Pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana pakati pekenza masero uye masero masero. Zvimwe zvekusiyana zvakanyatsozivikanwa, asi vamwe vachangobva kuwanikwa uye zvisinganzwisisiki. Iwe unogona kunge uchida kuziva kuti kenza dzemasero dzakasiyana zvakadini sezvauri kurwisana nemwana wako wekenza kana weawakada. Kune vatsvakurudzi, kunzwisisa kuti masero emasero anoshanda sei zvakasiyana kubva kumasero akajairika anovaka nheyo dzekugadzira kurapwa kwakagadzirirwa kubvisa muviri wekenza masero pasina kukuvadza masero akaenzana.
Chikamu chekutanga cherongwa urwu chinokurukura zvakasiyana-siyana pakati pekenza masero uye masero ane utano. Kune avo vanofarira mune zvimwe zvakaoma kunzwisisa-kuzvinzwisisa kusiyana, chikamu chechipiri chezvenyu ndechechishandiswa.
Tsanangudzo pfupi yemapuroteni ari mumuviri anodzora kushamba kwemasero anobatsirawo pakunzwisisa masero emukenza. DNA Yedu inotakura majekesheni ayo ndeawo ndiwo maitiro emapurotini anobudiswa mumuviri. Mamwe mapuroteni aya ari kukura zvinhu, makemikari anoudza masero kuti aparadzise uye akure. Zvimwe mapuroteni anoshanda kuti adzivise kukura. Kuchinja-shanduka zvakanyanya majeni (somuenzaniso, avo vanokonzerwa neutsi hwefodya, mazairo, miviri yakawanda, uye mamwe makemikari) zvinogona kukonzera kugadzirwa kusina kuchena kwemapuroteni. Izvo zvakawanda zvinogona kubudiswa, kana zvisakakwana, kana zvinogona kuva kuti mapuroteni haana kushamisa uye anoita zvakasiyana.
Kanzera chirwere chakaoma, uye kazhinji kacho kusanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvisina kukonzera zvinotungamirira kune kenza yekenza, panzvimbo pekuchinja kamwechete kana proteine isiri.
Masekero eKenza anowirirana neMaseke Anowanikwa
Pasi pane zvimwe zvekusiyana kukuru pakati pemasero matsva nemasero emukenza, izvo zvinotarisa kuti maronda anonyangadza anokura sei uye anopindura nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kune zvakapoteredza kupfuura zvipembenene zvinorwara.
- Kukura -Normal masero anoramba achikura (kubereka) apo masero akakwana aripo. Semuenzaniso, kana masero ari kubudiswa kugadzirisa akachekwa paganda, masero matsva haasati abudiswa kana pane masero akakwana aripo kuti azadze gomba; apo basa rokugadzirisa raitwa. Kusiyana neizvi, masero ekenza haaregi kukura kana pane masero mashoma aripo. Izvi zvakaramba zvichiwedzera kukura zvinowanzokonzera chirwere (boka rekenza masero) riri kuumbwa. Jena rimwe nerimwe mumuviri rinotakura gwaro rinoratidzira mapuroteni akasiyana. Mamwe mapuroteni aya ari kukura zvinhu, makemikari anoudza masero kukura nekuparadzanisa. Kana iyo jena inoratidzira imwe yezvipuroteni izvi inowanikwa mu "pane" nzvimbo nekuchinja-chinja (an oncogene) -kukura kwezvinhu zvinowedzera kupora. Mukupindura, masero anoramba achikura.
- Kukurukurirana -Chinera masero haataurirane nemamwe masero semasero anowanzoita. Mamwe masero masero anotarisa kune zviratidzo zvakatumirwa kubva kune mamwe masero ari pedyo anoti, chaizvoizvo, "wasvika muganhu wako." Kana masero akajairika "anzwa" zviratidzo izvi vanoramba vachikura. Makero emukenza haagamuchiri zviratidzo izvi.
