Ndeipi chirwere chepediatrics? Uyu mubvunzo wakaoma kune vanhu vazhinji, kunyanya avo vakaenda kuna vanachiremba pavanenge vari vana. Pediatrics ingongova davi remishonga yevana, kurudyi?
Izvo chaizvoizvo ndezvechokwadi, asi vanachiremba vanopinda muchipatara kwenguva refu vanoziva kuti vana havasi vaduku vaduku. Vacheche, vana vaduku, vaduku, uye kunyange vechidiki vose vane zvirwere zvepanyama uye zvepfungwa zvakasiyana nevakuru.
Vanachiremba vanotarisira zvose zvezvidikanwi zvevana kubvira pakuzvarwa kusvika kune makore makumi maviri nemaviri.
Nhoroondo yePediatrics
Kunyange zvazvo vanachiremba vezvechiremba vagara varipo kubva kuHippocrates muGirisi yekare-uye zvichida zvisati zvaitika kana iwe uchifunga nezvekurapa maitiro evanhu vasiri vekumadokero-vanachiremba ibasa rinenge riri idzva remishonga.
Vanachiremba vemazuva ano vane midzi mukuumbwa kweAmerican Pediatric Society uye American Academy of Pediatrics. Sezvimwe nezvimwe zvezvipatara zvekurapa, kuenderera mberi kune hutano hwehutano hwakaratidza kuchinja shure kwekunge American Medical Association ikasimudzira kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa dzidzo yezvokurapa mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Vatungamiri vepakutanga mukurapa, zvinowanzozonzi madzitateguru ekurapa, vanosanganisira Drs. Abraham Jacobi, Osler, Rotch uye Forchheimer.
Ichokwadi, mumashoko avo emitemo pamusoro pe "Dare reDheatori muDancial Pediatrics," American Academy of Pediatrics inodana Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) "muvambi wekuranga kwevana vepediatrics." Akazvarwa uye akadzidziswa muGermany, Jacobi akazosvika kuNew York City ndokutanga kudzidzira uye achidzidzisa vanachiremba.
Mukuwedzera pakuva mutsigiri akasimba wekuyamwisa, Dr. Jacobi akanyevera kuti vakadzi vasina kuyamwisa havafanire kupa vana vavo mazamu omukaka wakakodzwa uye vakaisa pfungwa yekudzidzira pamubhedha kudzidzisa kwevadzidzi.
Matambudziko Okutanga Mukurapa
Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kukosha kuitika kwevana vezvechipatara zvinosanganisira:
- Edward Jenner akaedza kuendesa kune chirwere chekutanga chepukisi muna 1796
- Dr. Eri Ives akapa hurukuro kuvadzidzi vezvokurapa paYale nezvezvirwere zvevana uye mamwe mazano ezvehutano pakati pe1813 na 1852
- Zvinyorwa zviviri zvekutanga pakubata vana zvakabudiswa muna 1825, "Kurapa paPhysical and Medical Treatment of Children" naDkt. William Potts Dewees uye "Zvinoonekwa Pamusoro pezvirwere zvevana" naDeorge George Logan
- Dhiyabhorosi Elizabeth Blackwell anova mukadzi wokutanga kupedza chikoro chekurapa muUnited States muna 1849 uye anoramba achidzidza pane zvipatara zvevana muLondon, Scotland, neParis, achidzokera kunobatsira kutanga New York Infirmary yevakadzi nevana
- Vana Hospital yePhiladelphia inotangwa muna 1854 uye inova chipatara chevana vokutanga veAmerica
- New York Medical College inotanga ruzivo rwezvemaprofesa rwezvirwere zvevana muna 1860
- Louis Pasteur anoita kuti pasteurization muna 1862, iyo inoshandiswa pakuzochengetedza mukaka yakachengeteka naFranz von Soxhlet muna 1886
- Dr. Abraham Jacobi anobatsira kutanga "American Journal of Obstetrics uye Zvirwere zvevakadzi nevana" muna 1868
- Muna 1872, Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi anova mukadzi wokutanga kuva nhengo yeChikemy of Medicine. Akavhurawo ward yevana kuNew York Infirmary muna 1886.
