Heterozygous izwi rinoshandiswa mumageneti kurondedzera kana kusiyana kwakafanana kwegene (inozivikanwa se alleles) inounganidza panzvimbo imwechete (locus) pane chromosome . Kusiyana neizvi, homozygous apo paine mairi maviri emapepa akafanana panzvimbo imwecheteyo.
Izwi rokuti heterozygous rinobva pane "hetero-" rinoreva zvakasiyana uye "-zvinyorwa" zvinoreva kuenzaniswa nezai inobereka (zygote).
Kusarudza Matanho
Vanhu vanonzi miviri ye diploid nokuti vane zvese zviviri kune imwe yega, pamwe chete inokwana nhaka kubva kumubereki mumwe nomumwe. Izvo zvakakanganiswa zve alleles zvinoshandura kune kusiyana kwehupenyu hwemunhu.
Chimwe chinhu chinogona kuve chakakosha kana chekare. Dzakakwirira dzose ndeaya anoratidza chimiro kunyange kana pane kopi imwe chete. Kuteerera zvese kunogona kungotaura chete kana kune mairi maviri.
Chimwe chimiro chakadai maziso ane mvere (iyo inonyanya kuve) uye maziso ebhuruu (iyo inopera). Kana iyo alleles iheterozygous, mutambo mukuru unofananidzira pachawo pamusoro pemagetsi akasiyana-siyana, zvichiita kuti maziso akaonesa. Panguva imwecheteyo, munhu wacho aizoonekwa se "mutakuri" wezvakawanda zvekare, zvichireva kuti bhuruu rebhuruu rinogona kupfuudzwa kuvana kunyange kana munhu iyeye ane mavara akaoma.
Zvinyorwa zvinogonawo kunge zvisingaiti zvakakwana, iyo nzira yapakati yenhaka iyo hapana chizere chinoratidzwa zvachose pamusoro peimwe.
Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kusanganisira chikamu chakafanana neganda rakasviba (umo munhu ane melanin yakawanda ) akabatanidzwa neallele inofanana nechechi yeropa (umo mune zvishoma melanin) kuumba ganda rakati pane imwe nzvimbo pakati.
Kukura Kwezvirwere
Kunze kwezvisikwa zvomunhu, kuwirirana kweheterozygous alleles dzimwe nguva kunoshandura mune ngozi yakawanda yehumwe mamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekuberekwa kwekuberekwa kana kuvhiringidzika kwevotosomal (zvirwere zvakatorwa kuburikidza ne genetics).
Kana chikamu chichigadziriswa (zvinoreva kuti chakaipa), chirwere chinogona kupfuudzwa kuvana kunyange kana mubereki asina kuwana zviratidzo zvechirwere. Nekuremekedza heterozygosity, izvi zvinogona kutora imwe yemhando dzakasiyana:
- Kana iyo alleles is heterozygous recessive, iyo inokanganisa inenge isingagadziri uye isingazviratidzi. Pane kudaro, munhu wacho aizotakura.
- Kana iyo alleles iine heterozygous yakawanda, iyo yakanganisa yakaipa yaizova yakanyanya. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, munhu wacho angangodaro kana kuti haazogadziriswa (achienzaniswa nekutonga kwekutenderera kunodiwa munhu wacho).
Dzimwe heterozygous pairings yaizoita kuti munhu ave nehutano hwakafanana nechirwere chechiliac uye mamwe marudzi ekenza . Izvi hazvirevi kuti munhu achawana chirwere ichi; zvinongoratidza kuti munhu ari pangozi yakakwirira. Zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai semararamiro uye nzvimbo dzakasikwa, zvinogonawo kuita chikamu.
Kusawirirana kweGen Disorders
Dambudziko rimwe chete rejena ndiyo iyo inokonzerwa nechimwe chete chinonzi mutated asi panzvimbo peviri. Kana iyo mutated allele isingagadziriswi, munhu wacho kazhinji haazovhiringidzi. Zvisinei, kana mutered mutate isinganyanyi kukosha, kopi yakashandurwa inogona kuwandisa kopi yakawandisa uye inokonzera maitiro akawandisa echirwere kana chirwere chakakwana chechiratidzo.
Matambudziko ega ejena haasi nyore. Pakati pezvimwe zvinowanzobatwa neheterozygous zvinetso zvakanyanya:
- Chirwere cheHuntington chirwere chakazvarwa nhaka chinokonzera rufu rwemasero europi. Chirwere chacho chinokonzerwa nekuchinja kukuru kune imwechete kana kuti zvose zvese zvegene rinonzi Huntingtin .
- Neurofibromatosis type-1 chirwere chinokonzerwa nehutachiona chinokonzerwa nehutachi tumushu hunobuda paganda, musana, skeleton, meso, uye uropi. Chimwe chete chinonyanya kuchinja chinodiwa kuti chigadzirise izvi.
- Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) inokonzerwa nehutano hwakagadzirirwa nepamusoro ye-cholesterol mazinga, kunyanya "akaipa" pasi-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Icho chinonyanya kupararira pane zvinetso izvi, zvinosangana nepamusoro pevamwe vanhu 500.
