Kuwanda kwekutadza kunowedzera ngozi kune varume nevakadzi
Vaginal zvepabonde ndeimwe nzira dzinotangira munhu kuti ave nechirwere cheHIV. Inotaura kune vakawanda vevanhu vanokwana 7 500 vanobatwa nehutachiona hutsva pakati pevakadzi gore rimwe nerimwe muUnited States uye zvinosvika 1 000 zvirwere zvitsva pakati pevanhu vanoita zvepabonde.
Munyika yose, zviyero zvinotonyanya kutyisa. Kunyange zvazvo hutachiwana hutachiona hweHIV muAmerica huri pakati pevarume nevarume vanoita zvepabonde (vanomiririra 63 muzana yezvitsva zvese zvitsva), hutano hwemhirizhonga huri kure neboka rakavhiringidzika pasi rose.
Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika muAfrica apo vazhinji vanoita zvese kana zvishanu zvitsva zvinokonzerwa nevanhurume. Munharaunda idzi, zvepabonde pabonde ndiyo nzira inotyisa yekutapukirwa.
Dambudziko reHIV neBonde
Apo pavanokurukura nezvehutachiwana hweHIV, vanhu vanowanzoedza kuongorora kuti "rudzi" rwepabonde chii chinotyisa; vaginal, anal, kana muromo. Kubva pane maonero ehuwandu hwepabonde, zvepabonde rehupano inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukanganisa basa rine nengozi gumi nematanhatu yehutachiona kana ichienzaniswa nevakadzi.
Asi chiongorori ichi chinokanganisa, zvichibva pamunhu. Kunyange zvazvo vaginal inogona kuisa njodzi "yakaderedza" yakaenzana, nhamba haifaniri kufunga nezvemaitiro ayo chirwere chinoparadzirwa pakati pevarume nevakadzi kana kusakosha kunoisa vamwe vanhu vari pangozi yakakura yekutapukirwa.
Funga, somuenzaniso, kuti vakadzi varipo kubva kune zvitatu kusvika kuchina zvinowanzoita kuti vatapukwe neHIV kubva kuvanhu kune imwe nzira yakapoteredza.
Kana kuti vakadzi vaduku vanonyanya kutapukirwa nehutachiwana kubva pane zvekuita zvepabonde kwekutanga kune murume.
Kusiyana naizvozvo, kune vamwe varume vanogona kuwana HIV vakawanda kupfuura vamwe. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza, somuenzaniso, kuti vanhu vasina kudzingiswa vanopfuura kaviri vanoita HIV kana mushure mekuita zvepabonde pane varume vakadzingiswa.
Zvinotambudza zvinowanzosiyana nemumwe munhu, saka kuongorora kuti chii chaiicho chinowanzoita zvepabonde zvepabonde kunoda kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinhu zvinoisa vamwe vakadzi nevarume pangozi huru kune vamwe.
Zvinotambudza Zvinogona Kuwedzera Dambudziko reHIV muvakadzi
Ngozi yeHIV kubva kune zvepabonde zvisina kudzivirirwa yakakwirira pakati pevakadzi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Kubva pane maonero ehupenyu, maviri emudzimai (epithelium) anowanikwa nehutachiona hweHIV kupfuura hwepenisi.
Utachiona hweHIV hukwanisa kupfuura nematumbu aya apo maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere zvinotarisa utachiona hunopinda uye anotumira masero ekudzivirira (anonzi macrophages uye dendritic masero) kuti "abate uye avaswededze" kuburikidza neganda kuti riparadzwe. Pane kudaro, HIV inoshandura tafura uye ichirwisa masero (anonzi CD4 T-seli ) aireva kubatsira kubatsira. Nokuita kudaro, muviri unobatsira kutarisa utachiona hwehwo.
Uye, nokuti nzvimbo yepachikadzi epithelium yakakura kudarika iyo yemukomana urethra, mukana wekutachiona unowedzera, kazhinji unonzwisisika.
Zvimwe zvepanyama zvisina kusimba zvinosanganisira:
- Masero pasi pepachibereko chemukondombera anonyanya kuomerwa neHIV, kunyanya panguva yehucheche, kubata pamuviri kwomukadzi, kana kuvapo kwehutachiona hwepabonde (STI) sorwa chlamydia kana kuti papillomavirus (HPV) yevanhu .