- Dr Frederick Forchheimer ndiye chiremba mukuru apo Imba yevanorwara muCincinnati, Ohio, inotanga muna 1883 - chipatara chevana vekutanga kuMidwest
- Nyaya yekutanga ye Archives of Pediatrics yakabudiswa muna 1884
- IAmerica Pediatric Society yakasimbiswa muna 1888, naDkt. Job Lewis Smith, naDr. Abraham Jacobi semutungamiri wavo wekutanga, uyo anotevera akava mutungamiriri weAAA
- Dr. Thomas Morgan Rotch anogadzwa purofesa wekutanga weAmerica wevana paHarvard Medical School muna 1893
- Dr. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall ndiye aiva wokutanga kuziva kuti chirwere cheHodgkin chakanga chiri chirwere chetachiona cheropa uye kwete chimiro chechirwere chetachiona muna 1901. Akazoita chirongwa chepachikoro uye akatsvakurudza nezvehutano hwevana nevana veBusiness mu Washington DC, kusanganisira kukura kwekukura kwemitemo uye mitemo yekukura kwevana.
- I "American Journal of Diseases in Children," yakabudiswa neAAM uye zvino inonzi "Archives of Pediatrics uye Adolescent Medicine," inotanga kubudiswa munaJanuary 1911
- Nenguva dzezvirwere zveporiyo dzinotanga kuitika muUnited States muna 1916
- Sir Edward Mellanby, chiremba muLondon, anoona kuti cod yemafuta echiropa inogona kutora rickets
- Dr. Emily Partridge Bacon akava muongorori wekutanga wevana muPhiladelphia (1918). Pakati pezvinhu zvitsva zvaakaisa ndiyo kliniki "yakanaka kwazvo".
- Dhiyabhorosi Jessie Boyd Munyori aiva mumwe wevakadzi vokutanga kudzidza uye kupedza kudzidza kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMcGill kuMontreal, Canada. Akava purezidhendi weCanada Pediatric Society muna 1952 uye yakanga iri simba guru pane veononatologists muCanada.
- Chirwere che diphtheria chakatangwa muna 1923, munguva pfupi chichiteverwa nechirwere chinonzi pertussis ( chinoputira chifuva ) muna 1926
- Dr. JP Crozier anotanga kuparadzira bhuku rake rezvepabheti "Chirwere Checheche nevana," iyo inowanzova bhuku raNelson's Pediatrics iro richiri kushandiswa nhasi
- Alexander Fleming anowana penicillin muna 1928, kunyange zvazvo zvisati zvasvika kusvika kuma1940 uye 50s iyo penicillin yakatanga kushandiswa zvikuru semishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya
- IAmerican Academy of Pediatrics inoumbwa musi waJune 23, 1930, neboka revana 35 vevana muDetroit, Michigan
- IAmerican Board of Pediatrics, bhodhi rokuzivisa yeAmerican Board of Medical Specialties, yakatangwa muna 1933
- Mhosva dzekutengesa dzinotanga kuderera sezvo mukaka unotanga kuvakwa ne vitamin D muna 1933
- Chidzidzo chinobudiswa chinotsanangura kushandiswa kwe benzedrine (chimiro cheAmphetamine) kuvana vane matambudziko ekuzvibata muna 1937 naDr. Charles Bradley
- Dr. Dorothy Hansine Andersen aiva chiremba uye muna 1938, akava munhu wokutanga kuziva kuti cystic fibrosis yaiva chirwere. Akabatsirawo kusika miedzo yokutanga kubatsira kubata CF.
- Hattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD aive chiremba uye vanachiremba vezvinyorwa muBabies 'Hospital (zvino yava NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital) avo vakagadzira kurapwa kweHib meningitis muma1940 yaive yakakosha kupfuura mishonga yapfuura. Akaratidzawo ma antibiotic kusagadzikana muHaemophilus influenzae mabhakitiriya, chimwe chinhu chinokosha panguva iyoyo.
- Dr William E. Ladd naRobert E. Gross (avo vakaita sangano rekutanga rePAA makore matatu apfuura) vachibudisa mabhuku ekutanga ekurapa vana muna 1941, "Chirwere chemuviri cheMucheche neChidiki"
- Dr. Norman M. Gregg anorondedzera pamusoro pekuberekwa rubella syndrome muna 1941
- Dhienhau Helen Taussig naDkt. Alfred Blalock vanoita basa rokugadzira kurapwa kwakanaka kwevana neTetralogy ye Fallot muna 1943
- Dr. RL Jackson naMadzi HG Kelly vanobudisa hurukuro yekutanga yakashandiswa pakushandisa matanho ekukura kwevana muna 1944
- Yokutanga ye "Bhuku uye Kuchengetwa Kwevana" rakabudiswa naDkt. Benjamin Spock muna 1946
- Purogiramu yokutanga yekugara kwechirwere chemauto inotanga kuBoston's Chelsea Naval Base munaNovember 1946, kunyange zvazvo vanachiremba vakanga vatova kushanda muHondo neNavy Medical Corps, kusanganisira vanopfuura 900 vanachiremba muHondo Yenyika II
- C. Everett Koop, MD anova chirembareji mukuru pavana veSpital Hospital yePhiladelphia munenge muna 1947
- Marita May Eliot, MD anova mukadzi wokutanga kusarudzwa mutungamiri weAmerican Public Health Association uye aizivikanwa se "mumwe wevana vane hutano hwakakosha hwekutarisira nzvimbo dzehurumende yehurumende muUnited States munguva yakareba uye yakakurumbira."
