Tsanangudzo, History, Classification uye Fun Fun About Microbiology
Ndeipi tsanangudzo ye microbiology? Ndeipi nhoroondo uye nei ichikosha zvikuru mukurapa? Ndezvipi zvinogona kuitika pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvitsva zvinokukidza iwe?
Chidzidzo cheMikiramukiki - Tsanangudzo
Microbiology inorondedzerwa sokungodzidza kwezvipembenene, ne "micro" zvinoreva zvishoma, uye "biology," kureva kudzidza kwezvinhu zvipenyu. I microorganisms vakadzidza zvakasiyana-siyana uye munda we microbiology unoputsika kusvika munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekudzidza.
Munda wehutachiona hwehutachiona hunokosha kune vanhu, kwete chete nekuda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari aya asi nekuti "zvakanaka" microorganisms zvakakosha kwatiri kuti tirarame pasi. Tichifunga kuti mabhakitiriya mukati uye mumiviri yedu kupfuura akawanda masero edu, iyi nzvimbo yekudzidza inogona kuonekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha dzezivo nekudzidza.
Mhando dzeMicroganisms - Kuronga
Minorganisms, kana "microbe" zvinhu zviduku zvisikwa. Zvizhinji zvezvipenyu hazvigone kuonekwa nemaziso asina kuchena, uye kusvika pakugadzirwa kwe microscope uye magadzirirwo emagariro, hatina kuziva kuti yakawanda sei.
Mishonga inowanika inowanika chero kupi zvako pasi pano. Inowanikwa mumvura zhinji inopisa muJowestone uye mumhepo inoputika pamvura yakadzika pasi pegungwa. Vanogona kurarama mumagetsi emunyu uye vamwe vanobudirira mumvura yemunyu (zvakanyanya pakushandisa munyu sekuchengetedza .) Vamwe vanoda oxygen kukura uye vamwe havaiti.
I "micro-binding" yenyika ine bhakitiriya inodanwa Deinococcus radio trans , ibhakitiriya inogona kumira mahara kusvika kune chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa sezvinoreva zita, asi rinogonawo kupona risina mvura, kana rakatambanudzirwa kune yakasimba acid, uye kunyange kana yakaiswa muvharidzi.
Kurongeka kweMakorikari mu Microbiology
Kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasarudzwa nevasayendisiti, uye mukuita kudaro vakaedza kuita kuti pfungwa, yemamiriyoni e microbes mukati medu.
Multicellular vs unicellular vs acellular - Imwe nzira iyo michina inosarudzwa ndeyokuti kana vasina masero, uye kana zvakadaro, vangani. Minorganisms inogona kuva:
- Multicellular - Kuva neapoka rimwe chete.
- Unicellular - Kuva nesero imwe chete.
- Acellular - Kusina masero, akadai semavirusi uye mapepa. (Kwakanga kune nharo pamusoro pekuti mavairusi ari chaizvoizvo zvinhu zvinorarama, sezvo vasingagoni kurarama kunze kwomunhu mukuru, uye zviponi zvinowanzozonzi "zvirwere zvinopfurikidza" panzvimbo pezvipembenene.)
Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes Imwe nzira iyo microorganisms inorondedzerwa nayo ine chokuita nemhando yesero. Izvi zvinosanganisira eukaryotes uye prokaryotes:
- Eukaryotta mabhakitiriya ane "masero akaoma" ane nheyo yechokwadi uye membrane yakasungwa organelles. Mienzaniso yeEukaryotes inosanganisira helminths (honye,) protozoa , algae, fungi, uye yeasts.
- Prokaryotes ma microbes ane "masero mashoma" asina kamba yechokwadi uye asingatendi membrane-bounded organelles. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mabhakitiriya.
