Vasovagal (Neurocardiogenic) Syncope

Iyo Inonyanya Kuita Chikonzero Chokufa

Syncope - inowanzonzi kudonha - ndiyo izwi rezvokurapa kwekurasikirwa kwenguva pfupi kwekuziva. Chero chikamu che syncope chinokosha kune zvikonzero zviviri. Kutanga, syncope inogona kukonzera kukuvadza, saka zvinokosha kuedza kuzvidzivirira kubva pakudzoka. Uye yechipiri, syncope dzimwe nguva inogona kuva chiratidzo chepfungwa inonyanya kukosha yezvoutano. Kunyange zvazvo hutano hwakawanda hunogona kutungamirira ku syncope, nechose chinonyanyozivikanwa che syncope vasovagal syncope.

• Verenga pamusoro pezvikonzero zvakawanda zve syncope.

Nhoroondo yeVasovagal Syncope

Vasovagal syncope (inonziwo neurocardiogenic syncope ) kukanganisa kwenguva pfupi kwekuziva kunokonzerwa neyeurological reflex inobereka kana kuwedzera kwemidziyo yeropa mumakumbo, kana kunonoka kwepfungwa yemwoyo (bradycardia), kana maviri.

Vasovagal syncope inowedzera zvinopfuura hafu yezvikamu zvose zve syncope. Kunyange zvazvo vanachiremba vachiwanzoreva se "soro rinopera," mhando yevasovagal syncope chaizvo haisi iyo yose iri nyore. Uye kusanzwisisika kuti vasovagal syncope inoshanda sei inogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko mukugadzira chirwere chakarurama kana pakusarudza kurapa kwakakwana.

Zvinokonzera Vasovagal Syncope

Vasovagal syncope inoitika apo chimwe chinhu chinokonzera refaso vasovagal , zvichiita kuti mutezo yeropa iwedzere kupera. Kuwedzerwa kwemidziyo yeropa kunokonzera chikamu chakakura cheropa rekuda kudzika mumakumbo. Kuisa ropa iri kazhinji kunowirirana nekuderera kwemaitiro emwoyo.

Somugumisiro, ropa redu rinowira kamwe kamwe. Kana kuwira mumafashamo emhepo kunokwana kubvisa uropi hwekudiwa kweropa kunoda, kupera kunowanikwa.

Ive vasovagal reflex inoshanda seiyi: Kutanga, munhu anotarirwa kune chimwe chinokuvadza chinokuvadza (zvakadai sesinga rinorwadza rinonamatira mumunwe) rinokonzera kufungidzira.

Chiitiko chinokonzera chinokonzera dzimwe mitsipa (marwadzo emutsipa wemunwe), iyo inotumira chiratidzo chemagetsi kumusana wevasomotor mu brain brain, chikamu cheropi inogadzirisa mutezo wemuviri (mutinhi weropa) inzwi. Nzvimbo yevasomotor, inopindura, inotumira zviratidzo mumidziyo yeropa, zvichiita kuti iwedzere. Izvi zvinounza kuisa ropa, izvo zvinotungamirira ku syncope. Kukurudzirwa kwakafanana kweuropiyo kunogona kutumirawo zviratidzo kumwoyo (kuburikidza neve vagus nerve ) kubudisa doro mumoyo wekuraira.

Muvanhu vazhinji vane vasovagal syncope, kuwedzera kwemidziyo yeropa kunoratidzika kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukosha inokonzera kukanganisa kwekuziva. Kune vamwe vanhu, zvisinei, kunonoka kwepfungwa yemwoyo kunobatsira zvikuru.

Chii chinogona kukonzera vasovagal syncope? Iyo "chinotyisa" chinotanga vasovagal reflex inogona kuva chero chezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Zvinowanzokonzera zvinosanganisira:

• Marwadzo, kunyanya kurwadziwa kwakaoma mukutanga.
• Kuva neropa rako rakaswededzwa.
• Kubudiswa pakuona kweropa, kana kune mamwe maonero anotyisa.
• Kuva nekuoma kunyorera kana kupererwa.
• Tsvina yakanyanya yekukanganiswa.
• Kunomedza kunorwadza.
• Kugamuchira mashoko anogumbura kana anotyisa.
• Kutya kamwe-kamwe.
• Kuramba usina kumira kwenguva refu. (Ndicho chikonzero varwi vamire pamusana pokuzorora, kana vaimbi mune imwe yeyimbi, dzimwe nguva vanoziya.)

