Zvichienderana nezvakabva, muna 1928 kana muna 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming akawana kuti "mold juice" inogona kuuraya mabhakitiriya pane Petri ndiro. Fleming nevamwewo paOxford University vakabva vasara penicillin kubva mujisi ino. Zvisinei, nekuda kweHondo Yenyika II, maBritish aisagona kubudisa penicillin yakawanda, saka United States yakatora zvigadzirwa uye yakaita kuti penicillin iwanikwe zvikuru.
Pamberi pekupararira kwemaantibiotiyo muma1940, vanhu vaizofa nekushaya pneumonia, septicemia (ropa zvirwere), gonorrhea nezvimwe. Kuiswa kwepenicillin kwakaratidza makore ekurapa maitiro.
Chii Chinonzi Penicillin?
Penicillin inongova yemasikirini kana semisynthetic iyo yakaumbwa ne β-lactam (beta-lactam) ring yakabatana neketini ye thiazolidine. Penicillins anewo maketani emakumbo ezvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvidimbu zviketani zvinogadzirisa basa rerabacterial romumwe nomumwe penicillin.
Kune makirasi mashanu emapenicillin:
- Natural penicillins (Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (funga cloxacillin uye nafcillin)
- Antipseudomonal penicillins (funga ticarcillin)
- Yakanyanya-spectrum penicillin (funga piperacillin)
Mechanism of Action
Kunyanya, penicillin ine bactericidal (kusiyana neBacteriostatic ) uye inouraya mabhakitiriya zvakananga pasina kupindira kubereka.
Nokudaro, penicillin inogona kuuraya nokukurumidza mabhakitiriya anokanganisa.
Kunyanya, penicillin inosunga penicillin-inosunga mapuroteni (PBPs) ayo ari peptidases (enzymes) mumasvingo emabhakitiriya. Apo penicillin ine ukama hwepamusoro hweBhakitiriya yePBP chaiyo, inoshanda zviri nani.
Nokusunga kuPBPs, penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan kusangana uye kupindirana uye nokudaro kunokanganisa keseri masvingo.
Idzi kinks muBactterial cell wall inoita kuti mabhakitiriya azviparadzise (autolysis).
Kunyanya kuurayiwa kwebhakitiriya kunowanikwa panguva yekuwedzera kwekujekesa kwebhakitiriya kubereka.
Kunyanya, penicillin inoshanda chete kupikisa mabhakitiriya e gram-positive. Mabhakitiriya e Gram-negative ane lipopolysaccharide layer kana kunze membrane iyo inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti penicillin iparadze sero remadziro uye iwane PBPs.
Kuti ushande zvachose, ring penicillin beta-lactam ring inofanira kuramba yakasimba. Sezvo nzira huru yekudzivisa, mabhakitiriya mazhinji akashanduka kuti abudise beta-lactamases, iyo enzyme inobvisa penicillin beta-lactam ring uye inoita kuti isakoshi.
Kurapa
Penicillins inowanikwa sehwendefa, capsules, uye mhinduro dzejojo. Penicillin inowanzochengetwa zvakanaka kubva pamatumbo emimba uye yakaparadzirwa zvakapararira mumuviri wose. Kwakawanda, penicillin yakanyanyiswa mumugini.
Kunyange zvazvo mabhakitiriya kusagadzikana maitiro zvakadzivisa zvakanyanya kupora kwepenicillin, kakawanda, penicillin inogona kushandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira:
- Kumusoro kuputika kwezvirwere zvakadai sepineumonia
- Urinary tract infections
- Septicemia
- Matenda uye majoini
- Meningitis
- Intra-mimba infections
- Zvirwere zvepabonde zvakadai segonorrhea uye syphilis
Nenzira, penicillin yakashandiswa kure-tekisi yekurapa fefiid fever uye chirwere cheLyme.
Migumisiro yakaipa
Migumisiro inowanzovhiringidza yepenicillin inosanganisira chirwere chemahara, kusuruvara, kusuruvara, musoro uye musvini wechipfu. Pane dzimwe nguva, penicillin inogona kukonzera kukanganisa, mazinga, uye hutachiona hwehutachiona hunoita seanphylaxis uye yakaoma interstitial nephritis.
Iyo yakanakisisa kurapwa kwepenicillin zvinokonzerwa nekudzivirira penicillin. Kana uchinetseka nemigumisiro yakaipa kubva penicillin kushandisa, tapota udza chiremba wako asati agadza mishonga yakadaro.
Kunyange zvazvo vechokwadi penicillin zvinokonzerwa nekushaya vanaphylaxis zvisingawanzoitiki-zvinoitika mumatambudziko 1 kusvika ku100 pamakumbo epiic peninill penicillin-nokuti cephalosporins inobatanidza makemikari akafanana nemapenicillin, vanhu vanokonzera penicillin kazhinji havatauri cephalosporins uye pamwe chete.
Muna 1940-zvishoma nemakore gumi mushure mekuwanikwa kwayo-boka repenicillin rakabatsira kubvisa chirwere ichi chakaona kuti mabhakitiriya mubasa ravo akanga achinjeka kuti asagadzikana penicillin uye akanga atova kubudisa penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Ramba uchiyeuka kuti kusagadzikana kwebhakitiriya ndekare uye kwakagara kwakatangira kuwanikwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Nhasi, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inonyanya kunetseka kwehutano hwevanhu uye chimwe chinhu chatinokwanisa kuita tose kudzivirira. Semuenzaniso, zvakakosha kuti isu tose tione kuti ma antibiotics akanaka, asi haarwisana nehutachiona hwose-kunyanya zvirwere zvehutachiwana. Uyezve, kana yakatemwa mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya nachiremba wako, tapota uzadze iyo yose yekurapa.
Sources:
Aoki FY. Chitsauko 45. Mazano eAntimicrobial Therapy uye Clinical Pharmacology yeAntimicrobial Drugs. Mu: Imba JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. eds. Nheyo dzekutarisira kwakakosha, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Mushonga weMosby's Drug Reference yeVashandi Vezvehutano, Rutivi rweChipiri rwakabudiswa naElviervier muna 2010.