- Vakadzi vane chirwere chepabonde, kana bhakitiriya, chirwere chetachiona, kana fungal, vari kuwedzera mungozi. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti bhakitiriya vaginosis inobatanidza nekuwedzera kwemazana masere mumatambudziko. Izvi zvinoshandura kuva imwe muzana yekutanga yekutapukirwa neHIV munguva yepabonde.
- Nguva yakasununguka uye yakawanda yehutachiwana hwehutachiona ndiyowo zvinhu zvinokosha pakusarudza kana munhu ane utachiona kana kwete. Sezvo zvakadaro, zvepabonde zvisina kudzivirirwa zvinogona kuwedzera hutachiwana hweHIV mumudzimai kana murume wacho achienda kumudzimai wake.
- Vhura maronda kana zvipembenene kubva kunezvirwere zvepabonde sezvinonzi chirwere chinogona kuwedzera ngozi kune varume vose vari vakadzi. Madzimai, zvisinei, maronda anowanzomiswa mukati uye asingaoneki.
- Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwehutachiona hweHIV kunonzi pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya ngozi yeHIV mune mumwe munhu asina kukodzera, pane uchapupu hunoshanda zvishoma pakati pevakadzi. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza huwandu hwemishonga inoshandiswa mumishonga inowanikwa mumakemikari hausi pedyo nepamusoro pezvinyorwa zvemashure.
- Kuita maitiro kunogonawo kugadzirisa hutano hwe "vagin" bhakitiriya, kunyange zvazvo ichi chiri chichigadziriswa .
Hapana chimwe cheizvi, chokwadi, chinocherechedza chero hupi hwehutano hwemagariro evanhu hunoita kuti vakadzi vawedzere ngozi. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvechisimba zvepabonde muhukama izvo zvinongobatsira mukana wevakadzi kuzvidzivirira asi zvinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kwehutachiona hwechikadzi.
Urombo, tsika dzevanhu, uye kusaenzana kwepabonde zvinowedzera kuvimbisa kuti chero humwe hutongi hwevanhu hunogona kunge huri kunze kwekamuri yekurara huchawedzera muimba yekurara, zvakare. Zvose izvi zvinoita kuti pave nehuwandu hweHIV mune vakadzi.
Zvinotambudza Zvinowedzera Ngozi yeHIV muMurume
Ichokwadi chokuti varume vashoma kutapukirwa neHIV kupfuura vakadzi havafaniri kukanganisa chokwadi chokuti ivo vane uwandu hunogona kuwedzera ngozi yavo pachavo yehutachiona.
Tinoziva, somuenzaniso, kuti chirume chisina kudzingiswa chinogona kukonzera zvirwere nekuda kwezvakachengetedzwa kwebhakitiriya pasi pechifukidzo. Mukupindura, muviri unobereka rudzi rwe dendritic cell (inonzi Langerhans masero ) kuti abatsire kudzora mabhakitiriya.
Apo murume ane zvepabonde zvisina kudzivirirwa nemukadzi ane HIV, iyo masero anogona "kubata nekukuvadza" chirwere ichi kuburikidza nechirwere chemuviri uye kuvapa kuCD4 T-seli kuti vamupe. Zvirwere zvepabonde uye zvirwere zvepabonde zvirwere zvinowedzera kuwedzera HIV.
Kubva pane chimiro chemasikirwo, tsanangudzo yevanhu yevanhu masimba inowanzogona kurongedza kufambira mberi kwepabonde kune varume uye kunyange kukurudzira. Izvo zvinoita kuti pave nehuwandu hwepamusoro hunoita kuti munhu ave pangozi yakakura yeHIV kuburikidza nekubatanidza hukama nehuwandu hwevamwe pamwe nevamwe kana mamwe maitiro akaipisisa.
Zvinotambudza muVarume nevakadzi
Kune urombo hunowedzera hutachiwana hwehutachiona muvarume nevakadzi. Pakati pavo:
- Kuwedzera chero kupi zvako kwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana (huwandu hwehutachiwana muropa) hunowedzera hutachiwana kune wausina kuroorwa. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti humwe huwandu-huwandu hwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hunobva - kubva, hunoti, 100 kusvika ku1000 - hunogona kuwedzera kaviri kana katatu mukana wehutachiona.
- Uyezve, hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona (danho rinotevera mushure mekutsvaga) rinosanganiswa nekuwedzera kwemazana makumi maviri nematatu mumatambudziko. Izvi zvinoshandura kune mumwe mu50 mukana wekuwana HIV kana uri mukadzi uye imwe kana kana 500 mukana kana iwe uri murume.