Kana chiitiko chinopera chinotevera chimwe chezviitiko izvi, vasovagal syncope inenge chokwadi chiri chikonzero.

Zviratidzo Zvinopindirana Kana Kubatsira Vasovagal Syncope

Kunyange zvazvo kurasikirwa kwekuziva nevasovagal syncope kunogona kunge kwakangoerekana kwaitika, zvimwe charateristically inotangira nemaminitsi mashomanana kana maminitsi mashomanana ekunyevera zviratidzo . Izvi zviratidzo zvinonyevera dzimwe nguva zvinonzi "prodrome" ye syncope.

Izvi zviratidzo zvinowanzoitika zvinowanzoti:

• Lightheadedness.
• Kucheta kana kuputika munzeve.
• Kuvhiringidzika kunoonekwa, zvakadai sokuona shimmering kana tunnel chiratidzo.
• Kamwe kamwe-kamwe kutuka.
• Kamwe kamwe kunotyisa.

Izvo zviratidzo zveprodromal zvinoteverwa nekunzwa kwe "kukura kunze," uye pakupedzisira nekurasika kwekuziva.

Nguva iyo pakati pekutanga kwezviratidzo zveprodromal uye chaizvoizvo kudarika kunogona kuva maminetsi mashomanana, kana kwechipiri kana maviri.

Iyo syncope pachayo inewo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira:

• Vasovagal syncope inowanzowanzoitika kana munhu akangomira akamira, kana akagara akarudyi (apo ropa rinosungirirwa mumakumbo rinogona kuitika), uye rinenge risati raitika kana rarere.
• Vanhu vane vasovagal syncope vanowanzodzokazve shure kwemashure mashomanana, kana vachinge vawa (kana, kana vane nhanho, vanobatsirwa) pasi. Izvi ndezvekuti kamwe pavhu, simba rekuvhenekera harisi kukonzera ropa kuti rizive mumakumbo uye kuwedzerwa kweropa kunowedzera pakarepo.
• Kune rumwe rutivi, kana munhu wacho akabatwa akakurumbira nemunhu anomirira zvakanaka, kusaziva kunogona kuwedzerwa kwenguva refu. Izvi zvinogona kuva mungozi, nokuti chero bedzi munhu anenge atadza ari akarurama uye asingazivi, ubongo hwake huri kunyatsogadzirwa neropa.

Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti kana ukaona mumwe munhu aine simba, unofanira kuvabatsira kuti vadzike musoro uye vasimudze makumbo avo. Kuvabata munzvimbo yakarurama - kunyange kana ukawedzera "kurapwa" kwezvekudanidzira munzeve dzavo kana kuvarova-hakubatsiri, uye kunogona kukuvadza.

"Postdromal" zviratidzo. Mushure mechiitiko chevasovagal syncope, vanhu vazhinji vachanzwa vachitya kwemaawa mashomanana kana kunyange kwemazuva mashomanana anotevera, kana kunyange kwenguva refu. Munguva iyi "nguva inotevera" ivo vanowanzoona kuneta zvakanyanya, kusuruvara, chirwere uye kurasikirwa kwechido.

Zvinonyanya kukosha kuziva kuti, kusvikira izvo zvinopera (uye zvinosuruvarisa) zviratidzo zvinotevera zvichange zvanyangarika, vanhu vanonyanya kunetseka kupera zvakare-saka vanoda kunyanya kuchenjerera zviratidzo zvinonyevera zvinogona kuratidza kuti chikamu che syncope chiri pedyo.

Vanhu vakatova vasovagal syncope. Vanhu vane imwe kana zvikamu zviviri zvevasovagal syncope vanowanzogona kuziva zviratidzo zvekunyevera, saka vachaziva kana chimwe chiitiko chiri kuda kuitika. Zvinonyanya kukosha, kana vakaona zviratidzo zvekunyevera, vanogona kudzivirira kubuda kwemasango nekungovata pasi nekusimudza makumbo avo. (Kuisa chikamu hakugoneki nemamwe marudzi akawanda e syncope.) Uyezve, kana vakwanisa kudzivisa chaizvo kubuda kunze, vanogonawo kudzivisa kuenderera mberi kwenguva-vagal nguva iyo inowanzotora chikamu chakadaro.

