Hatisi nguva dzose tichizviona, asi mamiriro edu ezvinhu ari kuumba hutano hwedu nguva dzose dzezuva rimwe nerimwe. Kwatiri kurarama, chatinodya, uye kuti tinoshamwaridzana sei nenyika inotitenderedza tinogona kuisa zviyero (dzimwe nguva pachedu) pakati poutano kana kwete. Ikoko ndiko kune vadzidzisi vehutano hwehutano, mitemo, uye mapurogiramu ose anowanikwa.
Apo isu tine mafungiro nezvehutano maererano nehutano hwemunhu-sekunge tadzidzira kana kupora-zvinhu zvakawanda zvekunze zvingaita kuti tive nemafungiro akanaka, kusanganisira kana tichirwara kana kukuvadzwa.
Kushungurudzika kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvibatsiro zvinobatsira kuumba maitiro ezvisarudzo zvaunoita, kana mune dzimwe nguva, kuita zvisarudzo kwauri.
Tsanangudzo
Vanhu vazhinji vanogara vachifunga nezvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza maererano nemhepo yakachena nemvura, asi masikirwo emasikirwo ezvisikwa-kusanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekudziya kwepasi-inongova chinhu chimwe chete chinyorwa chikuru.
Utano hwepakati pehutano ndiyo inharaunda yehutano yehutongi inotarisa uye inotarisa izvo zvisikwa, zvemakemikari, uye zvehupenyu izvo zvatisingave tisina kutungamira zvakakwana, asi zvinogona kukanganisa utano hwedu chero zvakadaro. Somuenzaniso, kana iwe uchigara munharaunda nemagwenga asina njodzi kana mweya wakasvibiswa, zvakaoma kuti uende panze uye urovedze. Saizvozvowo, iyo imba yako yakavakwa nayo, zvipembenene zvipi zvinogara pedyo, uye zvokudya zvipi zvaunokwanisa kune vose zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro pane hutano hwako uye utano hwemhuri yako.
Zvichitaura zvishoma, utano hwezvakatipoteredza ndiyo nzvimbo yehutano hwepaguru inobata nenzira dzose dzakasiyana-siyana nyika inotitenderedza inogona kukanganisa hukama hwedu hwepanyama nepfungwa.
Nzvimbo dzeEvironment Health
Utano hwemagariro ehumwe ndedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakura mukati mehutano hwehupfumi nekuda kwenzira dzakawanda kunze kwesimba rinogona kuita kuti tinodya sei, tirarame, uye tikure. Izvo simba rinogona kunge riri kutarisana nenzvimbo yedu yechisikigo (sezvinoitika mumvura yakachena kana tsvina), asi inogonawo kuva mugumisiro wemabasa evanhu pachavo-kusanganisira mitemo yevanhu.
Vanhu Vane Utano 2020 zvinangwa zvehutano hwehutano hwepakati penyika zvinokurudzira nhanhatu nhanhatu dzinokosha dzinopindirana nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutano hwehutano hwakakosha kune hutano hwemunharaunda.
Air Quality
Mhepo haifaniri kutaurirana nevanhu. Tinozvida kuti tirarame, asi isu hatisi nguva dzose tichengetedza kuichengeta yakachena, uye iyo inogona kuva nemigumisiro mikuru pane utano hwedu.
Utsi hwehutano hwemhepo hwakave hwakabatanidzwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehutano nenyaya, kusanganisira SIDS, kenza yemapapu , uye COPD . Kusvibiswa kwemweya kunobatanidzwawo kuderera kuberekwa kuyerwa. Ichokwadi, chimwe chidzidzo chakabudiswa muna 2005 chakawana kuti vana vakaberekerwa vakadzi vane pamuviri vaine huwandu hwezone munguva yechipiri nechetatu mamiriyoni zvaive nani kupfuura vezera ravo risingaoneki kuti vazvarwe nehutano hwezasi. Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga yakafanana neyeiyo inoonekwa mucheche vanaamai vanoputa pavanenge vachiita pamuviri.