- Kunwa doro kana kushandisa zvinodhaka kunogona kuderedza kusavhiringidza uye kunokanganisa kukwanisa kwemunhu kuita sarudzo dzakachengeteka, zvakadai sekushandisa makondomu kana kuramba achibatana neHIV drug therapy.
Pfungwa-Kuisa Mungozi Njodzi yeVaginal Sex
Kubva pane maonero e "kusangana-kwese" kwengozi (mukana wekuwana HIV kubva pane chimwe chinhu chepabonde), njodzi inogona kusiyanisa maererano nehutano, hutachiona hwehutachiwana hweHIV, uye kunyange chikamu chenyika yaunogara .
Aya mafananidzo haafaniri kufunga nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi, kusanganisira kuvapo kweTV, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa nemishonga, kana hutachiona huripo hunoita se hepatitis C.
Kuchengetedza | Rudzi rwekutsvaga | Ngozi yePe-Exposure |
Vaginal | Vaginal zvepabonde, mukadzi-ku-murume (nyika inobhadharwa) | 0.04% (rimwe muna 2500) |
Vaginal zvepabonde, varume nevakadzi (nyika inowana mari yakakwirira) | 0.08% (imwe muna 1250) | |
Vaginal zvepabonde, mukadzi-ku-murume (nyika inotora mari shoma) | 0.38% (rimwe muna 263) | |
Vaginal zvepabonde, varume nevakadzi (nyika inotora mari shoma) | 0.3% (imwe muna 333) | |
Vaginal zvepabonde, kusagadzikana kweHIV | 0.07% (imwe muna 1428) | |
Vaginal zvepabonde, nguva dzekupedzisira-dzinotaridza HIV | 0.55% (imwe muna 180) |
Kungoerekana Kujekesa uye Kuita Zvepabonde Zvepabonde
Kana iwe uchida kuti iwe wakambove wakananga neHIV, zvichida kuburikidza nemakondomu akaputika mune zvepabonde zvisina kukodzera, kune mishonga inogona kuderedza zvikuru njodzi yehutachiwana inonzi post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
PEP inosanganisira mazuva 28 emazuva emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, iyo inofanira kutorwa zvakakwana uye isinganzwisisike. Kuti udzikise hutachiwana hwehutachiona, PEP inofanira kutanga nekukurumidza sezvinobvira - zvakanaka mukati meawa makumi matatu nemaawa ekuzarura .
Shoko Rinobva
Kuongorora hutachiwana hwehutachiwana hweHIV hakufaniri kuva nhamba yemutambo. Kunyangwe maitiro acho ari mu10 kana mumwe mu100,000, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti unogona kuwana HIV kana mushure mekutsvaga kumwe chete.
Ongorora zvose zvishandiso zvekudzivirira HIV. Kuwedzera kune PrEP, nzira inogona kuderedza ngozi yeHIV nemapfumbamwe, chikamu chisingaoneki muhutachiwana hweHIV chinogona kuderedza ngozi kuburikidza ne 96 muzana kana kupfuura. Uye usakanganwa kondomu yakaedzwa-uye-yechokwadi, kushandiswa kusingagumi kunosanganiswa neka 20-kuderera kunowanikwa mumungozi.
Nokugadzira nzira yakakwana yokudzivirira, unogona kuramba uine hupenyu hwakanaka hwepabonde uchizvidzivirira iwe kana mudiwa kubva pangozi yeHIV.
> Sources:
> Boily, M .; Baggaley, R .; Wang, L .; et al. "Kuita hutachiona hwehutachiona hweHIV-1 pane zvepabonde: Kuongorora nekugadzirisa nekuongorora kwekuongorora zvidzidzo." Lancet Infectious Diseases. February 2009; 9 (2): 118-129.
> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). " Nhasi Chirwere cheHIV ." Atlanta, Georgia; August 2016.
> Cohen, C .; Lingappa, J .; Baeten, J .; et al. "Bacterial vaginosis inowanikwa nehuwandu hwehutachiwana hwevarume nehutachiwana hutachiona hwe HIV. PLoS Medicine. June 2012; 9 (6): e1001251.
> Hollingworth, T .; Anderson, R .; uye Fraser, C. "Kutapurirwa kweHIV-1, nechikwata chetachiona." Zvinyorwa zveHIV Zvinotapukira. Svondo 1, 2008; 198 (5): 687-693.
> United Nations Programme pamusoro peHIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). " Global AIDS Update 2016. " Geneva, Switzerland; 2016: 9.