Kune rumwe rutivi, achiedza "kurwisa" chiitiko chinokonzera vasovagal syncope nekuzvimanikidza kuti urambe wakarurama uye uchizvida iwe kuti usapera simba anenge asingamboshandi zvakanaka.

Vanhu vakwegura vane vasovagal syncope vanogona kunge vane "zviratidzo" zvekare. Syncope yavo inogona kuitika pasina chero chinokonzera, uye pasina zviratidzo zvekunyevera. Kuita zviratidzo zvakakodzera mumatambudziko aya zvinogona kupa chinetso chaicho kuchiremba.

Muzhinji, vasovagal syncope haisi iyo pangozi yehupenyu - asi kukuvara kunokonzerwa nokuwa kungave. Uye kana zvikamu zvinowanzoitika zvakakwana ichi chiitiko chinogona kunge chichivhiringidza hupenyu hupenyu.

Ndiani Anobatwa?

Izvo zvinokonzera vasovagal syncope zvinogona kuitika kune imwe nzvimbo mumunhu wose, saka anenge anenge chero munhu anogona kuva nechiitiko chevasovagal kana chiitiko chinokonzera zvakakwana chinoitika. Zvechokwadi, zvinowanzoitika kuti vanhu vazhinji vachave nechiitiko chekuora mwoyo pane imwe nguva munguva yehupenyu hwavo.

Vasovagal syncope inogona kuitika chero ipi zvayo, asi inonyanya kuwanzana kune vechidiki uye vechidiki kune vakura.

Vamwe vanhu vanonyanya kutarisana nevasovagal episodes, uye vanogona kuora mwoyo kunyange nezviitiko zvinokurudzira zvishoma. Vanhu ava vanowanzova nezvikamu zvekare zve syncope, kubva pakuyaruka. Vachawanzoona syncope kutevera marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekumutsa zviitiko.

Mune vanhu vashoma, vasovagal syncope inowanzowedzera uye yakaoma kurapa kuti inenge yakasununguka nayo. Vanhu ava vanowanzova nechimiro che dysautonomia (kusaenzana kwehurumende yekutenderera inokonzerwa nehutano) iyo inoita kuti ivo vakwanise kugadzirisa vasovagal reflex inokonzera chirwere ichi. Vanowanzova nedzimwe zviratidzo zvinoramba zvichiratidzika zvemaDysautonomias, zvakadai sedumbu rekuvhuvhuta kana kuputika, chirwere, kuvhara, kunyanya kuneta uye zvakasiyana-siyana uye marwadzo.

Kuongorora Vasovagal Syncope

Vanachiremba vane unyanzvi pakutsvaga vasovagal syncope vanonzwisisa kuti chiitiko ichi chiri nguva dzose chimiro. Vasovagal syncope inonyanya kuitika mushure mehutano hwehutachiona, mushure mokuvhiya, mushure mekugezera kushambidza kana mangwanani - mune mamwe mazwi, nguva ipi zvayo yekushaya mvura yakawanda inogona kuvapo. (Kana iwe uchinge waora mvura, kuwedzerwa kwemidziyo yeropa mumakumbo kunowanzoita kuti kudonhedzwa kukuru kuwedzere ropa rako.)

Zvichipa zvinhu izvi zvinoratidza uye chimiro chechimiro chechiitiko ichi, vanachiremba vanogona kukwanisa kugadziriswa zvakakwana muhuwandu hwevarwere kuburikidza nokubvunza mibvunzo yakarurama uye kunyatsoteerera mhinduro. Zvinosuruvarisa, vanachiremba vakawanda vanokundikana kutora kunyatsokwana nenyaya yezvokurapa; semugumisiro, vanopedzisira vachiita miedzo isina kukodzera uye maitiro anotarisa chirwere chemwoyo kana chirwere chepfungwa.

