Unofambira Mberi Mukurapwa Nokudzivirira Kwakagadzirisa Nguva Yausina Kubhadhara?
Izwi rokuti HIV / AIDS rinoshandiswa kurondedzera kukonzera-uye-kuita ukama pakati pehutachiona hwehutachiwana hweHIV uye hutachiona kana humwe humwe hunogona kubuda nekuda kwehutachiwana kwenguva refu (AIDS, kana kuwana immune deficiency syndrome).
Inoshandiswa kujekesa kune avo vangave vasinganzwisisi kuti hutachiwana hahurevi kurwara-kana, kunyanya, chirwere chekupedzisira-uye icho chakakosha.
Mushure mezvose, mudzidzisi wehutano wehutano haana kutaura sei "HIV ndeye hutachiona hunokonzera AIDS" kana kuti yeuchiyeuchidza vanhu kuti "HIV neAIDS hazvisi izvochete"? Yakava mantra yehutachiwana hweHIV.
Asi AIDS inorevei nhasi, kunze kwenheyo yekliniki yakarongwa? Uye nei kune imwe chete mamiriro ezvinhu umo danho rechirwere rinopiwa zita rakasiyana zvachose?
Zvechokwadi, hatiiti izvi nekenza kana zvirwere zvepabonde zvakadai sedhiphilis. Uyewo hatiiti nezvirwere zvisingagumi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakadai sehepatitis C kana zvirwere zvinokura zvakadai saPasinson's kana kuti Alzheimer's. Izvo zvose zvinongorongedzerwa nesiteji kuitira kupa vanachiremba makwara akajeka okurapa.
Kuchinja Nguva, Kuchinja Maonero
Chokwadi ndechekuti HIV ine chirwere chakasiyana zvikuru kupfuura iyo makore makumi matatu apfuura uye kuti AIDS inoreva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvakasiyana nezvakaitwa kare muna 1982 apo sarudzo yakatanga kuumbwa.
Nhasi, vanhu vane HIV vanogona kurarama hupenyu huzere, hune hutano kana huchipiwa panguva yakakodzera. Uye kunyange kana munhu achifambira mberi kuchirongwa chechirwere cheAIDS, zvinoguma zvakanyatsobudirira kune zvavakanga vari makore gumi apfuura.
Ichokwadi ndeichi: shoko rokuti "AIDS" rine simba. Inotakura mutoro pamwe chete nevarwere uye vanhu vakawanda avo vanowanzopfuura kwete kuti vanoreva chiremba.
Chimwe chinhu, somuenzaniso, kutaura kuti "John ane HIV" uye mumwe kuti ati "John ane AIDS."
Uye haisi kungoita semantics isu tiri kutaura. Kunyange kubva pakuona kwechipatara chiito, shoko racho rinenge risipo zvachose kubva munhaurirano, anchronism haigoni kushandiswa kunze kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano kana kuti musoro-kutora mashoko.
Ndiyo nguva yekupedzisira kubvisa shoko rokuti "AIDS" uye rinongotaura nezvechirwere seHIV here? Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti ndizvo.
Kutanga kweChirongwa cheHIV / AIDS
Kune vanhu vechokwadi vachayeuka nguva apo "AIDS" yakanga isiri nguva dzose "AIDS," asi pane imwe yemashoko akawanda akataurwa pamusoro pehutano hwevanhu.
Mumazuva ekutanga edambudziko , vazhinji vari mune zvenhau vaifunga kuti "chirwere chemhombwe" mushure mekunge musasa wekutanga wezvirwere hwakataurwa kune varume vanoita zvepabonde mu Southern Southern and New York City. Pakutanga yakagadzira GRID (kana kukanganiswa kwemajinga emusana), izwi racho rakakurumidza kusimuka kunze kwekuti vamwe vanhu vakatanga kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, asinganzwisisiki.
Pane imwe nzvimbo, Centers of Disease Control (CDC) yakarondedzera izwi rokuti "chirwere chinowanikwa mumagariro evanhu" uye, zvinotonyanya kushamisa, "4-H chirwere" (achitaura nezvevarume vanoita zvechinguvana, vanokamhina, vanoshandisa heroin, uye vaHaiti vanotambudzwa chirwere chisingazivikanwi-chisingazivikanwi).
Yaiva muna September 1982 chete iyo CDC yakasarudza pamusoro peshoko rokuti "AIDS" kurondedzera chirwere "pasina chikonzero chaicho chinozivikanwa chekudzivisa kupera."
