Atlanta, Georgia; kupedzisira kuongororwa musi waNovember 20, 2008.}

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Cryptococcus neoformans

A mucicarmine yakaisa micrograph ye Cryptococcus neoformans mumapfupa evanhu mapapu, ane mbiriso dzemasero muzvitsvuku.

C. neoformans imwe yemhando mbiri dzezvipembenene dzinogona kukonzera zvirwere mumunhu zvinonzi cryptococcosis. (Imwe ndiyo C. gattii .) Kudengenyeka kunoitika kunyanya kuburikidza nekuputika kwemafungus, aripo muvhu uye nenyuchi.

Nepo huwandu hwevanhu vakuru nevana vakasarudzwa nefunguswe haizokudziri cryptococcosis, vanhu vane zvirwere zvakakomba zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvezvirwere zvinowedzera ngozi-nehutachiwana hunoita zvikuru mumapapu kana pakati penheyo system (apo inogona kukonzera kutyisa upenyu hunotyisa meningitis ).

Munyika yakagadziridzwa, chiitiko che cryptococcosis chaderera zvikuru kubva pakatanga kusanganisa antiretroviral therapy (kadhi) . Zvisinei, chirwere ichi chichiri chinhu chakakosha pakupa rufu nekuderera munyika dzinosimudzira, kunyanya pasi peSahara Africa.

Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis yakarongedzwa neUnited States Century for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sehutachiona hweAIDS kuvanhu vane HIV.

_Kunobva:

_{Warkentien, T. uye Crum-Cianflone, N. "Chirongwa che Cryptococcus pakati pevanhu vane HIV." International Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS. October 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

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Histoplasma capsulatum

A photomicrograph inoratidza maviri Histoplasma capsulatum fungi.

H. capsulatum ishuu inogona kukonzera chirwere mumunhu chinonzi histoplasmosis. H. capsulatum inogumira kune zvikamu zveU.S., uyewo zvikamu zveAfrica, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, kumaodzanyemba kweEurope, uye Central uye South America.

IH. Capsulatum fungus inogona kuwanika muvhu, nenyuchi dzeshiri, uye bat guano. Nemhaka yekushamwaridzana nemapuranga nemapako, chirwere ichi chinowanzotumidzwa se "chirwere chepango" kana "mapapu emupelunker."

Zvinenge 90% yevanhu vari kumabvazuva nechepakati peUnited States vave vakazarurirwa kuna H. capsulatum , uye vazhinji vane zvishoma kana zvisingabatsiri. Avo vanoita kazhinji vane zviratidzo zvinyoro, zvirwere-furu, izvo zvinokurumidza kugadzirisa pasina hupenyu hunogara huripo.

Muvanhu vanozvidzivirira pamuviri, histoplasmosis inogona kufambira mberi kuhutachiona husingaperi hwemapapu, yakafanana nemashoko ekuti tuberculosis. Akaparadzira histoplasmosis, iyo inogona kukanganisa nhengo dzakawanda dzakawanda, inowanzoonekwa kune vane varwere vane HIV vane nhamba dzeCD4 pasi pe 150.

Histoplasmosis yave yakarongedzerwa neU.S. Centers for Disease Control uye Prevention (CDC) sehutano hweAIDS mune vanhu vane HIV.

_Kunobva:

_{Kauffman, C. "Histoplasmosis: kliniki yepamusoro uye yebhaibheri." Clinical Microbiology Reviews. January 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}