Kuongororwa kwevanhu vane vasovagal syncope kazhinji kazhinji. Zvisinei, kuongorora kunobatsira zvikuru pakuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ehutano hwehutano kana kuti postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) , uye inogona kuva yakakosha mukugadzirisa kuburikidza nemikana inowanikwa.

Kunyange zvazvo pane dzimwe nguva zvichiita kuti kuonekwa kwevasovagal syncope kunofanira kuitika kuburikidza nokutora nhoroondo yezvokurapa uye kuongorora muviri, kuedza dzimwe nguva kunobatsira. Kunyanya, tafura yekudzidzira patafura inogona kubatsira kana nhoroondo yezvokurapa isiri yekuti vasovagal syncope, kana kana zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati pevasovagal syncope uye orthostatic hypotension.

Kubata Vasovagal Syncope

Vanhu vane imwe chete, kurega chikamu chevasovagal syncope kazhinji havatsvaki chero kurapwa kwechiremba zvachose.

Asi kana iwe wakanga uine zvikamu zvekare, iwe unogona kuva nezviitiko zvekare kunze kwekuti iwe unorapwa zvakanaka. Uye, sezvo munhu ane vasovagal syncope achiziva, zviitiko izvi zvinopisa zvinowanzosvika panguva dzakaoma kana dzisingabatsiri, uye zvinogona kuvhiringidza hupenyu hwako. Nenzira yakanaka, kurapwa kazhinji kunobatsira chaizvo.

Iko kune maitiro mana ehutachiona hwevasovagal syncope: dzidzo, mishonga, maitiro uye vanogadzirisa. Pakati idzi, dzidzo inonyanya kushandiswa kune vakawanda.

1) Kudzidzisa Iwe NezveVasovagal Syncope

Vanhu vakagadzirirwa vasovagal syncope vanofanira kuziva zvishanu zvinokosha pamusoro pechiitiko ichi, chatakambokurukura. Mukupfupisa, izvi ndezvi:

1. Vasovagal syncope inobudiswa nemafungiro anokonzera kusvibiswa kwemidziyo yeropa mumakumbo, zvichiita kuti ropa ridimbure mumigumo yakadzika.
2. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kuderedza mvura (iyo inoderedza ropa ropa) ichaita kuti iwe uwedzere kuva nechirwere che syncopal.
3. Prodromal zviratidzo zvinopa nyevero inokosha iyo syncope inogona kuitika kwenguva pfupi.
4. Kana iwe ukarara pasi uye ukasimudza makumbo ako kana iwe ukaona prodrome, unogona kudzivirira chikamu che syncopal.
5. Vanhu vanowanzova nenguva dzimwe nguva yemazuva kana masvondo mavari kunyanya kutarisana nevasovagal episodes. Izvi zvinogona kuitika, somuenzaniso, mushure mekurwara kwehutachiona, kana mushure mekunge kwenguva yekunyanya kushungurudzika kana kurara kwekurara. Iwe unofanirwa kuve wakanyatsocherechedza zviratidzo zvepodromal munguva dzakadaro.

Nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira vasovagal syncope ndeyekudzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu anobudisa syncope. Kana iwe uchinzwisisa zvishanu zvinhu zvarongororwa, zvinotevera zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena.

