Maitiro Avanoita Uye Chii Chingavaita
Iwe ungangodaro wakanzwa kuti alveoli inobata basa rinokosha mukufema, kana kuti une chirwere chekurapa chakakanganisa zvivako izvi mumuviri wako. Ndeipi chaizvo iyo alveolus, uye chii chiripo chimiro uye chinoshanda? Ngatitarisei mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi pamwe nechinangwa icho alveoli chinogona kutarisa mune zvirwere.
Alveoli: Tsanangudzo uye Basa
Alveoli ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chemuviri wekupemha iyo basa rayo kugovana okisijeni uye carbon dioxide molecules kusvika uye kubva muropa.
Izvi zviduku, mabhota akafanana nemabhesi emhepo anogara pamagumo emuti wemhepo uye anogadzirirwa mumasumbu mumapapu ose.
Kune mamiriyoni e-alveoli mumutumbi wemunhu ane nzvimbo inenge inenge 70 mita mamita. Kana vakanyatsotaridzika uye vakatambanudza kubva kumagumo-mapera, vanogona kuvhara tennis yakazara.
Anatomy: Mepu Inotungamirira Mhepo Kuenda uye Kubva kuAlveoli
Alveoli ndiyo kuguma kwemuviri wekupemha unotanga patinopinza mhepo mumuromo kana mumhino. Mhepo inopfumisa oksijeni inofamba ichidzika pasi chetrachea uye inopinda mune imwe yemapapu maviri kubva kurudyi kana kuruboshwe bronchus . Kubva ipapo, mhepo inotungamirirwa kuburikidza nemaduku maduku uye maduku maduku, anonzi bronchioles , akapfuura mushure mekudzivirira, kusvika pakupedzisira apinda mumwe munhu alveolus.
Alveolus imwe neimwe yakasungirirwa nemvura inoyerera inozivikanwa se-surfactant iyo inochengetedza kuvhuvhuta kwepasi uye chimiro chemhepo sac. Iyo alveolus iyo pachayo yakakomberedzwa nekambani ye capillaries inotakura oksijeni kusvika muropa uye carbon dioxide kure neropa.
Iko pakasanganiswa kwekuti masikemu emhepo inopararira kuburikidza nesero imwe chete mu-alveolus uye ipapo sero rimwe mu capillary kupinda muropa. Panguva imwecheteyo, carbon dioxide molecules, iyo inogadzirwa nemafuta ekufema, inoparadzaniswa zvakare mu-alveolus uko inodzingwa kunze kwemuviri kuburikidza nemhuno kana muromo.
Munguva yekuputika, capillaries inowedzera sezvo kuipa kusingaiti mubhokisi kunogadzirwa nekuputika kwechidimbu. Munguva yekudzimara, inonzi alveoli recoil (spring back) sezvinonzi diaphragm inodzokorora.
Maitiro eAlveoli
Alveoli mabato maduku akaumbwa uye ndiyo nzira shomanana mumhepo yekufema. Iroveveyo inongova imwe sero yakakura, zvichibvumira kuti zvinyorwa zviri nyore zve oksijeni uye carbon dioxide pakati pealveoli uye capillary. Rimwe cubic millimeter rine 170 alveoli uye nzvimbo ye alveoli inowanikwa makumi manomwe emamita mita. Nhamba yealveoli inopesana pakati pevanhu nemapapu makuru ane alveoli yakawanda.
Mamiriro Ezvokurapa Anosanganisira Alveoli
Pane huwandu hwehutano hunogona kuchinja zvakananga alveoli (iyo tinotarisa sezvirwere zveAlveolar lung). Zvirwere izvi zvinogona kuita kuti alveoli inogona kupisa uye inopisa kana kuti iite kuti izere nemvura, pus, kana ropa.
Pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira alveoli:
- Emphysema imamiriro ezvinhu umo kuputika mumapapu kunokonzera kuputika nekuparadzwa kwealveoli. Mukuwedzera kune kurasikirwa kwealveoli, masvingo emasvingo emabhazi emhepo anotanga kuoma uye kupera simba ravo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kudzinga mweya kubva pamapapu (chirwere chinonzi air trapping). Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei kubudisa simba panzvimbo pokunyaradza kunowanzova kwakaoma kune vanhu vane emphysema. Izvi zvisingakwanisi kudzinga mweya, zvinotungamirira pakuwedzera kuputika kwealveoli, uye kufanana nekuputira kwepurasitiki iyo inorasikirwa nekudzikama kana yakatambanudzwa zvakanyanya, mhirizhonga inorasikirwa nekwanisi iyi zvakare.
- Chirwere chinonzi hutachiona chinopisa gorova mune imwe kana mapofu maviri uye zvinogona kuita kuti mhepo izere izere ne pus.
- Tuberculosis chirwere chinokonzera kubhakitiriya chinoratidzwa nekukura kwemakungu mumatumbu emapapu. Chirwere chacho chinonyanya kukonzera alveoli sezvo mabhakitiriya akabatanidzwa, pus inofanirwa mumavleoli sezvinonzi pneumonia kumusoro.
- Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) chirwere chemapapu chemapapu ikozvino chinotorwa sechinyorwa chepapu adenocarcinoma. Aya kanzura anotanga mu alveoli, uye anowanzowanikwa zvakazara mune rimwe kana mapapu maviri.
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) chirwere chinotyisa chemapapu chinodzivirira oksijeni kuti isapinda kumapapu sezvo mvura inotanga kuwedzera kuwedzera mumhepo. ARDS inowanikwa zvikuru muvarwere vanorwara zvikuru.
- Respiratory affliction syndrome (RDS) inowanikwa mumucheche vasati vasvika miviri yavo isati yakwanisa kugadzira zvakakwana zvinoshandiswa kugadzira mhepo. Pasina kuisa chigadziro chekuvhara shaveoli pachena, nzvimbo yemapapu inoderera, zvichiita kuti kupfurikidza kunyanya kuoma.
- Edema yepulmonary chirwere chinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwemvura mumapapu anounganidza mu-alveoli uye zvinogona kutungamirira mukushaya kuputika.
The Impact of Cigarettes on the Alveoli
Sezvinongoerekana zviine ngozi kune mapapu emapapu, utsi hwefodya hunozivikanwa hunochinja hutano hwemapfupa kumativi ose. Izvi zvinosanganisira alveoli.
Alveoli inoumbwa na collagen uye elastin iyo inopa mabhodhi emhepo kusununguka. Nenzira imwechete iyo fodya inokuvadza collagen ne elastin mucheka rako (zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kuwedzereka uye kukwegura), zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi mu alveoli yako, zvakare. Somugumisiro, kusununguka kwekunze kwealveoli kunopera sezvo sero masvingo anotanga kuvhara uye kuomesa nekuda kwekukuvadza kunowedzera.
Utsi hwebheghi hunobatawo maitiro ekushanda kwe-alveoli, zvichikonzera kukuvadza kusvika pasi pamaseroti. Iyo inokanganisa kukwanisa kwemuviri wedu kuzvigadzirisa pachedu sezvazvinogona kutevera utachiona kana kushushikana. Sezvo zvakadaro, kukanganisa kwechivande kunobvumirwa kufambira mberi kusinganzwisisiki sezvo mapapu ari kuramba achinge avharwa kune zvinotyisa.
Pasi Pasi paAlveoli
Iroveveyi inopa imwe yemabasa anokosha zvikuru miviri yedu inoita. Ndiwo magedhi umo oxygen inopinda muropa redu uye nzira yekutanga iyo mamwe emidziyo ye metabolism (carbon dioxide) inobva mumuviri.
Zvirwere zvinokonzera alveoli zvinogona kukonzera kuti oxygen yakaderedzwa ichiendeswa kumatumbu emuviri wedu, uye naizvozvo, zvinogona kukonzera kukanganisa (zvichida t0 hypoxia ) kune imwe nhengo huru.
> Sources:
> Hsia, C., Hyde, D., uye E. Weibel. Nhengo Yakasungirirwa uye Zvinetso Zvitsva zveGasi Exchange. Comprehensive Physiology . 2016. 6 (2): 827-895.
> Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, naStefano L .. Hauser. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: Mc Graw Hill yembudzi, 2015. Print.