Inonzi Clean Air Act ye 1970 yakatsvaga kuchinja zvose izvo. Yakaratidza nguva yokutanga hurumende yehurumende yakatora basa rekuchengetedza hutano hwemhepo kune vagari vese veUnited States kuburikidza nekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakadai semotokari uye zvinyorwa. Chiito chacho chakazowedzerwa muna 1990 kutarisa asidi mvura uye ozone kupera-uye iri kushanda. Mune gore ra2011 rinotarisirwa ripoti, Environmental Protection Agency yakaratidza kuti Clean Air Act yaizovhara vanhu vanopfuura 230 000 kufa kwekutanga muna 2020.
Mvura uye Shanduro
Maererano neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, inofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 780 munyika yose havakwanise kuwana mvura inonwiwa yakachena, uye inodonha madota mabhiriyoni maviri (kana inenge chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu zveVagari vepasi) vasingakwanisi kushandiswa kwehutsanana hwakakwana semakamuri akagezera akachena. Izvo zvinokonzera izvi zvinoshamisa. Inofungidzirwa vana 2 200 vanofa mazuva ose munyika yese yezvirwere zvehutachiwana zvakabatanidzwa nemvura isina kunaka uye tsvina.
Chiito chisina kujeka chekutsvaira uye kuchenesa mvura mvura muUnited States kwakaguma nekuderera kukuru mune zvirwere-kamwe-zvakafanana nehupidhi . Nokufungidzira kumwe , kwema $ 1 ega inotengeswa mumashandisirwo emvura yakachena, nyika inodzorera $ 23 muhutano hwehutano hwehutano uye huwandu hwevanhu, uye iyo mvura yakachena ndiyo inokonzera kukanganisa kwekufa kwehutano munyika.
Zvinokonzera Zvinotyisa uye Zvinokuvadza Zvakaipisisa
Toxicology-kureva, nzvimbo yesayenzi yakazvipira kunzwisisa kuti makemikari nezvinhu zvakakanganisa sei vanhu nenharaunda yavo-inzvimbo inokosha mune utano hwehupenyu. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvaidiwa kuti zvifambise zvemabhizimisi uye teknolojia, semasimbi akaremara kana kunyange mamwe mapurasitiki, anogonawo kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa mumuviri wemunhu uye kunyange kutotungamirira kuchirwere chakakomba.
Imwe yemitambo yakakurumbira, yakakurumbira zvikuru yezviitiko izvi inonzi Flint mvura dambudziko . Apo nhau dzakapera muna 2015 kuti mvura yekunwa muPlint, Michigan yakazara nemutungamiri, yakakonzera kupararira kwakanyanya uye kutya pakati pemhuri. Kana vana vanonwa kana kuchera mutungamiri, zvinogona kutungamirira kuhutano hwemazuva mazhinji, kusanganisira kuora kwehupombwe, uye panyaya yaFlint, ndivo vaiva vana vanotambura mune zvehupfumi avo vakanyanya kuchinjwa.
Vanopfuura 40 muzana yevanhu vari muFlint vanorarama pasi peurombo, zvinokwana 2.8 nguva iyo nyika inowanikwa huwandu hwehurombo muUnited States. Iyo nzvimbo iyo guta racho rinogara rine nhoroondo yehutano husina kunaka, inoratidza 81 kubva 82 maguta eMichigan nokuda kwehutano hwehutano. Dambudziko racho raiva muenzaniso mukuru wehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwemagariro hunowanzokuvadza avo vane hutano hwehutano huri huri panjodzi.