• Chokutanga uye chakakosha, usapedza mvura . Kuderedza mvura (uye naizvozvo syncope) inonyanya kuitika mushure mekuita basa rakaoma, mushure mekunge chero rudzi rweurwere, uye mangwanani-ngwanani mushure mekurumidza kurara. Kofi, tei uye zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvinogonawo kubudisa mvura yakaoma. Kana iwe uri mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kunyura mvura kunenge kuchida, unofanirwa kutora marwadzo kuti uzvidzore zvakare. Iwe unofanirwa kunwa mvura yakawanda yakawanda, asi kana iwe uchifunga iwe unogona kunge wakasvibiswa izvi zvinonyanya kukosha. Uye iwe unofanirwa kurega kumira kwenguva refu apo iwe uchinge wakasviba.
• Nyatsoteerera kune chero zviratidzo zveprodromal zvaunogona kuwana. Izvo zviratidzo zvepodromal - zvinowanzovhiringidzika maziso, zvinoputika munzeve, hutema, kuvhara, uye / kana kushungurudza-kunowanzosiyana kubva kune mumwe munhu. Asi vanhu vakamboona syncopal episodes kazhinji vane pfungwa yakanakisisa yezvipi zviratidzo zvinotarisirwa kuti vatarise.
• Zvakakosha kuziva zviratidzo zvako zvepodromal, nokuti kana ukadaro, unogona kudzivisa syncope nekurara pasi nekusimudza makumbo ako. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana ukasarudza kusazvidza zviratidzo zvekunyevera, iwe unogona kubuda mukati mezvokudya zvechando, uye mutengesi wezvitoro achatsigira (nokuda kwezvikonzero zvepamutemo zvinoita zvepamutemo) pakutumira iwe kuE ER mune ambulensi , kwaunenge uri pasi pebhateri yezvidzidzo zvisina kufanira uye zvichida unogara usiku hwose muchipatara. Rimwe ruzivo rwekudzivirira kunyatsokonzerwa nekurara ndeyokuti paunenge uchiita, iwe uchadzivirirawo nguva yakareba yehutachiona husingaperi hunowanzosangana nechiitiko chevasovagal.
• Vamwe vanhu vave vachigona kubvisa chikamu chevasovagal syncope (kana kakawanda, kunonoka kwenguva yakareba kusvika panzvimbo yakakodzera kurara) nekukurumidza kuita mushure-kutengesa maitiro . Aya maitiro anoita kuti kuderedza ropa inoshandiswa mumudziyo kuwedzera uye kuwedzerwa kuwanda kweropa richidzorerwa kumwoyo. Kudzidzira kwakadaro kunogona kusanganisira gumbo-kuyambuka paunenge uchideredza makumbo, nzvimbo yepamuviri uye zvigaro; kupisa maoko nemaoko akaoma; leg pumping; kana kufambisa mipira yerabha.
• Vanhu vanowanzoita vasovagal syncope vanogona kuwana nguva dzenguva, mazuva anogara kana vhiki, umo syncope inonyanya kuitika. Iyi "nguva dzinonetsa" inowanzoita seinoitika pasina chikonzero chaicho. Dzimwe nguva, zvisinei, dzinogona kunge dzakabatana nehutachiona hwehutachiona, kuenda kumwedzi, kusvika panguva yekuora mwoyo kana kumhanya; kana kumatumbo, urinary kana gynecological zvinetso. Kana iwe wakanga uine imwe kana maviri ikozvino ma syncopal episodes, inobhadhara kuva yakanyatsochenjerera zviratidzo zveprodromal zvinogona kutaurira imwe chikamu. Inobhadharawo panguva iyi kuti iite zvakananga kuedza kuramba yakanyatsokonzerwa nekunwa mvura zhinji.

2) Kurapa Kwemishonga

Mune vamwe vanhu, vasovagal syncope inowanzokonzera nguva yakawanda kunyange kana zvose zvakakodzera kuchenjerera zvichitorwa. Kune vanhu ava, kurapwa kwemishonga inowanzobatsira.

Mukati yapfuura, mishonga yakange yakanyanya kushandiswa vasovagal syncope yaiva beta blockers , asi zvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvakakundikana kuratidza chero rubatsiro uye mishonga iyi haisati yakurudzirwa.

Zvinodhaka izvo zvakaratidzwa kuva zvevamwe rubatsiro zvinosanganisira midodrine (mishonga inowanzogadzirisa kukanganiswa kwemidziyo yeropa), disopyramide (Norpace, chirwere chinopesana nemasikirwo ichocho chinewo dzimwe vagal-blocking properties), serotonin zvakare-inotyisa inhibitors (zvinodhaka mumutambo weProzac ) uye theopylline (mushonga unowanzoshandiswa kurapa chirwere ).

Apo imwe kana kuti mamwe emishonga iyi inowanzobatsira kuderedza zvikamu zve syncope, kuwana "kukodzera" kusanganiswa kwemishonga zvinowanzova nyaya yekuedza uye kukanganisa. Kushivirira kunodiwa pane chikamu chechiremba uye murwere kuitira kuti uwane rubatsiro rwakanakisisa.