- Kugadziriswa kwemajeri uye sero-kufa masero mashoma anogona kugadziriswa kana kufa (anotaridzika apoptosis) pavanenge vakuvara kana kuti vakwegura. Makero eC Cancer haasati agadziriswa kana kuti haaiti apoptosis. Somuenzaniso, imwe proteiniti inonzi p53 ine basa rekutarisa kuona kana sero yakakanganisika zvikuru kugadzirisa uye kana zvakadaro, kuraira sero kuti izviuraye. Kana purotini iyi p53 isingaiti kana isingashandisi (somuenzaniso, kubva mukuchinja kwep53 geni ,) iyo yakwegura kana yakakonzerwa masero inobvumirwa kubereka. Iko p53 geni nderimwe rudzi rwechirwere chinodzvinyirira geni chinokonzera mapuroteni anodzivisa kukura kwemasero.
- Kuvimbika -Masero mashoma anoshandisa zvinhu izvo zvinoita kuti zvibatane pamwechete muboka. Makero emukenza anokundikana kuita zvinhu izvi, uye anogona "kutama" kune nzvimbo dziri pedo, kana kuburikidza neropa kana urongwa hwemakirini anoenda kumativi ari kure mumuviri.
- Simba reMatastasize (Kuparadzira) -Masero mashoma anoramba ari munharaunda yemuviri mavari. Somuenzaniso, masero emapapupa anogara mumapapupa. Kanzerini masero, nokuti haasisina maitiro ekunamatira anokonzera kugadzikana, anokwanisa kufamba neropa uye lymphatic system kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri-vane mano ekugadzirisa. Kamwe pavanosvika kune imwe nyika (yakadai semakirini , mapapu, chiropa, kana mapfupa) vanotanga kukura, kazhinji vachiumba zvipembenene zvakanyanya kure negumbo rekutanga. (Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti kanaya inopararira sei .)
- Kuonekwa -Kutumira microscope, masero mashoma uye masero emukenza angaita zvakasiyana chaizvo. Kusiyana nemasero akajairika, masero emukenza anowanzoratidza kusiyana kwakawanda mumasero ekuisa-mamwe acho makuru kudarika evamwe uye mamwe acho maduku kudarika evamwe. Mukuwedzera, masero ekenza anowanzova nechimiro chisina kujairika, zvose zvese, uye nucleus ("uropi" hwekamuri.) Nyamu inoratidzika mbiri uye yakasviba kupfuura masero ose akaenzana. Chikonzero che rima ndechekuti nucleus yekenza masero ine DNA yakawandisa. Kuswedera pedyo, kenza dzemasasa dzinowanzove nenhamba isina kukwana yekromosomes iyo inorongwa nenzira isina kukodzera.
- Muyero wekukura -Normal masero anozvimiririra uye omira apo masero akakwana aripo. Masero eCancer anokura nokukurumidza masero asati awana mukana wokukura.
- Kuzadza muviri -Masero mashoma anokura. Kanzeramu masero, nokuti anokura nokukurumidza uye akaparadzanisa masero asati akwana zvakakwana, arambe asina kuchena. Vanachiremba vanoshandisa izwi iri risina kufanira kutsanangura masero masero (kusiyana kusiyana nekusiyanisa kurondedzera mamwe masero anokwidziridzwa.) Imwe nzira yekutsanangura iyi ndeyokutarisa masero emasero semasero asinga "kukura" uye anonyanya kuva masero mashoma. Chiyero chekutswa kwemasero kunofananidzwa ne "gira" rekenza . Cancers inogadziriswa pachiyero kubva pa1 kusvika ku3 uye 3 inonyanya kurwisa.
- Kubvisa maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri- Kana masero mashoma akaparara, masimba ezvirwere zvezvirwere (kuburikidza nemasero anonzi lymphocytes) anoratidza uye anoabvisa. Kanzera dzemasero dzinokwanisa kudzivisa (kunyengedza) maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti zvikure kuva chirwere kana kuti nokupukunyuka kuonekwa kana kuvhara makemikari ayo anoita kuti masero emasununguko asvike munzvimbo. Mamwe emishonga mutsva immunotherapi inotaura nezvechikamu ichi chekenza masero.