Misha uye Mhuri
Tinopedza nguva yakawanda yenguva yedu kumba, kubasa, kana kuchikoro, saka zvakakosha kuti nzvimbo idzi dzive dzakachengeteka nehuwandu hwehutachiona, pamwe chete nekuita zvakanaka kune mararamiro akanaka. Kana vagari vemunharaunda vane uzhinji hwechisimba, semuenzaniso, mhuri dzinogona kusabuda kunze kuti dziite zvekuita. Kana migwagwa isina kuchengetedzwa zvakakodzera, inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwemotokari.
Munda unobudirira munharaunda iyi yehutano hwezvakatipoteredza ndeyekuwaneka kwekudya. Nharaunda dzakawanda muUnited States hadzina nzvimbo dzekutengesa zvizere zvepamusoro pedo. Kana vasipo, vagari vanogara vachifanira kuvimba nezvinhu zviri nyore, sezvakawanikwa kune magasi, kuti vatenge zvokudya zvavo. Izvi zvinogona kutengesa, asi zvinonyanya kukosha, zvinogona kureva zvishoma kana kuti varombo zvingasarudzwa zvezvibereko zvemichero nemiriwo-chikamu chikuru chekudya kwakanaka. Kune mhuri munharaunda idzi, zvinogona kuva dambudziko rekuita sarudzo dzakanaka, kuwedzera kukanganisa kwehutano huripo kune vanhu vasingakwanisi kuwana uye vanhu vashomanana kunyanya.
Mukuedza kugadzirisa kukanganisa kwe "mahombeka ezvokudya," vadzidzisi vehutano hwezvakatipoteredza vari kukurudzira hurumende kuti dzigadzire minda yemuzhinji umo vagari vanogona kukura nekukohwa michero yavo yega, kugadzirisa kuwanika kwekutakura kwevanhu kuenda kune zvizere zvekushambadzira zvekudya uye varimi vemisika, uye kushandura mitemo yemiganhu yekuita kuti vatengesi vape zvirongwa zvekudya zvakanaka.
Infrastructure and Surveillance
Chimwe chikamu chepfungwa chero ipi zvayo yehutano yehutano nderuzivo . Nokunzwisisa zvinokonzerwa nehutano uye kupi, vadzidzisi vehutano hwezvakatipoteredza vanogona kutora hupfumi hwekudzivirira kana kurwisana navo. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora uye kupindura kune zvirwere-munda unonzi epidemiology -pamwe nekuongorora kuwanda kwematambudziko uye nekugadzira zvirongwa zvekuongorora.
Kuongororwa mabasa kunosanganisira kuenda kunze uye kutsvaga zvimwe zvinetso zvehutano (kushingaira kuongororwa) kana kuburikidza nekubvunza vadzidzisi kune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvakadai semishonga kana hurimi, kuongorora masangano ehutano hwezvakatipoteredza pavanosangana navo (passive surveillance).
Muenzaniso weizvi mukuita ndeyemumumvu yekucherechedza uye kushandiswa kwemabasa. Aya mapurojekiti anoedza utsi kune zvimwe zvinhu, kusanganisira kuvapo kwezvirwere zvinotyisa seZika chirwere, uyewo kutarisa vanhu kuti vaone kuti mitemo inoshanda iri kushanda. Idzi ruzivo runogona kubatsira vashandi vehutano kuziva chii chavanofanira kutarisa kumahofisi echiremba, vachitungamira hurumende dzenharaunda uko uye kuti zvakanakisisa sei kutsvaira mamiko, uye edza vanhu pachena kana chirwere chinotakurwa nemukonyo chiri kupararira munzvimbo.
Global Environmental Health
Mumakumi emakore ari kuuya, vashandi vehutano hwezvakatipoteredza vari kuputira kune mhepo inotonhora, inonaya inogona kukurudzira kana kuwedzera kutyisidzira kwehutano hwedu hwepasi pose pasi rose.