Makirasi makuru emakiromita anosanganisira - Mhando dzakasiyana dzemakiromita anogonawo kuputsika mukati:
- Zvirwere - Zvipembenene dzimwe nguva zvinotyisa kudarika mamwe ma microorganisms, kunyanya apo dzinogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama. Zvipembenene zvinosanganisira helminths (minye,) mafunguro, protozoa, nezvimwewo. Mienzaniso yehutachiona hunokonzerwa nehutachiona hunosanganisira malaria , giardia , neAfrica zvirwere zvehope. Ascariasis (roundworms) ndeavo vanotambudza vanhu vanosvika mabhiriyoni pasi pose.
- Fungi (uye yeasts) - Fungi i microorganisms zviri mune dzimwe nzira dzakafanana nemiti. Kana iwe wakanga uine vatambi vetsoka kana utachiona hwehupusi, unoziva nezvirwere zvishoma zvehutachiona . Ichi chikwata chinosanganisira mushroom uye molds. Kungofanana nebhakitiriya, tinewo "fungi yakanaka" yakawanda miviri yedu uye haina kukonzera chirwere.
- Mabhakitiriya - Tine mabhakitiriya mazhinji mukati medu uye pamitumbi yedu kupfuura masero evanhu, asi huwandu hwebhakitiriya aya "mabhakitiriya ane utano." Dzinotidzivirira kubva kune hutachiona kubva kubhakitiriya akaipa kana pathologic uye tinoita basa mukuchera zvokudya zvedu. Mienzaniso yehutachiona hunokonzerwa nemaabhakitiriya inosanganisira tuberculosis uye Strep throat.
- Zvirwere zve Virusi - Zvirwere zvinowedzera muzvisikwa, kunyange izvo vanhu vakawanda vanoziva nazvo ndezvipi zvinokonzera zvirwere zvevanhu. Mavairusi anogonawo kuuraya mamwe majekesheni akaita seabhakitiriya, pamwe chete nemiti. Kuzvidzivirira kwakaderedza dambudziko reimwe zvirwere zvinotyisa, asi zvimwe, zvakadai seEbola uye Zika virus , inotiyeuchidza kuti hatina kutanga kukunda zvidzidzo zviduku.
- Prions - Vazhinji masayendisiti panguva ino havagoni kuisa zviyero semashiripiti, asi se "mapuroteni anopararira." Izvozvo zvakati, ivo vanowanzodzidza ne virologists, Prions inonyanya chidimbu cheprotein yepamusoro, uye inogona kunge isingaoneki inotyisa pakutanga. Asi zvirwere zvepachiyero sehosha yakaipa yemhou ndeimwe yezvirwere zvinotyisa zvinotyisa.
Nhoroondo ye Microbiology
Zvatinoziva zvino pamusoro pemakorikari uye izvo zvichataurwa zviri pasi apa zviri zvitsva munhoroondo. Ngatitorei kwenguva pfupi nhoroondo ye microbiology:
Kutanga microscope / mikoko miduku yekutanga yakaratidzwa - Nhanho huru yekutanga mune microbiology yakasvika apo van van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) vakasika yekutanga, imwe lens microscope. Kuburikidza ne-lens yakave nekukwirira kwema 300X akakwanisa kuongororai mabhakitiriya kwekutanga (kubva pakuputika mazino ake.)
Kuvandudzwa kweGermany Theory - Mutezo wemunhu waionekwa sechirwere chetachiona nevasayenderi vatatu :.
- Dr. Oliver Wendall Holmes akawana kuti vakadzi vakaberekerwa pamba vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwedzera zvirwere kune avo vakapinza muchipatara.
- Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis akabatanidzwa nehutachiona navanachiremba vakabva zvakananga kubva muimba yevotopsy kuenda kumubhedha wekuberekwa vasina kushamba maoko avo.
- Joseph Lister akaisa maitiro easeptic, kusanganisira zvose kushambidza maoko uye kushandisa kupisa kwekuita sterilization.