- Kushanda -Masero mashoma anoita basa ravanenge vafanirwa kuita, asi masero emukenza angasave akashanda. Semuenzaniso, masero masikati eropa anobatsira kurwisa zvirwere. Mucheukemia , nhamba yemasero matsvuku eropa angave akakwirira zvikuru, asi sezvo kenza dzemasero eropa risina kushanda sezvazvinofanirwa, vanhu vanogona kunge vari mungozi yekutapukirwa kunyange nepamusoro-soro rekuyera masero eropa. Izvo zvinogona kunge zvakadaro kune zvinhu zvakabudiswa. Semuenzaniso, masero echetachiona anowanzobudisa hutoni hwetrojoni. Zvinokonzera utachiona masero ( kanzera yekemikari ) haigoni kubudisa hormone yekemikari. Muchiitiko ichi, muviri unogona kushaya hutachiona hwehomori ( hypothyroidism ) pasinei nekuwedzera kwechirwere chetachiona.
- Ropa - Angiogenesis ndiyo nzira iyo masero anokwevera mitsetse yeropa kuti ikure uye inodyise mhuka. Masero anowanzoita chirongwa chinonzi angiogenesis chete sechikamu chekukura kwakanaka uye kubudirira uye apo mutsva mutsva inodiwa kugadzirisa mishonga yakakanganiswa. Masero eC Cancer anowedzera angiogenesis kunyange kana kukura kusingadiwi. Imwe rudzi rwekenza mishonga inosanganisira kushandisa angiogenesis inhibitors-mishonga inodzivirira angiogenesis mumuviri mukuedza kuchengetedza tumarara kubva pakukura.
Kusiyanisa Kwakawanda pakati peCcercer Cells uye Masero Anowanikwa
Urongwa urwu hune mamwe maonero akasiyana pakati pemasero ane utano nemasero emukenza. Kune avo vanoda kufambisa mapeji aya, tapota tambai muchikamu chinotevera chakanyorwa muchifupikisa kusiyana.
- Kuwedzera kukura kwevanokonzera-Maitiro mashoma anodzorwa nekukura (tumarara) vanopisa. Kune mhando mitatu yakakosha yechirwere chinopesana nemasikirwo emakemikisi iyo inorayira mapuroteni anodzivisa kukura. Mhando imwe inoudza masero kuti anonoke uye orega kugovana. Rumwe rudzi rwakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kuchinja mumasero akaora. Rudzi rwechitatu runotarisira apoptosis inotaurwa pamusoro apa. Kuchinja-shanduka kunokonzera chero ipi zvayo yezvipembenene zvinopesana nemasikirwo emagetsi asina kubvumira kubvumira masero emukenza kukura asina kuvharwa.
- Kuvhiringidzika -Masero asina kumira anoteerera zviratidzo kubva kumasero akavakidzana uye anoramba achikura paanopindira pamasukisi anenge ari pedyo (chimwe chinhu chinonzi kusangana nekudzivirira.) Masero eCcercer anozvidza masero aya uye anopinda mumasukisi ari pedyo. Bhenji (kwete-kenza) matumbo ane fibruous capsule. Vanogona kupfuurira kurwisana nemasukisi ari pedyo asi havapindi / kupindirana nemamwe matukisi. Kanzerini masero, zvakasiyana, haaremekedzi miganhu uye anoputira mishonga. Izvi zvinoguma mumagadzirirwo akafanana neminwe ayo anowanzoonekwa pane radiologic scans yemaronda ane kenza. Izwi rokuti kenza, chaizvoizvo, rinobva pashoko rechiLatin kune crab rinoshandiswa kurondedzera kuputika kwechirwere chekenza mukati medu.
- Simba Mvura -Normal masero anowana zvakawanda zvemasimba avo (nenzira yeiyo molecule inonzi ATP) kuburikidza nehutano hunonzi Krebs cycle, uye huwandu hwesimba ravo kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira inonzi glycolysis. Izvo masero masuzhinji anounza simba ravo rose pakuvapo kwe okisijeni, masero emukenza anounza simba ravo guru pasina oxygen. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chakakonzerwa ne hyperbaric oksijeni mishonga yakashandiswa experimentally (nemigumisiro yakaodza mwoyo iye zvino) kune vamwe vanhu vane kenza.
