Muzana remakore rapfuura kana kuti, vanhu vakarwa-uye vakawana-mugove wavo wakanaka wehondo nehosha. Zvirwere zvakakundwa nehombapuru . Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakakunda ruvara rutsvuku . Uye zvipembenene zvakagadziriswa zvirwere zvinotakurwa nemukemikari.
Pasinei nokubudirira uku, dzimwe zvirwere zvinoita sezviri kuita kudzoka. Kubuda kwemasikisi nemakumbo zvakagadzira zvinopfuura zvinyorwa zvishomanana zvekupedzisira, uye kamwe-kurasikirwa kwezvirwere zvepachigoni sekororera zviri kutambaira zvakare mumashoko ekurapa. Kunyange zvazvo zvikonzero zvekuwedzera uye kuwira kwezvirwere zvinowanzooma uye zvakaoma kuputsa pasi, pano pane zvikonzero zvishoma zvinokonzera zvimwe zvekudzokazve.
Vaccine Refusal
Imwe yehutano hukuru hwehutano hwehupfumi munhau, zvirwere zvinoratidzirwa kuti kuderera kukuru kwezvirwere zvinogona kuipa zvakadai semasero uye peoriyo. Kunyange zvazvo ruzhinji rwemhuri ruchirwere chirwere, nhamba inokura inoita kunge inononoka kana kuvhara zvirwere zvachose nekuda kwekusanzwisiswa kwekuchengeteka, kubudirira, nekudikanwa kwehutachiona.
MuTexas, somuenzaniso, nhamba yevadzidzi vasina kukodzera kusarirwa nemishonga kuchikoro chekuchengetedza vachengeti yakanyanyisa kubva kune 10404 chete muna 2007 kusvika 52 756 muna 2017. Kunyange zvazvo chirwere chepasi rose chekuvhara masero muTexas chakachengetedzwa zvakanaka pakati pe2007 ne 2017 ine chiyero che 97 muzana yevadzidzi, tsvakurudzo inoratidza kuti vanhu vasina kuvharwa vanowanzobatana mumasangano akafanana uye zvikoro, zvichiita kuti kuparara kwekuchengetedzwa kwehutachiona uye kusiya avo vari pangozi yekuparara kwezvirwere.
Munyaya yeTexas, dzinopfuura makumi matatu nemazana mana ehurumende dzehurumende dzakasununguka dzinokwana 1 745-kana 21 muzana-dzaiva nehutachiona hwehutachiona hunodarika makumi mapfumbamwe nezana (94%) dzinotsigirwa kuti dziwane hutachiwana hwehutachiona, uye zvikamu zvishanu zvakashambadza zvirwere zvekushaya masero makumi mashanu kana kupfuura . Kana mumwe munhu aine utachiona aifanira kupinda mumharaunda iyoyo, chirwere chacho chaigona kupararira semoto wesango.
Measles ndeimwe yezvirwere zvinopararira zvikuru zvinowanikwa kuvanhu. Yakaparidzirwa zviri pamutemo yakabviswa muUnited States mugore ra2000, asi kubvira panguva iyoyo, mamiriyoni emakungu uye zviuru zvematambudziko zvakataurwa-kusanganisira kuputika kunosanganisira Disneyland iyo yakatungamirira kumapoka anopfuura 300 muUnited States neCanada.
Maererano nekugadziriswa kwakabudiswa muJAMA, nhamba dzakawanda dzekudzivirira vachengeti munharaunda yakapiwa dzinowedzera dambudziko remasero kwete kuvanhu vasina kuvharwa, asi kune vanhu vanorapwa, zvakare. Izvozvo ndezvokuti hapana chirwere chinokwana 100 muzana chinoshanda. Vamwe vanhu vanogamuchira chirwere vangasazopindura nayo uye vanogona kurwara chero zvakadaro kana vaine hutachiona.
Kunze kwekuti United States inokwanisa kuwedzerwa hutachiwana huwandu mumasangano munyika yose, izvi zvinotanga kuenderera mberi zvichizoenderera mberi.
Kusuruvara kana Kusakwana Kwakakwana
Measles haisi yega chirwere chekudzivirira chinogona kudzivirirwa nekuona kudzoka. Mhosva dze pertussis nemakumbo dzave dzichiwedzera, uye apo chirwere chinorambwa chiri chokwadi, pane chimwe chikonzero chinogona kutamba: hachina kukwana kana kuti kunopedza muviri.
Vakawanda vevanhu vanobatanidzwa mumasikirwo emangwana emangwanani uye kuparara kwakange zvisingabatanidzwi vachakonzerwa. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti chirwere hachishandi? Kwete chaizvo.
Pertussis uye mumps vaccine inenge 80 muzana inoshanda apo inotanga kupiwa. Sezvo nguva ichienderera mberi, zvisinei, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti icho chitachiona chinesimba, uye mamwe mazamu angangodaro anodiwa kuti adzivirire pane zvinoputika.