- Nyaya yokutanga yePediatrics, magazini yeAmerican Academy of Pediatrics yakabudiswa muna 1948
- Chidzidzo muna 1948 chakaratidza kuti 58% chete yevana vakaberekwa vakasunungurwa kubva kuchipatara vasati vasvitsa mazuva masere uye 35% vakanyanyisa kunwa, 27% vaidya kubva mumuviri uye muhombodo uye 38% chete ndivo vakangobatwa nechero chete
- Margaret Morgan Lawrence, MD aiva mwana wepfungwa dzepfungwa uye ndiye akanga ari mukadzi wekutanga wekuAfrica muAmerica kuti aonekwe neAmerican Board of Pediatrics uyewo wekutanga weAfrica American kuti apedzise kugara paNew York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- Dr. Roland B. Scott, uyo akanga ari sachigaro wevana vana paHoward University kubvira muna 1949 kusvika muna 1973 uye akava mutungamiri wekutanga weAfrica-America weAmerican Pediatric Society muna 1952, angave ndiye wokutanga wevana vekuAmerica muUnited States.
- Muna 1949, Dr. Edith M. Lincoln, uyo aiva mukuru wekliniki yepachifu chevana muLesvuvue Hospital Centre muNew York City kubva muna 1922, akabudirira kubata vana vane vana vane tuberculous meningitis uye miliary tuberculosis, iyo yaiwanzofa panguva iyoyo.
- Harriet Lane Handbook inotanga kubudiswa muna 1950, uye nguva yakareba inova iyo yekuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yevana vanogara
- Muna 1951, Dr. Natalia Tanner akava munhu wekutanga weAfrica muAmerica weAmerica Academy yePediatrics uye "akaita basa roga roga mukuvandudza mararamiro asina kukodzera evarwere kune zvekuchengetedza utano uye vanachiremba vashoma kupinda kune masangano emishonga inyanzvi."
Mazuva Ano Mazuva Anokosha Mukurapa
Mukuwedzera kune matanho ekutanga ekurapa vana, zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha zvinosanganisira:
- Dr. Virginia Apgar, anesthesiologist, anoudza Apar Score muna 1952, iyo inoshandiswa kuongorora mhinduro yemwana yekudzorerwa shure kwekuzvarwa kwavo
- Katherine Dodd, MD akava mukadzi wokutanga kugadza Dhipatimendi rePediatrics mune imwe chechikoro yezvokurapa muUnited States muna 1952 - University of Arkansas Medical Centre.
- Dr. Edward Press naLouis Gdalman, mumwe mhizimisi muChicago, vanotanga dhiyabhorosi yekutanga chekugadzirisa nzvimbo muna 1953, zvikurukuru vakakurudzirwa nebasa raGeorge M. Wheatley, MD uye basa rake pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwevana uye njodzi yehupfu hwevana
- Jonas Salk anoita chirwere chake cheporiyo muna 1952, uye chakashandiswa kubatsira kubvisa chirwere cheporiyo muUnited States kusvikira chirwere cheporiyo chinorarama, chine muromo chakabvumirwa naAlbert Sabin muna 1962
- 56 vana vanokura chirwere cheporiyo muna 1956 kubva pane zvirwere zvakasvibiswa zveporiyo mune izvo zvinova kuzivikanwa seCheterre Incident
- Chidzidzo muna 1956 chechecheche pachipatara kubuda (kazhinji pa4 kana mazuva mashanu ehupenyu) zvino chakaratidza kuti 63% yakanyanyisa kunwa, 16% yakadyarwa kubva muzamu nehombodo uye 21% chete ndiyo yakanyatsonyatsonyatsonyatso
- Iri Lechi League rinotangwa muna 1956 kuti rikurudzire kuyamwisa nekudzokorora mafambiro ekuwedzera kwekupa mabhodhoro
- Dr. Ethel Collins Dunham akadhinda Mitemo neZvimbiso zveZvipatara Nevana Vacheche Vachangoberekwa, Zuva Rakazara, uye Zvokutanga muna 1936 uye muna 1957 vakagamuchira John Howland Medal kubva kuAmerican Pediatric Society, ivo vanokudzwa zvikuru.