- Kufa / Kusaparara -Masero mashoma anofa, kureva kuti, ane upenyu hwemakore. Masero haana kugadzirirwa kurarama nekusingaperi, uye sevanhu vauripo, masero anotakura. Vatsvakurudzi vanotanga kutarisa chimwe chinhu chinonzi telomeres , zvivako zvakabata DNA pamwe chete pamagumo emakromosomes, nokuda kwebasa ravo mune kenza. Chimwe chekukanganisa kwekukura mumasero akajairika ndehurefu hwetereomeres. Nguva dzose apo sero rinoparadzanisa, tereomere inopfupika. Apo tereomere dzinopfupika, sero haigoni kugovana uye sero rinouraya. Kanzeramu masero akafunga nzira yekuvandudza tereomere kuitira kuti varambe vachiparadzanisa. An enzyme inonzi telomerase inobatsira kutambanudza tereomeres kuitira kuti sero rinogona kuparadzana nokusingaperi-zvichida kuva risingafi.
- Simba re "kuvanza" -Vazhinji vanhu vanoshamisika kuti sei kenza inogona kudzoka makore, uye dzimwe nguva makumi emakore mushure mekunge ichiita seenda (zvikurukuru nemamota yakadai seestrogen receptor positive kanamisi yepamu.) Pane mazano akawanda anoita kuti kanzura inogona kudzoka zvakare . Muzhinji, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune hurumende yekenza masero, ane mamwe masero (kanzura stem cells) ane kukwanisa kurwisa kurapwa uye kureva nhema. Iyi inzvimbo inoshingaira yekutsvakurudza, uye yakakosha zvikuru.
- Genomic kusagadzikana -Normal masero ane DNA yakawanda uye nhamba yakawanda yekromosomes. Masero eC Cancer anowanzova nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana emachromosomes uye DNA inowedzera kuipa sezvo ichiita kuchinja kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinoshandura mafambiro, zvichireva kuti zvinotungamirira kushanduka kwesero kuti ave nekenza. Zvakawanda zvekuchinja-shanduka ndiko kuchinja kwevatengi, zvinoreva kuti havana basa rakananga rekenza yesero. Kune mamwe makondombera, kusarudza kuti kushandiswa kwevatyairi kuvepo ( kufungidzira kwema molecular kana kuongororwa kwejena ) kunoita kuti vanachiremba vashandise mishonga inotarisirwa iyo inonyanya kukonzera kukura kwekenza. Kubudirira kwezvirwere zvakarongwa zvakadai seEGFR inhibitors zvekenza neEGFR mutations ndeimwe yekukura nokukurumidza kunzvimbo dzekurapa kenza.
Kuchinja Kwakawanda Kunodiwa Kuti Seki Ive Nharo
Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana pakati pemasero ezuva ose nemasero ekenza. Uyewo kukosha ndiyo nhamba ye "checkpoints" iyo inofanirwa kuendeswa kune sero kuti ive nekenza.
- Sero rinofanira kuva nekukura kwezvinhu zvinoita kuti rikure kunyange kana kukura kusingadiwi.
- Iko inofanira kudzivirira mapuroteni anotungamirira masero kuti arege kukura uye kufa paanova asina kusimba.
- Sero rinofanira kudzivisa zviratidzo kubva kune mamwe masero,
- Masero anoda kurasikirwa ne "kuvimbika" kwakakwana (kubatisisa maserolekisi) ayo masero anowanzobereka.
Zvose mune zvose, zvakaoma kwazvo kuti sero rinowanzova kenza, izvo zvingaratidzika sezvinoshamisa zvichifunga kuti mumwe muvarume vaviri uye mumwe muvakadzi vatatu vachava nekenza muupenyu hwavo hwose. Tsanangudzo ndeyokuti mumutumbi wakakwana, masero mabhiriyoni matatu anenge achiparadzanisa zuva rimwe nerimwe. "Njodzi" mukuberekwa kwemasero anokonzerwa nehupenyu kana hutachiona mumamiriro ezvinhu panguva ipi zvayo yezvikamu izvi zvinogona kuita sero iyo, kutevera kuchinja kwekare, kunogona kuitika kuva kenza yesero.