Sezvo kutonhora kuchiwedzera, somuenzaniso, utsi hunotakura zvirwere hunogona kurarama munzvimbo dzave dzava kutonhora zvikuru kuti dzirambe dzichirarama, kuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu vanobatwa nezvirwere zvinotakura zvirwere zvakadai sedheue uye malaria. Sezvo makungwa anokwira, maguta ose emhenderekedzo yegungwa uye zvitsuwa ari panjodzi yekufema, uye kutumira mamirioni evanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo munzvimbo dzakazara apo zvirwere zvinogona kupararira nokukurumidza.
Sezvo mhepo yakanyanyisa zviitiko inowanzova yakawanda, vashandi vehutano vanotarisira makore akawanda sa 2017 apo dutu rekudzokera-shure-mafashamo munzvimbo dzakadai seHouston, Florida, nePuerto Rico dzakaparadza dzimba, dzakabatsira kupararira kwezvirwere, uye dzakasiya mamiriyoni asina simba.
Kuchengetedza hutano hwepasi kunokosha pakuvandudza nekuchengetedza hutano hwehuwandu hwepasi rose. Kunyange zvazvo zvirwere zvehutano zvakagadziriswa zvikuru pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura-mune dzimwe nyika dzakapfuma dzakadai seUnited States zvikuru-njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza uye zvirwere zvinotapukira hazvina ruzivo rwemaganhu evanhu. Vanhu nhasi vari kuenda mberi uye kakawanda kudarika kare, uye kukakavadzana munzvimbo dzakadai seSiriya, Afghanistan, neSouth Sudan zviri kuita mamiriyoni kutiza misha yavo.
Iko kukura kwemuganhu wepamuganhu uye neyambuka-maodzanyemba kunogona kutyisidzira zvirwere zvekudzivirira zvirwere uye kuwedzera kwehupfumi huripo. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvakakosha kuti nyika dzive nechekupfuura nemiganhu yavo kuti dzivandudze hutano hwehuwandu hwevanhu-kwete yavo pachavo.
Maitiro Aungabatsira
Kusiyana nekudya uye kurovedza muviri, zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwehutano hazvisi chinhu chinogona kutarisirwa chete pamunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kurwisana nehutano ivo vanowanzotora mitemo, mazano, uye mapurogiramu munzvimbo, munyika, uye pasi rose.
Hazvina musoro, somuenzaniso, kuti munhu wose aongorore makicheni emaresitorendi avanowanzogara kana kuti aedze mvura yavo nokuda kwesimbi yakakura. Ndicho chikonzero tadzidza uye tichigadzirisa zvokudya zvekuchengetedza zvekudya uye vashandisi vezvenyeredzi vanoshandisa masimba, maitiro ekuongorora nekuenzanisa kuongorora kuti zvokudya zvedu nemvura zvakachengeteka kudyira. Zvinotora basa rakazara uye rakarongeka kune imwe nzvimbo yakakura yehutano hwehutano hwekuchengetedza hupenyu kuti hudzivirire hutano nekuchengetedzwa kwemagariro munyika yose nenyika.
Izvo zvinotaurwa, pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvaunogona kuita kudzivirira utano hwehupenyu hwehupenyu nekuchengeteka kwekwako uye pasi rose. Iwe unogona kubatsira kuvandudza hutano hwemhepo nekukwira bhasikoro rako, kutora kutakura kwemashamba, kana kuchinja kutengesa panzvimbo yekufambisa motokari kuenda uye kubva kubasa. Iwe unogona kutarisa imba yako yehadhioni kana kutungamira pende kana mapaipi kuitira kuti usadzivirire kune zvinodhaka. Uye iwe unogona kutaurirana nehurumende dzako dzenharaunda uye mabhizinesi pamusoro pekutsvaga mari mumabasa ehutano hwezvakatipoteredza anovimbisa nzvimbo yese inokwanisa kuwana nzvimbo dzakachengeteka kuti urarame, basa, uye kutamba.
> Sources:
> Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Nzvimbo dzehutano huripo.
> Healthy People.gov. Utano hwepanyika. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
> National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Nyaya dzehutano hwehupenyu.