Urombo uye hurumende inotyisa inotyisa inoramba iine dambudziko
Kusarura kwemazera eHIV muUnited States kwasvika kunoshamisa kunoshamisa. Izvi hazvisi pachena zvakare kupfuura pakati peAfrica America avo, pasinei nokumirira 12 muzana yevanhu veUnited States, vanoverenga 48 muzana yezvose zvirwere zvitsva.
Zvikonzero zveizvi zvakaoma uye zvinowanzosanzwisiswa. Nepo vamwe vangave vachitaura kuti tsika uye zvepabonde ndizvo zvinokonzera izvi, mhosva yacho inowedzera nehutsika hwehupfumi uye hupfumi hunoita kuti chero zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinoputika.
Urombo, kusaruramisira kwevanhu, nekushayikwa kwehutano hunobudirira hurumende pamwe chete kunoita kuti kupararira kwezvirwere mumharaunda iyo isina zvigadziro zvekukunda.
Munzira dzakawanda, chirwere cheHIV chinongova chinyorwa chekuparara kwekukura mune zvehutano kunoisa nzvimbo zhinji dzeAfrica dzeAmerica pangozi yakawanda yekuti kwete HIV chete, asi zvimwe zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa uye zvirwere.
Current States Statistics
Kutaura kuti pane kusawirirana mukupararira kwehutachiwana hweHIV muUnited States chimwe chinhu chekuita pasi. Parizvino, veAfrica America vanowanzoita hutatu huwandu hwehutachiwana hwevatsvene uye kaviri kacho seLatinos. Vakadzi veAfrica vokuAmerica vanonyanya kutarisana nehutachiona hutsva, vanomhanya kanopfuura katatu muyero unoonekwa muvakadzi vachena.
Kunyange pakati pevanhu vane ngozi yakawanda vanoita zvepabonde nevarume (MSM) , kuva gay neAfrica America vanoisa munhu pamusana pekutyisidzira 50 muzana wekutengesa HIV mukati meupenyu hwose (zvichienzaniswa ne 9 muzana chete pakati pevarume vevarume vevarume).
Izvozvi nhamba dzinongotarisa pamusoro penhamo iyo inowanzowedzerwa mukuvhiringidzika nekupikisana. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda vese vanogona kupa mhosva kune maitiro avo vanotenda kuti vane maitiro mune tsika, maitiro ezvinyorwa izvi zvinongobatsira kupfuurira mafungiro asina kunaka anosimbisa kusarura, kusarura, uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu.
Zvizhinji zvezvinowanzoonekwa zvakajeka ("varume vemahombe vavete pasi" kana kuti "kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvakapararira pakati pevanhu vemadire") vakangoratidza zvisiri zvechokwadi mukati mechirevo cheHIV. Semuyenzaniso:
- Vakadzi veAfrica vokuAmerica havakwanise kutapukirwa nemishonga inodhaka kupfuura vakadzi vachena. Vakadzi veAfrica vokuAmerica vanonyanya kutapukirwa nehutano hwepabonde, asi vakadzi vachena vane hutachiwana hwehutachiwana kuburikidza nemashandi akabatanidzwa .
- Havasi vaAfrica varume kana vakadzi vane huwandu hwehutano hwekuita zvepabonde kune vamwe vemarudzi ose.
- Mhemberero MSM, chaizvoizvo, inorondedzera vashoma vanoita zvepabonde, vasikana vasati vadzivirirwa zvepabonde , uye kushandiswa kwechirwere kudarika mutsvuku MSM.
- Vanhu veAfrica veAmerica, kune rumwe rutivi, vanonyanya kuongororwa neHIV kupfuura vatsvene (75 muzana kusvika 14 muzana).
- VaAfrica veAmerica vangangodaro kutsvaga uye kuramba vari mukuenderera mberi, kutarisirwa kwehutano hweHIV sevatsvene (54 muzana kusvika 58 muzana).
- Muyero wehutachiona husingawanikwi hunove hwakafanana kune veAfrica America sezvo ichena (11 muzana kusvika 13 muzana). Pakati pemapoka emadzinza, vanhu veAsia vakanga vari, chaizvoizvo, vangangodaro vasina kuwanikwa (21 muzana).
Apo kusiyana kwakasiyana kunoreva, saka, hausi kunyanya mumagariro evanhu munharaunda yeHIV asi zvimwe zvikonzero zvakanyanya kuoma kudonhera pasi kana kuparadzanisa.