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, kune zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana mumasero ekenza uye masero anowanzoita ayo anonyadzisa kana matumbo anorwadza. Mukuwedzera, kune nzira dzokuti matumire ane kenza yemasero kana masero anowanzoita mumuviri. Zvimwe zvezvimwe zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvinowanikwa munyaya ino pamusoro pekusiyana pakati pezvipembenene zvinorwara uye zvinotyisa .
Izwi reCcercer Stem Cells
Mushure mokurukura izvi zvakasiyana-siyana pakati pekenza masero nemasero akajairika, ungangodaro unofunga kana kune kusiyana kwekenza masero pachavo. Kuti pave nehutungamiri hwekenza masero-vamwe vane mabasa akasiyana-siyana kune vamwe-ndiyo nheyo dzehurukuro dziri kutarisa maitiro emukenza anokonzerwa pamusoro apa.
Tisati tisinganzwisisi kuti masero emukenza angaita seanovanza sei kwemakore kana makumi emakore ndokubva awana zvakare. Zvinofungidzirwa nevamwe kuti "vakuru" muhurumende yekenza masero anonzi kanonzi stem masero anogona kunge asingagoni kurwisana nemishonga uye anokwanisa kurara zvakanyanya apo mamwe masero emasero ehondo anotsvairwa nemishonga yakadai sedhemotherapy. Apo isu iye zvino tinobata ose masero emukenza mune tumarara seanofanana, zvichida kuti mune ramangwana remishonga inotora kuwedzera kufungisisa zvimwe zvekusiyana kwekenza masero mune chiremera chega.
Pasi Pano pa Kusiyanisa Pakati Pemajeri Anowanikwa neCeller Cells
Vanhu vazhinji vanovhiringidzika, vachifunga kuti sei tisati tatowana nzira yekudzivisa maharase emararamiro avo. Kunzwisisa vazhinji vanochinja sero iri kuitika mukugadzirwa kwekenza seni inogona kubatsira kutsanangura zvimwe zvekuoma. Hakuchina imwe danho, asi pane dzakawanda, izvo zvino zvichitaurirwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, zvinokosha kuziva kuti kenza haisi chirwere chimwe chete, asi pane mazana ezvirwere zvakasiyana. Uye kunyange zvirwere zviviri zvekenza zvinenge zvakafanana maererano nekunyora uye chikwata, zvinogona kuita zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Kana paive nevanhu 200 vane rudzi rumwechete uye chikwata chekenza mune imwe imba, vaizova ne 200 kanzera dzakasiyana kubva pamatomu.
Zvinobatsira, zvisinei, kuziva kuti apo patinodzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvinoita kuti kenza yeropa rekenza masero, tinowana ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pokuti tingamisa sei sero kubva pakubereka, uye zvichida kunyange kuita shanduko kuva kenza sepakutanga nzvimbo. Kufambira mberi kwatove kuve kuitwa munhandare iyi, sezvinodiwa kurapwa kwemaawa ari kushandiswa izvo zvinosarura pakati pekenza masero uye masero anowanikwa mumagetsi avo. Uye kutsvakurudza nezvekudzivirira immunotherapy kunongonakidza, sezvo isu tiri kuwana nzira dze "kukurudzira" mazvirongwa edu ezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira kuita izvo zvavanoziva kuti vangaita sei. Tsvaga masero emukenza uye usabvisa. Kuenzanisa nzira iyo makero emukenza "anovanzira" ivo pachawo uye kuvanza kwakaguma nekurapa kwakanakisisa, uye zvisingawanzoitiki, kuregererwa kwakakwana, kune vamwe vanhu vane mishonga yakasimba zvikuru kwazvo.
> Sources:
> DeBaradinis, R. et al. Biology yekenza: kushandiswa kwemagetsi kunokonzera masero ekukura nekukura. Cell Metabolism . 2008. 7 (1): 11-20.
> National Cancer Institute. SEER Kudzidzisa Module. Cell Biology yeCancer. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/cancer/biology/
> National Cancer Institute. Chii chinonzi Cancer? Yapindurwa 02/09/15. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
> Nio, K., Yamashita, T., uye S. Kaneko. Kuchinja Kwechiropa Kanonzi Stem Cells. Molecular Cancer . 2017. 16 (1): 4.