Hazvizovi kusvikira gore rose rakazotevera apo masayendisiti muU.S. neFrance vaizozvimirira vachizvitsvaga chikonzero chechirwere, nhoroondo ye retrovirus yakazopedzisira yakaratidza "HIV" muna 1986. Panguva iyoyo, AIDS yakange yakanyatsobatanidzwa muhupenyu hwevanhu zvakasarudzwa kuti "HIV / AIDS" ichapa pachena zvakanyanya sekukonzera nekuguma kwe "hutachiona hweHIV".
Izwi iri rakagara nesu kusvikira nhasi.
Beyond Medicine: Kukosha kweChirongwa cheAIDS
Kunze kwechipatara uye chirwere chekucherechedza, chirongwa cheAIDS chakashandiswa mukurwara kwekutanga senzira yekugadzirisa mararamiro ehurumende kuremara kuvarwere avo, panguva yezviongororwa izvi, vaiva nehuwandu hwemararamiro ehupenyu hwemwedzi 18 chete.
Zvaionekwa sechirongwa chinokosha kubva kune ichocho sezvo nhamba yevakafa muUnited States yakasimudza kusvika kumusoro kwayo kusvika muna 1992 (kufa kwe 234 255 kubva pa 360,909 AIDS diagnoses) uye yakanga yave iyo yose inotungamirira chikonzero chekufa mumakore gumi chete makore.
Asi zvose izvozvo zvakachinja muna 1996 nekutanga kwekushanda kwakasimba kweraretroviral therapy (HAART), iyo yakashandura kuwedzera kwekufa zvakashamisa. Nezvo tarisiro yehupenyu inowedzera makore mana pamusoro pemakore gumi anotevera, chirwere cheAIDS chisingagoni kushanda sechiratidzo choga chekuremara.
Nguva uye kunzwisisa kwechirwere chakanga chava kutokurumidza kutsva.
Kurwisana Kurega: HIV neAIDS seZvenyika
Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzakanga dzichiona kubatsira kwechirwere chekare chinonzi antiretroviral madawa ekupera kwema1990, nyika dzichiri kusimukira-vazhinji vavo muAfrica yeSouth Africa-dzakanga dzichangotanga kurwisana nehosha dzavo dzakaipa.
Pakati pavo, South Africa yakamira zvakasununguka mune zvematongerwe enyika pasi peutungamiri weMutungamiri Thabo Mbeki nekubvunza mibvunzo yokuti kana HIV yaiva, iyo inokonzerwa neAIDS, kazhinji inoratidza kuti chaingova chimiro chesayenzi ye "Western".
Kutaura zvazviri, pamusangano we13 International Conference Conference muDurban, South Africa, Mbeki yakasvika kusvika pakuzivisa kune vanhu vakazara masayendisiti uye nhume: "Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti hatigoni kupa mhosva zvose pane imwe chirwere. "
Yakanga iri zuva rimwe chete gare gare uyo muongorori weAmerica David Ho, muhurukuro yevatumwa vekokorodzano, akatarisa kune yekutanga electron microscopic image yeHIV ndokupindura, "Madzimai uye vashandi, izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera AIDS."
Pasinei nemafashamo ekutsoropodza pasi rose, Mbeki inoramba ichidzivirira inongotaura nezvechirwere se "HIV neAIDS," zvichireva kuti vakanga vasina kufanana. Mukupindura, vanachiremba vekuSouth Africa vakasimbisa zvakasimba pamusoro pekushandiswa kwe "HIV / AIDS" mumabhuku ose uye hurukuro senzira yekuzviratidzira kuratidzira kwehurumende kwenguva refu nekuramba .
Kubva pakasunungurwa kusunungurwa kweMbeki kubva muhofisi muna 2008, kuchinja kwehutungamiri hwehurumende kwave kwakanyanya, uye nyika iye zvino ichizvirumbidza purogiramu yakakura yekurapa majekiseni munyika.
Asi pasinei nekuwana izvi, zvinokonzerwa nemakore ekukakavadzana zvichiri kuonekwa, nehupamhi hwekusaziva uye kusava nechokwadi pamusoro peHIV-kusanganisira mikana yekurwara uye rufu-kunyanya kusimbisa HIV neAIDS sechinhu chimwe chete.
Chikonzero Chokubvisa Shoko "AIDS"
Kunyange zvazvo zvingava zvisina kunaka kuratidza kuti kubviswa kwe "AIDS" kubva munharaunda yehurukuro yevanhu inongova yoga inoshandura mafungiro aya, hazvirevi kuuya zvisati zvaitika.Kushanduka kwave chinhu chimwe chakatsanangura chirwere ichi, tichibvumira kuramba tichiratidza mararamiro atinoita uye kuona chirwere nenzira inopa kujekesa kukuru nekugamuchirwa kwevanhu.