Mishonga inoshanda nekurovedza muviri wako kurwisa imwe pathogen, yakafanana nehutachiona, mabhakitiriya, kana chepfu. Zvirwere zvekudzivirira muviri zvinogadzira zvirwere zvekurwisa zvirwere kuti varwise mushonga, uye ipapo vanochengetedza kure ruzivo kana vakatarisana nechirwere munguva yemberi. Icho chinhu chine simba, asi hazvisi kufanana nekuchinja. Zvirwere hazvivimbisi nguva pfupi uye yehupenyu hwomunhu wose anozviwana, uye zvakafanana kune utachiona hwepachirwere chechirwere.
Kana mutumbi usingaoneki kune pathogen kana chirwerezve kwenguva yakareba, muviri unogona "kukanganwa" maitiro ekuita zvirwere, uye haikwanise kurwisa zvakakwana utachiona-kunyange zvazvo munhu wacho akapora. "Kubhururuka" kudhonza kunogona kubatsira kuchengetedza zvirwere zvezvirwere zvepachiviri uye zvigadzirire kana iwe ukasangana nechikara chechikara, asi ndiani uye kakawanda unoda imwe chirwere chekudzivirira chinogona kusiyana.
Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe zvirwere zvinopa kuratidzika sekudzivirira kwese, vamwe 'kudzivirirwa kunowedzera munguva, uye-sezvazvakaita nemishonga yeropa-kwete munhu wose ari kuwana simba rakasimba rekudzivirira immune. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti chikamu chevanhu vanopiwa chichava nengozi, kunyange kana zvirwere zvingave zvakakwirira.
Mune nyaya ye pertussis zvakananga, pane humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe hunopupurirwa kuti vanhu vanodzivirirwa kubva kurwere hunoshanda-asi kwete kubva pakurudzi. Taura zvakajeka, kana munhu akapora achibatana nebhakitiriya, vangave vasisina chifuva kana fever, asi vanogona kuramba vachiparadzira mabhakitiriya kune vamwe kuburikidza nemadonhwe okufema-kufanana nekutsvoda, semuenzaniso. Vanotsvakurudza, zvakadaro, vachiri kutarisa mazviri.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti apo zvirwere hazvina kukwana, ivo vachiri nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira zvirwere semamps uye pertussis.
Drug Resistance
Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshandiswa kuva magic bullet kuchirapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuwanikwa kwe penicillin kumakore ekuma1920 kwakasvika mutambi-mutambi wevanhu, sezvo zvirwere zvaiwanzoreva kuti zvimwe kufa zvakangoerekana zvisingaporeki. Asi sezvo vanhu vakawana nzira dzokudzivisa zvirwere, mavairusi uye mabhakitiriya vave vachigadzirisa, zvakare.
Tuberculosis, somuenzaniso, yakashandiswa kuuraya zvishoma kune mumwechete wevanhu vanomwe vanouwana. Kubudirira kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwakaita kuti kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwezviitiko muUnited States uye munyika yose , asi kufambira mberi kunotyisidzirwa sekuti zvinodhaka zvinopesana nehutachiona zvinoramba zvichikurira pasi pose. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mabhakitiriya anoita seasingagoni kurapwa nezvirongwa zviripo uye mishonga.
Uye handizvo chete. Kurwiswa kwezvinodhaka kwakaonekwa nehuwandu hwezvirwere -zvimwe zvavo zvinokuvhundutsa nokukurumidza kuhutano hwevanhu, kusanganisira zvirwere zvepabonde zvinotapukira segonorrhea. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekuti kupikisa kunowanzosiyana zvakadini, asi zvose zvinouya kusvika pakuita uye kana madhiragi aya anoshandiswa sei.
Paunenge uine hutachiona hwebhakitiriya, zvinogona kuti iwe uine hutachiona huri maitiro ehutachiona huri mukati mako, uyewo mamwe mabhakitiriya "akanaka" anobatsira kudzivirira muviri wako kubva ku "mabhakitiriya" akaipa. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inouraya zvose, asi kana isiri kushandiswa zvakanaka-kwete kupedzisa mari yose yakatarwa, somuenzaniso-inogona kusiya zvimwe zvezvakakuvadza, zvinokonzera mabhakitiriya kumashure. Pasina mabhakitiriya akanaka kuti azvichengetedze, idzi "superbugs" dzinogona kuwedzera, kutora, uye dzinogona kupararira kubva kumunhu kusvika kune munhu kana kupfuudza simba ravo kune mamwe mabhakitiriya.
Chimwe chezviito zvakakosha mukurwisa kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka ndiko kuchinja nzira iyo ma antibiotics anoshandiswa uye anorayirwa. Maererano neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, zvinodarika 50 muzana yenguva inorwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, inorayirwa zvisina kururama kana nenzira inofungidzira-seyakadai, kurondedzera maantibiotikiti kune izvo chaizvoizvo utachiona hwehutachiona, hwakadai sechando .
Kusashandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mumhuka dzinogadzira zvokudya kunogonawo kutungamirira kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka zvezvirwere zvakakonzerwa nezvokudya zvakadai saSalmonella muvanhu, uye saka zvinofanira kungoshandiswa pasi pekutarisa uye kutungamirirwa kwechiremba wezviremba. Vanhu vanogonawo kuita zvakanyanya kudzivirira kusagadzikana kwezvinodhaka nekushanda zvakaoma kudzivirira zvirwere zvachose kuburikidza nekushambidza maoko nemaoko, kuchengetedza zvokudya zvakachengeteka, nekushandisa mishonga kana zvichidiwa uye sezvazvakatemerwa.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze
Zvichida kuwedzera kukuru kwezvirwere ichiri kuuya. Nekukwira kwekushisa kwepasi pose, nyika inoona kuchinja kwete kwete chete mamiriro ezvinhu, asiwo kuchinja mumhuka dzemhuka uye nekubatana kwevanhu semamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya zviitiko-nguva dzose kutyisidzira hutano hwevanhu nekuchengeteka-kunowedzera kazhinji.
Masayendisiti ari kurayira kuti nyika inotonhora, inonaya ichaita kuti kuve nehuwandu hwezvirwere zvakawanda. Mvura inonaya uye inotevera mafashamo, somuenzaniso, inogona kuvhara mvura uye kushandura migwagwa yemashamba , zvichiita kuti kusvibiswa kwemvura uye kubuda kwezvirwere zvakaita sekurera. Kupisa kwekudziya kwemafuro uye kuwedzera mumvura kunokonzera kuwanda kwemumhutu kunopinda nguva dzose-pedo nemapuranga, kutengesa kuputika mune zvirwere zvinotakura zvirwere zvakadai semarariya. Uye kukwira kwemahombekombe egungwa kunogona kuparadzanisa mharaunda yose uye kuvamanikidza kuti vaende kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuguta, apo zvirwere zvinogona kupararira nyore nyore.
Nguva uye kuti zviitiko izvi zvichaitika ndezvipi-panguva ino-kunyanya dzidziso yepamusoro yehutano hwakaoma hwehutachiona hwehutachiona. Asi vashandi vehutano vanofanotaura kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunogona kunge, kana zvisingaiti, kuwedzera uye kuwedzera zvinhu zvehutano zvino, kunyanya munzvimbo dzisina zvigadziriswa uye zvigadziriro kugadzirira nekupindura.
Flickers yekuti ikozvino yatanga kuonekwa. Dengue fever incidence yakakura zvikuru mumakumi emakore apfuura, muchidimbu nekuda kwekudziya kwechando uye kupisa kwakanyanya kubvumira vector yake, mhutu hweAedes, kuti iwedzere tsika yayo. Yakapiwa nyaya dzezvirwere zvemvura zvinokonzerwa nemvura zvinowanzoonekwa mushure mekukurira kukuru-kufanana negiongionella uye cryptosporidium-vakaona kuwedzera mumakore achangobva kupfuura, uye mvura inodziya yakaita kuti bhakitiriya inokonzera korira inokwanisa kurarama munzvimbo dzavasina kumboita. Iko kukura kunogona kungova kutanga.
Shoko Rinobva
Kubva uye kuputika kwechirwere chechirwere zvinowanzooma uye hazviiti zvachose nekuda kwechimwe chete, chikonzero chega. Mienzaniso yakapiwa pamusoro inofanirwa kuenzanisira kuti izvi zvikonzero zvakadini zvinokonzera zvirwere zvemaitiro, uye hazvirevi kuratidza tsanangudzo yakakwana yekuti nei chirwere chinenge chichidzoka.
Uyezve, asi dzimwe dzezvipembenene izvi, zvechokwadi, kuratidza zviratidzo zvekudzoka, mamwe akawanda anokundwa zuva rega rega kuburikidza nekukura kukuru uye kurongedzwa kwehutano hwevanhu. Kukosha kwekubudirira uku hakufaniri kuregererwa.
> Sources:
> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. NezveAntimicrobial Resistance.
> Dayan GH, Rubin S, Plotkin S. Mumps Inopera muVhinyorwa Vanhu Vakawanda: Ndezvipi Mumakumbo Akawanikwa Mishonga Inobatsira Zvakakwana Kudzivirira Kubuda? Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 47 (11): 1458-1467.
> Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, DA Salmon, Omer SB. Kushamwaridzana Pakati Pechirwere Chekuvhara Mishonga uye Vaccine-Zvidzivirirwa Zvirwere muUnited States: Ongororo yeMeasles uye Pertussis. JAMA . 2016; 315 (11): 1149-1158.
> Warfel JM, Zimmerman LI, Merkel TJ. Acellular pertussis vaccine inodzivirira zvirwere asi inokundikana kudzivirira utachiona uye kutapurirwa mumutambo weusati uri munhu. Proceedings ye National Academy of Sciences yeUnited States of America . 2014; 111 (2): 787-792.
> World Health Organization. Mamiriro ekunze uye Utano Nyika Mhuri - 2015: A Global Overview .