Nhasi, HIV inoramba iri chechitanhatu chinokonzera rufu muAfrica varume varume uye chechina chinokonzera rufu muAfrica vakadzikadzi pakati pemakore 35 ne44. Kusiyana neizvi, HIV haina kuzongororwa sechikonzero chikuru chekufa kweimwe race.
Zvinokonzerwa Nezviremera Zvakawanda zveKukonzera
HIV haibatsiri vanhu vose munharaunda imwe chete. Kunyange zvazvo uri munhu weAfrica American, white, kana Latino haisi kurega nzira iyo munhu anopindura nayo chirwere ichi, kune urombo hunogona kuisa munhu werudzi rumwe mudambudziko guru rekutapukirwa uye kurwara kune rimwe.
Tinoona izvi, semuenzaniso, nemhinduro dzakasiyana dzehutano hweHIV.
Kunyange zvazvo inenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana yevatsvene vanogona kuwana hutachiona hwehutachiona husingaoneki pavanenge vachirapa, pasi pe50 muzana yeAfrica America vanogona kuita zvakafanana.
Sezvo zvakadaro, tsika kana hutano hwepabonde hazvizogoni kutsanangura kusiyana uku. Pane kudaro, nyaya yacho inowanikwa kune yakadzika-mbeu uye masangano, inokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakadai sokuti:
- Urombo
- Stigma
- Kusakwanisa kuwana hutano hwehutano
- Kukundikana kwehurumende, hutano, mapurisa, nemitemo yepamutemo
- Kusarura mazinga ekusungwa nekuiswa mujeri
- High-density urban urban population
Izvo zvisina kukodzera zvinotadzisa mumwe kubva kune imwe nzira nenzira inogadzira kukanganisa kwekutambura kunowanzooma kuvhara.
Takaona izvi, zvichida kunyanya kutaura, neAfrica American MSM neHIV. Chidzidzo che2014 chakaitwa neRollins School of Public Health paEmory University chakagumisa kuti, pasinei nekuva nehuwandu hwepabonde hwekuita zvepabonde kunze kwevamwe vatsvene, huwandu hwevarume hwaive huri hudiki, hune dzidzo shoma, husingashandisi, huine maDD , uye kusava nekodzero yekukurukurirana nezveHIV nemurume wepabonde.
Zvinhu izvi pamwe chete hazviiti chinhu chiduku pane dutu rakakwana rehutachiona.
Poverty Fuels Infection Rates
Inenge imwe yega yega yeAfrica yeAmerica inorarama muurombo, inopfuura kaviri kutara kunoonekwa muchena. Pamusoro payo, urombo hunoita hutachiona kuburikidza nekudzivirira varombo kuti vasawana hutachiona hunogona kudzivirira kana kurapa hutachiona.
Izvi hazvirevi kungosvika kune hutano hwakanaka asi zvinowedzera kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu vevanhu, pamwe chete. Pakati pavo:
- Kushayikwa kwemapurisa uye kudzivirirwa kwepamutemo mumunharaunda dzine urombo kunoisa vakadzi vanotambura, vana, uye vamwe vari pangozi yekushandiswa zvisina kunaka.
- Kubhadharwa kwepamusoro uye kushandiswa kwemari kusingabhadharwi kunokanganisa vazhinji kubva kutsvaga rubatsiro kune chimwe chinhu kunze kwezvavanoda zvikuru.
- Kushayikwa kwezvirongwa zvekushandisa zvinodhaka kunokonesa kupararira kwehutachiona kwete chete pakati pevashandisi asi avo vanoita zvepabonde, pamwe chete.
- Low rates yemishonga inshuwarisi, kunyanya muhurumende iyo yakaramba kuwedzera kweMedicaid , inonyatsobatanidza nehuwandu hwehutachiona hweHIV.
Nokufamba kwenguva, kukundikana kwemasangano aya kunobatsira kusatenda mune zvose hurumende uye nehurumende. Somugumisiro, vanhu vanowanzosangana nemabasa avanofunga kuti anonyanya kukosha (akadai rubatsiro rwemari uye chirwere chinokurumidzira) uye vadzivise avo "vanogona kumirira" (sehutano hwekuchengetedza uye kurapa).
Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzera kuti nei 22 muzana yeAfrica yeAmerica vanonoka kuongororwa kweHIV kusvikira vanyanyisa, uye dzimwe nguva vachirwara, vachirwara.
Asi haisi kungoona nguva yekuongororwa vanachiremba vane hanya pamusoro. Zvirwere zvisingaiti zvepabonde zvakadai segonorrhea, zvakapararira munharaunda dzine urombo, zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi yeHIV nemakore mazana manomwe. Uyezve, kusawirirana mune zvekurapa kunoita kuti munhu asanyanya kunyanya kuwana zvikwereti zvehutachiona hweHIV uye zvakanyanya kunyanya kushandiswa kwemishonga .
Pakuguma, urombo hunoita kuti utachiona utapukane nekugadzirisa uye / kana kuchinja zvisarudzo zvinogona kuitwa nomunhu. Ikoko, dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapfuma dzine nzira yekukunda dzakawanda zvezvipingamupinyi, nzvimbo dzakashata dzeAfrica dzeAmerica hazviiti. Kupararira kweHIV mukati memharaunda iyi, saka, kunowanzoitika nokuti hapana chinogona kuidzivisa.
HIV Stigma pakati peAfrica America
Pasinei nokuchinja kukuru kwemaonero evanhu, kushorwa kwevanhu vanogara neHIV kunoramba. Izvo zvinokonzera kushorwa zvinogona kuuraya munharaunda yeAfrica yeAmerica zvakanyanya zvakaoma, zvose mumamiriro ezvinhu iyo inoonekwa (inonzwa) uye yakagadzirwa (chaiye).
Migumisiro yekushorwa inogona kuva yakadzama. Kakawanda, vanhu vanoramba kuratidza hutachiwana hweHIV nokuda kwekutya kubvunzurudzwa pamusoro pekuita zvepabonde kana kuti kunzi "kusvibiswa," "kusvibiswa," kana "kusatendeseka."
Izvi zvinoratidzika chaizvoizvo mumharaunda umo dzidziso dzechitendero dzimwe nguva dzinogona kukumbira rubatsiro rwevanhu vanorarama neHIV apo vachizvidza mufambiro sevanhu vanoita basa. Ongororo yakaitwa mugore ra2014 neyekusingabatsiri Public Religion Research Institute yakagumisa kuti 17 muzana yevatendi vechechi muUnited States vachiri kutenda kuti HIV ndeye "chirango chaMwari" nekuda kwekuita unzenza.
Pakati pemapoka akawanda anowanzogamuchira izvi zvitendero vatsvene vepurotesitendi (25 muzana), Hispanic Catholics (21 muzana), uye vapurotesitendi vemavirira (20 muzana).
Munharaunda yeAfrica yeAmerica, apo 95 muzana yevakadzi vanofunga nezvechitendero pakati pehupenyu hwavo uye 50 muzana vanogara vachinyengetera kana kuenda kuchechi, maitiro aya akaoma kupukunyuka.
Somugumisiro, vaAfrica vemuAmerica vanowanzoreva kuti kune rusaruro hwakawanda uye kusarura kune vanhu vane HIV kune avo vatsvene kana Latinos. Mifungiro iyi inofamba nenzira dzakawanda nenzira dzakaipa:
- Vanhu vane hutachiona hweHIV vanoona rusarura vanogona kunwa zvakanyanya kana kurondedzera kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka.
- Vanhu vanotya HIV nehuwandu hwehutachiwana hweHIV nehuwandu hwehutachiwana hunowanzoita kuti varege kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwakakwana kweutano.
- Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwekuora mwoyo kunowanzoshandura kune kuwedzera mukuzvibata kwakanyanya.
Uyezve, maonero ekusarurwa akabatanidzwa nezvikanganiso chaiwo muhurumende inopindurwa inowanikwa kusimbisa zvitendero pakati pevaAfrica vakawanda vokuti HIV haina kungodzivirirwa chete asi, chaizvoizvo, nechinangwa.
Chimwe chidzidzo chakabudiswa mumagazini yaApril 2010 ye Journal of the American Medical Association yakashuma kuti kune 1 351 varume veAfrica veAmerica vakaongororwa, 49 muzana vakatenda kuti HIV yakagadzirwa neCIA kuuraya vanhu vemazuva.
Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vangawana maitiro aya ezvimhirizhonga zvinopesana kana kunyangadza, vazhinji vanofunga nezvepfungwa vanovatenda kuva rudzi rwakakomba rwokuramba. Panzvimbo pokurwisana nechirwere chavanotya, vanhu vanowanzopedza dambudziko racho kuitira kuti vaenzanise kusazvibata kwavo uye manzwiro ekusava netariro.
Kumaguta uye HIV
MuUnited States, HIV inonyanya kurwara. Nemhaka yekuti vanhu ava vakaoma uye vane uwandu hwekubhadhara, humwe hutachiona hunopararira hunogona kupararira nokukurumidza kunze kwekuita kwechisimba kutorwa nehurumende kuimisa.
Kukundikana kuita izvi kunogona kutungamirira kune zvisingabvumirwi zvakakwirira zvehutachiona hunoonekwa kuSouth, uko mapfumbamwe eUnited States (Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, neTexas) nhasi inowedzera makumi mana muzana zvirwere zvitsva.
Nokuti vaAfrica veAmerica vanowanzotarisana nemasaramiro ekusarudza kwavo vanoita zvepabonde (kunze kwevatsvene vanogona kusarudza shamwari dzemarudzi akasiyana), hutano hwepabonde mumharaunda idzi hunowanzove hudiki uye hutsinye. Somugumisiro, hutachiona chero humwe munharaunda huchagara munharaunda, huchiwedzera muhuwandu sezvo vakawanda uye vakawanda vanhu vanosvika mukutsvaga mukana webasa.
Muzvizhinji zvezviwunharaunda, hutachiona hweHIV hunoendeswa mberi nemitemo yehurumende iyo inosarudzira varombo. Pakati pezvizhinji zvezvikanganiso:
- Hazvibatsiri kuti hutachiona hweHIV huri hukuru hwakanyanya mune hunoti hwakaramba kuwedzera kweMedicaid, kusanganisira Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, uye Texas. Kutsvakurudza kubva kuvakadzikadzi veInteragency HIV Yokudzidza kwakagumisa kuti Medicaid, seyoyo pachayo yakazvimiririra, inopfuura kudarika kaviri mukana wevanhu wekuwana chimiro chisingaoneki chetachiona.
- Saizvozvowo, iyo inotaura kuti kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwetsano-shanduro zvirongwa zvakare kune nyika imwechete nematunhu akakwirira ekutapukirwa kwetsva. Izvi zvakare zvinosanganisira Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, uye Texas.
Nokuda kweizvi uye zvimwe zvinokundikana, kukundwa denda reHIV munharaunda yeAfrica yeAmerica kunotora zvinopfuura kungoita kurapwa. Ichinofanira kuchinja kukuru mumaonero evanhu uye nzira iyo utano hwehutano nezvimwe zvehutano hwehutano hunoshandiswa kune vagari vese vari kushaiwa.
> Kwakabva:
> Bogart, L .; Galvan, F .; Wagner, G; et al. "Kutenda Kwemhirizhonga pamusoro peHIV Kunofananidzwa neAnterretroviral Treatment Kusaremekedza pakati peAfrica Varume vane HIV." Zvinyorwa zveAkawana Immune Defence Syndromes. April 2010; 53 (5): 648-655.
> El-Bassel, M .; Caldeira, M .; Ruglass, L. et al. "Kutaura Nezvimwe Zvidikanwi zveVanhu veAfrica veAmerica mukudzivirira kweHIV." June 2009; 99 (6): 996-1001.
> Friedman, S .; Cooper, S .; uye Osborne, H. "Zvigadziriswe uye zveMagariro eZvenharaunda dzeHIV dzeHIV pakati peAfrica America." American Journal of Public Health. June 2009; 99 (6): 1002-1008.
> Fry, V .; Bonner, S ;; Williams, K. et al. "Kururamisa Hurukuro: Kudzivirira hutachiwana hweAfrica-America Heterosexual Male: Maitiro eTheory and Intervention Design." AIDS Education Preview. October 2012; 24 (5): 389-407.
> Sullivan, P .; Petersen, J .; Rosenburg, E. et al. "Kunzwisisa Rudzi rweHIV / STI Kusiyana kweVanhu Vane Mutsvuku Nevatsvene Varume Vanoita Zvepabonde Nevanhu: Nzira ye Multilevel." PLoS One. 2014; 9 (3): e90514.