Kushandiswa kwe "AIDS akakundwa" muma1980, somuenzaniso, pakupedzisira kwakapa "muponesi weAIDS" mumakore ekuma1990, izvo zvakaguma zvichiita kuti moniker PLWH (vanhu vanogara nehutachiona hweHIV), izwi ratinowanzogamuchira nhasi. Uye haisi kungoita semantics izvo zvakaita kuti izvi zvivepo; kwaiva kubvuma kuti iwe hausati waponeswa nechirwere asi kuti iwe unogona kurarama nawo, zvakanaka uye hutano, kwemakore mazhinji nemakumi emakore.
Haisi iye chete muenzaniso wakadaro. Funga izvi:
- Mune svesa yeHIV, izwi rokuti HAART rakagadziriswa nemagetsi (kusanganisa antiretroviral therapy) apo zvakasarudzwa kuti mishonga iyi yakanga isingori "yakanyanyisa." Nhasi, iyo ART yakareba (antiretroviral therapy) inoshandiswa mumagariro akawanda emakiriniki.
- Muzvirwere zvepidemiology, isu hatichishandise "gayana kana barox" kana tichitaura nezvehuwandu hwevanhu vari pangozi. Pane kudaro, tinoshandisa "varume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume" (MSM) kuti vanonyatsotsanangura nzira yehutachiwana panzvimbo yekuti munhu angave sei kana kuti asingazvirevi. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune mazwi "mishonga yemishonga uye" hupombwe, "izvo zvino zvose zvakatsiviwa ne" injecting drug user "uye" mushandi wepabonde rekuita zvepabonde. "
- Mukudzivirirwa kweHIV, izwi rokuti "zvepabonde rakachengeteka" rakazopedzisira raita "zvepabonde zvisina kudzivirirwa" iro rakashandurwa ne "kondomu isina kondomu," izwi rakagamuchirwa neCDC muna 2014 kuratidza kufambira mberi mune pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) nezvimwe maitiro ekudzivirira zvirongwa.
Nekushanduka kwega kwega mumashoko echirevo kwakauya zvinopfuura kungosimbiswa kwemashoko; vakashanda kubvisa mabhuku ekutonga uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinogona kuwedzera kumusana wevanhu kana kusava nechokwadi.
Vakawanda vakatanga kutaurirana kuti tinoita zvakafanana ne "AIDS" -kuti tinowedzera kuchengetedza chirwere ichi nokuchiisa chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ehutachiona husingaperi, iyo inoporesa zvachose uye, kufanana nezvimwe zvirwere zvisingatauriki, inogona kufambira mberi muzvikamu kana yakasiyiwa isingateereri. Kubvisa shoko rokuti "AIDS" raizova danho rokutanga pakuita izvi.
Kunyangwe kuchinja uku kwaizogamuchirwa nehutano hwehutano husingazivikanwi. Vamwe vangafunga kuti kuchinja hurukuro iyi ikozvino, mushure mekuvhara muhupenyu hwevanhu kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu, ingangoshandiswa kuderedza nzira dzokudzivirira dzinofambira mberi-uye nenguva apo hutachiona hwehutachiwana hunoramba huchiwedzera muAmerica
Chinhu chimwe chechokwadi ndechokuti isu takapfuura mazuva apo tinofanira kunge tichishandisa "HIV haisi chirango chekufa" semushumo wehutano hwevanhu, kana zvakananga kana zvisikwa. Uye iyo ndiyo inonzi semantics inokosha. Nokukundikana kubvuma kuvhiringidzika kweshoko rakafanana neHIV / AIDS-kwaakabva, nei rakashandiswa-tinorichengeta rakanyanyisa mukati memamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Uye icho ' chinetso.
Kana usina mubvunzo, zvibvunze mubvunzo wakajeka: AIDS inorevei kwauri?
Sources:
Nzvimbo dzeDaase Control and Prevention (CDC). "Maitiro Ano Maitiro Anovandudzwa Pamusoro pekuwana Immune Defence Syndrome - United States." Kuipa uye Kufa Kwemavhiki Gwaro (MMWR). Svondo 24, 1982; 31 (37): 507-508,513-514.
CDC. "1993 Revised Classification System yeHIV Infectio n uye Expanded Surveillance Case Tsanangudzo yeAIDS pakati pevana vaduku nevakuru." MMWR. December 18, 1992; 1 (RR-17).
AmfAR, Foundation yeAIDS Research. Makore makumi matatu eHIV // AIDS: Zvirwere zveAIDS. " Washington, DC
Kaiser Family Foundation. "CDC Inoshandura Mutauro kubva ku " Kuita Zvepabonde Zvisina Kudzivirirwa " kune ' Kuita Zvepabonde Zvisina Kuita. ' " Washington, DC; yakabudiswa munaFebruary 25, 2014.