3) Kurapa Maitiro

Vanhu vazhinji vane dysautonomia vanoratidzawo chido chokuva nevasovagal syncope; Zvechokwadi, zvinoratidzika kuti vanhu vazhinji vanogara vaine vasovagal syncope (panzvimbo yevasina maturo, zvikamu zvakasarudzwa), chaizvoizvo vane chimiro che dysautonomia. Sezvo vamwe dysautonomiya vanozivikanwa kuti vanoita zvakanaka pakurovedza (izvo zvinogona kuvandudza vascular basa uye "kururamisa" urongwa hwehutongi hwezvimwechete), dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaratidza kuti kurovedza kunogona kubatsirawo vanhu vane vasovagal syncope. Uye zvechokwadi, iyo yakaderera data iripo panguva ino inoratidza kuti izvi ndizvo. Saka, kana iwe uchidzoka zvakare vasovagal syncope, unofanirwa kukurukura aerobic kurovedza muviri (zvakadai sokufamba, kutamba kana bhasikoro) nechiremba wako.

• Verenga pamusoro pekuwana gwaro rekushandisa.

4) Pacemaker Therapy

Makore akawanda akapfuura kwaiva nekushingaira kukuru kwekushandisa mapemaker kuti vapeva vasovagal syncope, sezvo vasovagal syncope inowanzosangana nekuderera kunononoka kwemwoyo. Chido chokurapa pacemaker chakakonzerwa nokukurumidza, zvisinei, mushure mokunge kwave pakupedzisira chakaonekwa kuti varwere vakawanda vane vasovagal syncope avo vakagamuchira pacemaker vakaramba vachipfuura - ivo vakangozviita pasina kunonoka kwemitengo yemoyo. Sezvinoitika, kune vakawanda, kana kwete vanhu vakawanda vane vasovagal syncope, ndiko kuisa ropa mukati memakumbo, uye kwete kutengesa kwemwoyo, izvo zvinobudisa syncope.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mune vamwe vanhu vane vasovagal syncope, kudonha kwepfungwa yepamwoyo ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekubuda. Mune vanhu ava, vanogadzirisa zvinokonzera rudo vanogona kuderedza kuwandisa kwe syncope episodes.

Pari zvino, vanogadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nemhepo inokwidziridzwa kune vanhu vane vasovagal syncope chete kana: a) kuderera kunonyanya kwepfungwa yemwoyo kunonyorwa panguva dzezvikamu, kana panguva yekuongorora-tafura yekuongorora kana panguva yekufungidzira kweEECG , uye b) kusazvibata (kureva, kutora nhanho dzinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa kudzivisa kana kubvisa vasovagal syncope) haibatsiri.

Shoko Rinobva

Vasovagal syncope inonyanya kukosha. Nenzira yakanaka, inowanzoitika mune zvisingashamisi, zvikamu zvakasarudzwa kana panguva shoma yenguva. Vanhu vazhinji vane vasovagal syncope vanotungamirira hupenyu huri hwese.

Kana iwe wakanga uine vasovagal syncope - kunyanya kupfuura chimwe chikamu - unofanira kudzidza zvakawanda sezvaunokwanisa pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kusanganisira zvinhu zvipi zvinokuvadza, sei kuziva zviratidzo zvekunyevera uye kuti ungamisa sei chiitiko.

Kana wakadzokorora zvikamu zve syncope pasinei nokutora matanho akadaro, unofanirwa kutaura nachiremba wako pamusoro pekuti pane chimwe chinopfuura kungoti "kudzivisa kurapwa" kunodiwa.

> Sources:

> Chen-Scarabelli C, Scarabelli TM. Neurocardiogenic Syncope. BMJ 2004; 329: 336.

> Sumner GL, Rose MS, Koshman ML, et al. Recent History of Vasovagal Syncope muChidiki, Referral-based Population ndiyo Stronger Predictor ye Recurrent Syncope kupfuura Lifetime Syncope Burden. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21: 1375

> Basa reMabasa reKutsvaga uye Kutungamirirwa kweSyncope, European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), uye al. Mirayiridzo yeKutsvaga uye Kutungamirirwa kweSyncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2631.