- Frances Kelsy, Ph.D. akavhara kutengeswa kwe thalidomide muUnited States paaishanda kuDFA muna 1960, mishonga yakanga ichangobva kuibatanidzwa nekuremara kwekuberekwa munyika dzinopfuura makumi mana dzakanga dzakagamuchira mapiritsi akarara akapiwa vakadzi vane pamuviri.
- Kutengeserana kwevana mazamu anotanga kutengeswa kumavambo ekuma1960 uye kunosanganisira Lactum, Similac, Enfamil, uye SMA, iyo inokwikwidzana nevana vakagadzirwa nemukaka (mukaka wava evaporated pamwe nemvura uye shuga yakawedzerwa, saDextri-Maltose) nekuyamwisa
- Dr. C. Henry Kempe anobudisa pepanhau rekutanga pamusoro pekutukurirana kwevana, "The Battered Child Syndrome," muna 1962, iyo inobatsira kuumba mapurogiramu ekubatsira kudzivirira nekubata vana zvisina kunaka
- Zvikurudziro zvinogadzirwa nokuda kwehuwandu hwemvura yekunwa kweguta mumusasa pakati pe 0.7 kusvika 1.2 ppm muna 1962
- Dr. Robert Guthrie anovhura kuedza kweGuthrie kuvhara mitsva inokonzerwa ne phenylketonuria ( PKU ) muna 1963
- Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis anozvigadzira mapepa emvura ekugadzirisa mvura (ORT) kuporesa varwere vane chirwere uye chirwere chemvura muCalcutta, India muna 1966
- Dr. Forrest Bird inoshanyira Icheche Shiri muna 1970, yekutanga-yakakonzerwa-yakadhura, yakadhura, chirwere chepachiviriya chevana, mushure mekugadzira zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvinopisa mafirimu muma19s na 60s.
- Mukomana weNestle unotanga muna 1977 kupikisa makambani ekusimudzira vana muzana munyika dzichiri kusimukira, izvo zvakaita kuti kuwedzerwa kwemitambo yekuyamwisa nekuwedzera kufa kwevana, kunyanya nekuda kwekushaya mvura yakachena mumvura munyika idzi
- Bhuku reV Consumer Product Safety Commission rinorambidza pende muimba muna 1978
- Autism inozivikanwa sehutano hwakasiyana mu DSM-III muna 1980, kunyange zvazvo zviratidzo zve autism uye maitiro zvakatsanangurwa kare muna 1911
- Pakanga pane 8,000 kusvika ku10 000 maHib meningitis muAmerica gore negore mumakore ekuma1980, zvichiita kuti pave nekufa kwevana makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika ku770 muvana, uye zvimwe zviuru 6 000 zveimwe zvirwere zvakakomba zvakakonzerwa neBibiteriya yeHib, kusanganisira epiglottitis, pneumonia, cellulitis, uye bacteremia
- Purogiramu yakakurudzirwa yehutano hwehutano muna 1983 yaisanganisira zvirwere zvina (DTP, OPV, MMR, Td)
- Mushonga weHib unorudzirwa kune vana vose vane makore gumi nemasere kusvika ku 59 muna 1988 uye gare gare akawedzerwa kune vose vacheche vanotanga pamwedzi miviri muna 1990
- Mushure mokurara kwemushandirapamwe kunobatsira kuderedza zvikuru njodzi yeSIDS.
- Kunyange zvazvo yakatanga kuenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga muna 1973, yakanga isina kusvika muna 1996 kuti kutengeswa kwevatungamiri petrol kunorambidzwa zvachose muUnited States
- Muna 1986, Dr. Mayilyn Hughes Gaston akadhinda nyika yose yakaratidza kuti kubudirira kwepenicillin kunodzivirira kutapurika mune vana vane sickle cell chirwere, izvo zvakaratidza kuti dzose dzinoberekwa dzinofanira kuongororwa ne sickle cell disease.