Munhu ane chirwere chimwe chemajeni chinokwana 50/50 mukana wekutapudza mutambi wekutenderera kumwana uyo achava mutakuri.
Kana vabereki vose vane heterozygous recessive mutation, vana vavo vachava ne-mu-mana mukana wekuvandudza chirwere. Iyo njodzi ichava yakafanana kune kuberekwa kwose.
Kana vabereki vose vane heterozygous mutation yakawanda, vana vavo vane 50 muzana yekana yekutora chikamu chikuru (zvishoma kana zvakakwana zviratidzo), 25 muzana mukana wekuwana zvose zviri zviviri zvese (zviratidzo), uye 25 muzana yekuwana zvose zvese alleles (kwete zviratidzo).
Compound Heterozygosity
Mushonga heterozygosity ndiyo nyika umo pane maitiro maviri akasiyana-siyana akasiyana-siyana panzvimbo imwechete iyo, pamwe chete, inogona kukonzera zvirwere. Izvozvi, zvekare, zvinetso zvisinganzwisisiki zvinowanzobatanidza kurudzi kana rudzi. Pakati pavo:
- Tay-Sachs chirwere chirwere chisingawanzoiti, chinokonzerwa nekuzvarwa chinokonzera kuparadzwa kwemasero emasero muuropi nemumutsipa wesipinha. Ihwo hutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana hunogona kukonzera zvirwere munguva yehucheche, kuyaruka kana kuti mushure mekukura. Kunyange Tay-Sachs inokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemagetsi eHeXA gene, ndiyo inonyanya kuwirirana ye alleles iyo pakupedzisira inogadzira kuti chirwere chinotora chii. Mamwe masangano anoshandura kuhutano hwehuduku; vamwe vanoshandura kusvika kune dzimwe nguva chirwere chinouya.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) inonzi genetic disorder inonyanya kukanganisa vana umo chinhu chinozivikanwa se phenylalanine chinowedzera muuropi, zvichikonzera kukanganisa, kusawirirana kwepfungwa, nekuremara kwepfungwa. Kune hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwekuchinja kwema genetic hunobatanidzwa nePKU, izvo zvinokonzera izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune maitiro akaoma uye akaoma zvikuru echirwere.
Zvimwe zvirwere umo maitiro heterozygotes anogona kuita chikamu ndeye cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, uye hemochromatosis (yakawandisa iron muropa).
Heterozygote Kubatsira
Kunyange zvazvo imwe yeropa imwe yezvirwere zvese zvinowanzoita kuti irege kurwara, pane mamiriro ezvinhu iyo inogona kupa kudzivirira kune dzimwe zvirwere. Ichi chinhu chinoshamisa chinonzi heterozygote.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, rimwe chete rinogona kuchinja mararamiro emunhu wega nenzira yakadai yekuita kuti munhu iyeye asagadzikane kune zvimwe zvirwere. Pakati pemuenzaniso:
- Sickle cell anemia inonzi genetic disorder inokonzerwa nemaviri alleces alleles. Kuva nezvose zvinokonzera kukanganisa nekukurumidza kuzviparadza kwemasero matsvuku eropa. Kuva nechirwere chimwe chete kunogona kukonzera chirwere chisina kuoma chinonzi sickle cell trait umo mamwe masero chete asina kunaka. Kuchinja uku kwakaoma kwakakwana kuti zvive nekudzivirirwa kwepanyama nekurwisa marariya nekuuraya paine masero eropa ane utachiona nekukurumidza kupfuura chirwere chinogona kubereka.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) inokonzerwa nehutano hwepabonde inogona kukonzera kukanganiswa kwakanyanya kwemapapu uye chirwere chekudya. Muvanhu vane homozygous alleles, CF inokonzera hutu hwakasviba, hunyoro hwehuputi mumapapu uye pamatumbo. Mune vanhu vane heterozygous alleles, zvakafanana, kunyange zvazvo zvishoma, zvinogona kuderedza kukanganisa kwekodera uye fefiid fever . Nokuwedzera kukonzera michina, munhu haanzwisisi nemigumisiro inokuvadza yehutachiona hunopararira.
Izvozvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuti nei vanhu vane heterozygous alleles kune zvimwe zvinetso zve autoimmune zvinoita seine ngozi shoma yekupedzisira-gwara rehepatitis C zviratidzo.
> Sources:
> Al-Chalabi, A. uye Almasy, L. (2009) Genetics of Complex Zvirwere zvevanhu: Bhuku reBrozen (1st Lab Edition). New York, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN-13: 978-0879698836.
> Genetic Alliance. (2010) Kunzwisisa maGenetics: A District of Columbia Guide kwaVachiremba uye Vehutano. "Mashoko Okuwedzera G: Mhuri Yega Gene Inetseka . " Washington, DC: District of Columbia Department of Health. PMID: 23586106.
> Wynbrandt, J. naLudman, M. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders uye Birth Defects (3rd Edition). New York, New York: Library ye Health and Living. ISBN-13: 978-0816063963.