Germ Theory - Vanhu vaviri vanozivikanwa zvikuru nekugamuchirwa kwemagariro ejw.org vaiva Louis Pasteur naRobert Koch:
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - Pasteur anonzi ane nheyo ye biogenesis, achicherechedza kuti zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvinobva pane chimwe chinhu panzvimbo yeiyo maonero aripo panguva yezvizvarwa zvenguva dzose. Akataura kuti zvirwere zvakawanda zvakakonzerwa ne microbes (panzvimbo yezvivi, kutsamwa kwaMwari, nezvimwe zvinokonzera zvinokonzera.) Akaratidza kuti microorganisms inokonzera kupisa uye kuparadza uye yakagadzira nzira inonzi pasteurization inoshandiswa nhasi. Akavewo nemishonga yejobia uye anthrax.
- Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Koch ndiye munyori we "Koch's postulates" tsvakurudzo yesayenzi yezviito zvakaratidza simba rezvinyorwa uye rakashandiswa mune zvidzidzo zvezesayenzi kubvira (pamwe nezvimwe zvinoratidzwa.) Akaratidza chikonzero chechirwere cheshuga, anthrax , uye cholera.
Kubva panguva iyo, zvishoma zvichemo zvinosanganisira:
- 1892 - Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanoski akawana chirwere chekutanga.
- 1928 - Alexander Flemming akawana penicillin.
- 1995 - Yokutanga kwema microbial genomic yakatevedzana.
Zvirwere zvinotapukira
Apo patinofunga nezvehutachiona, vazhinji vedu tinofunga nezvirwere, kunyange zvazvo "zviduku" izvi zvishomanana zvingangodaro zvingatibatsira pane kutitambudza isu. (Iva nechokwadi chekuverenga pamusoro pe "michina yakanaka" iri pasi apa.)
Kusvikira pasi pezana remakore apfuura, uye ikozvino, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, kutapurirwa nema microorganisms kwaive chikonzero chikuru chekufa. Chiitiko chehupenyu muUnited States chavandudzika pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura kwete nokuti tiri kurarama kwenguva yakareba, asi kunyanya nokuti vana vashomanana vanofa muhuduku.
MuUnited States, chirwere chemwoyo uye kenza zvino ndiyo yekutanga uye yechipiri inotungamirira zvikonzero zvekufa. Munyika yose, zvakadaro, zvirwere zvinotapukira. Maererano neWorld Health Organisation, munyika dzakaderera dzezvematongerwe enyika pasi rose, chinokonzera rufu chinopfurikidza nekuputika kwezvirwere, zvinotevera nehutachiona hwezvirwere.
Kuuya kwemakemikari nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kunyanya pamwe kunyanya kukosha mvura yakachena, yakaderedza kushushikana kwedu pamusoro pezvipembenene zvinotapukira, asi zvingava zvisina kunaka kuti tive vanozvikudza. Panguva ino yemazuva ano, isu tiri kutarisana nekubuda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira, asi maantibhakitiriya kushorwa, uye nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinonzwa kuti tave takareba kwenguva yakareba yehosha inotevera.
Microorganisms Ndidzo Dzinobatsira Vanhu - "Mafuta Akakosha"
Kunyangwe tisingawanzokutaurira pamusoro pacho, michina inobatsira kwete asi inobatsira asi inokosha mune zvese zvehupenyu hwedu. Zvirinhiviramu zvakakosha mu:
- Kudzivirira miviri yedu kurwisana ne "bad" microbes.
- Kuita chikafu - Kubva kune yogashi kusvika kune zvinwiwa zvinodhaka, kupisa ndeye nzira iyo kukura kana zvipukanana zvinoshandiswa kugadzira kudya. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso mumwe chete, zvisinei, zvipukanana zvinokwana pasi pezvokudya zvehupenyu huzhinji hwehupenyu
- Kuparara kwemarara pasi uye kudzorerazve magasi emhepo pamusoro. Mabhakitiriya anokwanisa kubatsira nedambudziko rakaoma rakadai semafuta anopera uye nuclear yenyu.
- Mabhakitiriya mumitumbi yedu ane basa rekubudisa mavitamini akaita sa vitamini K uye mamwe mavitamini B. Mabhakitiriya anokoshawo pakugadzira.
- Munda wekrisptography unotarisa nenzira iyo mabhakitiriya anogona kushandiswa segorofu rakaoma kuchengetedza ruzivo.