- Pakazosvika gore ra1997, nhamba yehupfumi hweHib inoshushwa yakaderera 99%
- Nyika dzakawanda dzinotanga kuwedzera zvirongwa zvekuongorora zvitsva zvekuzvarwa kuti zviongorore 25 kusvika ku40 kana kupfuura mamwe mamiriro ekunze gore ra2004, zvichiteerera kumanikidziro wevanhu kuti vashandise tandem maseru teknolojia yakawanda kubva kare muna 1996
- ICDC inoburitsa chidzidzo muna 2007 icho chinozivisa kuti autism inowanikwa mumakore gumi nemakumi mana
- IWorld Health Organization inotanga kutanga kwe 2009 H1N1 chirwere chinopararira musi waJune 11, 2009
- Cerarix, chirwere chinorwisana neHIVV, chinogamuchirwa muna 2009, uye chinosangana na Gardasil (mumwe mushonga weKVV) purogiramu yekudzivirira kuchengetedza vana kubva kune rimwe rinowedzera mazita ezvirwere zvinodzivirira zvirwere, kusanganisira chickenpox (Varivax), pneumococcal disease (Prevnar 13) , rotavirus (Rotateq naRotarix), meningococcal zvirwere (Menactra), uye hepatitis A, iyo miviri yakagamuchirwa sezvo chirwere che hepatitis B chakawedzerwa kurongwa hwekuzvidzivirira muna 1994.
- Zvirwere zvinokonzerwa neHumadrientent zvinowanika kune 2013-14 furu yegore. Zvisarudzo zvitsva zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvinopa kudzivirirwa pamakumbo mana emirwere.
- HPV 9 yakagamuchirwa muna 2014.
- Varume vaviri B vachengeti vakagamuchirwa muna 2014.
Kuva chiremba wevana
Mushure mekureji, vadzidzi vanofarira kuva chiremba vevana vanotora MCAT uye vozoenda kune imwe yezvikoro 125 zvechiremba zvechiremba kana zvikoro makumi maviri zvemaosteopathic kuti uve chiremba kutanga.
Pashure pemakore mana echikoro chezvokurapa, makore matatu ekuberekwa kwevana vekuchigara achakugadzirira kuti uite basa mune zvepediatrics.
Vanachiremba vevana
Mukuwedzera kune vana vakawanda vana vana, vanachiremba vanogona kusarudza kugadzirisa mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kusanganisira:
- Mushonga Wokuyaruka
- Pediatric Gastroenterology
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Chirwere Hematology-Oncology
- Kushandisa Vana
- Chirwere Chinotapukira Zvirwere
- Chirwere Chinokonzera Kuchengetedza Mishonga
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Chiremba Rheumatology
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemishonga dzevana, dzakadai sechiremba wezvechiremba, vanachiremba vanachiremba, kana vana vane chirwere chevana vezvipatara, nezvimwewo, havasi vanachiremba vevana, asi, panzvimbo pacho, vanodzidziswa muminda yavo, uyezve kuwedzerwa kuwedzera kwevana vekudzidzisa vana.
> Sources:
> American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Dhiyabhorosi Mubasa reChipatara Munharaunda Pediatrics. Pediatrics Vol. 115 Nha. 4 April 2005, mapeji 1092-1094.
> American Academy of Pediatrics. American Pediatrics: Zviitiko zveMillennium. Historical Archives Advisory Committee. Pediatrics 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Nhasi Mitsva Yekudzivirira Zvimwe Zviitiko zveHaemophilus influenzae > Rudzi b Murufu >. MMWR. December 24, 1982/31 (50); 672-674,679-680.
> Charles W. Callahan. Nhoroondo yeMasoja Pediatrics: Makumi makumi mashanu emakore ekudzidziswa uye kuendesa vana vasina kufanana navanachiremba vevana. Pediatrics Vol. 103 Nha. 6 June 1999, peji 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. Abraham Jacobi, MD: Murume uye Nhaka Yake. Pediatrics, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> Herman F. Meyer. KUCHENGA KWEMHURI MUUNITED STATES: KUZIVA NEZVO ZVINOKOSHA KUTENDA: Ongororo ye1904 Zvipatara neChirungu neChipiri Mamiyoni ekuberekwa muna 1956. Pediatrics, Jul 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
> Katherine Bain. Kuwedzera kwekupa Breast muzvipatara muUnited States. Pediatrics, Sep 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> Robert C. Brownlee, MD. Chiremba Mhemberero. IAmerican Board of Pediatrics: Itsva Yake uye Nhoroondo Yekare. Pediatrics, Nov 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Vakadzi mune Utano NezvePediatrics: Historical Perspectives. Pediatrics, Kubvumbi 1983; 71: 681 - 687