Hazviiti chete kuti zvipembenene zviite mabasa mazhinji kwatiri-ivo chikamu chedu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mabhakitiriya mukati uye mumitumbi yedu yakawandisa masero edu nechikamu che10 kusvika ku1.
Iwe wakangodaro wakanzwa zvekupedzisira mukudya zvakanaka. Kunze kwekudya broccoli uye blubhebheri, isu zvino tave taudzwa kuti tidye zvokudya zvakaviriswa zuva rega rega, kana kazhinji kakawanda sezvinobvira. Nebhakitiriya, pakanga pasina kuviriswa.
Pakuberekwa, vacheche havana vana mabhakitiriya mumitumbi yavo. Vanowana mabhakitiriya avo okutanga sezvavanopfuura kuburikidza nekuberekwa kwekuzvarwa. (Kusakosha kwekunyora mabhakitiriya mumubhedha wokuberekwa kunofungidzirwa nevamwe kuti ndicho chikonzero nei kuneta uye kuora kwemhuka kunowanzoonekwa kune vacheche dzakapiwa neC-chikamu.)
Kana iwe wakamboverenga nhau munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakatonyatsofungidzirwa kuti mabhakitiriya mumagetsi edu ane basa remasikati edu zuva nezuva. dzidza kuve neutano hwakanaka mumatakiteriya . Kuongorora kwema microbiome ikozvino kushandiswa kutsanangura zvinhu zvakawanda, zvakadai sekuti sei maantibayoti angatungamirira kuhomwe kuwanikwa.
Minda ye Microbiology
Kune minda yakasiyana-siyana mukati memunda we microbiology. Chimwe cheimwe yeminda yakakanganiswa nemhando yemhuka inosanganisira:
- Parasitology - The study of parasitology
- Mycology - Kuongorora fungi
- Bacteriology - Kuongorora mabhakitiriya
- Virology - Kuongorora mavhairusi
- Protozoology - Kuongorora kweprotozoa
- Phycology - Kudzidza kweAlgae
- Immunology - Chidzidzo chemuviri wemuviri
Minda ye microbiology inogonawo kuputsika nehuwandu hwekuisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana. Mienzaniso mishomanana pakati pezhinji inosanganisira:
- Microbial physiology (kukura, metabolism, nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari)
- Microbial genetics
- Microbial evolution
- Environmental Microbiology
- Industrial microbiology (somuenzaniso, kurapa kwemvura yakasviba)
- Zvokudya Microbiology (fermentation)
- Biotechnology
- Bioremediation.
Remangwana reMibibiki
Munda we microbiology unofadza uye kune zvakawanda zvatisingazivi. Izvo zvatave tawana mune ruzivo rwakanyanya mumunda ndezvokuti pane zvakawanda zvakawanda zvokudzidza.
Hazviiti chete kuti zvipembenene zvinokonzera chirwere, asi zvinogona kushandiswa kukura mishonga yekurwisa mamwe majekiseni (somuenzaniso, penicillin.) Zvimwe zvirwere zvinoonekwa zvichikonzera kenza, asi vamwe vari kuongororwa senzira yekurwisa kenza.
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha zvevanhu kuti vadzidze nezvehutachiona hwehutachiwana ndechekuremekedza "izvo zvisikwa" izvo zvinopfuura isu. Inofungidzirwa kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inowedzera nekuda kwekusashandiswa kwakashata kwete chete kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya asi yemaspen antibacterial. Uye izvi ndizvo chete kana tichitarisa ma microbes atinoziva. Zvine zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinobuda, uye nekwanisi yedu yekufamba kwose kwose munyika yose pazvikepe zvitatu, kune chido chikuru chemakiriniki ehupenyu kuti ave akadzidziswa uye akagadzirirwa.
> Sources
- > Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, naStefano L .. Hauser. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Dzidzo, 2015. Print.
- > Smolinska S., Groeger, D., naL. O'Mahony. Biology ye Microbiome 1: Kubatana neHome Immune Response. Gastroenterology Makliniki eNorth America . 2017. 4691): 19-35.