Ndeipi munyika mune mutsa wemapapu unowanzoonekwa? Tora kufungidzira sekune dzimwe nyika gumi dzisati dzaenda mberi, asi kutanga tanga kuzvibvunza kuti: "Sei izvi zvichikosha?"
Kuziva pasi pose ndeyeimwe chikonzero chekutarisa mutapu wemapapu pasi rese. Ndekupi zvinonyanya kukosha?
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Ndeipi Chirwere Chinokonzera Kazhinji Kazhinji?Asi chimwe chikonzero chinokosha chokubvunza mubvunzo uyu ndechekuti inomutsa mibvunzo inowedzera. Tinoziva kuti kusvuta kunokonzera kenza, asi mitezo yekusvuta uye yemapapu emapapu hazvirevi kutora ruoko-mu-ruoko pasi rose. Sei? Sei kune musiyano wakadaro pakati penyika dzine huwandu hwepamusoro wemapapu emapapu zvakakwana, uye uwandu wekenza yemapapu muvakadzi?
Zvinokonzera mhagara yemapapu zvinodanwa zvakare kumusoro mubvunzo uyu. Munyika yose, 80 muzana yemakondomu emapapu mune varume anonzi ndeyekusvuta, asi 50 muzana yemakondomu emapapu mukati mevakadzi anokonzerwa nekusvuta. Ndezvipi zvinokonzera mutsa wemapapu kune vamwe 50 muzana yevakadzi, uye vanogona kuziva izvi, nekudzivirira zviyero kana zvichidiwa, kuita mutsauko kune vakadzi muUnited States pamwe chete? Mushure mezvose, chikonzero chinonyanya kukonzera kufa kwekenza kuvakadzi muU.S. ndemukenza wemapapu, kwete kenza yemazamu. Zvechokwadi, pane vakadzi vakawanda vasina kusvuta (vasamboputa uye vaimbova vanoputa) vanofa muU.S. gore rimwe nerimwe kubva pamukenza wemapapu, pane vakadzi-vasingasviki uye vanopfungaira zvakafanana-vanofa nekenza yemazamu.
Uye pakupedzisira, patinenge tichiona kuwirirana kwemazuva ose kana kuti kuderera muhuwandu hwevanhu vane kenza yemapapu muUnited States, chiitiko cheboka rimwe chiri kuwedzera: chevechidiki, vasingadi kusvuta vakadzi. Tingatarisa pasi rose kutibatsire kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo here?
Kunyange zvazvo fodya ichigona uye yakagadzirisa zvakanyanya pamba uye pamusoro pemadziva, kutarisa munyika yose kunotiyeuchidza kuti basa redu pamusoro pekudzivirira nekukurumidza kuonekwa, kwete kutaura nezvekurapa kwakanakisisa, hazvikwanisi kuitwa.
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Nhamba 1 - Hungary (Denmark kune Vakadzi)Hungary ine mwero wepamusoro wemapapu munyika yose, asi Denmark ine chirwere chepamusoro chemapapu muvakadzi. Hungary inotevera mamiriro evanhu vakawanda vekumaodzanyemba kweEurope (kunze kweRomania) umo kenza yemapapu iri kuwedzera uye inoramba ichiwedzera.
Hungary ndiyo muenzaniso umo kukanganisa nekenza yemapapu kwakabatana. Kungofanana neHungary ine mukana wepamusoro wekenza yemapapu munyika yose, iyo inewo yepamusoro yehuwandu hwekusvuta pasi rose.
Asi kunyange kana kusvuta chikonzero chakajeka chekenza yemapapu, yakadai seHungary, zvakakosha kuongorora zvimwe zvinokonzera. Kuvhiringidzika kweAsbestos kunowedzera mungozi muHungary, iyo inobatsira kwete chete kumapapu emapapu asi kukura kwezvakaipa zvinoshungurudza mesothelioma , kenza inotanga mu mesothelium , muchero unoyerera mapapu.
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Nhamba 2 - Serbia (Canada yevakadzi)Serbia ine yechipiri yepamusoro yemapapu emapapu munyika yose uye inyika ine nguva dzose ine imwe yepamusoro yefodya yenyika yose.
Izvi hazvishamisi zvakapiwa izvo zvatinoziva nezvekenza yemapapu uye kusvuta kubva 50 muzana yevarume (uye 30 muzana yevakadzi) munyika ino vanosvuta. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinopfuura kusvuta, zvisinei, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti nzvimbo iyi iite.
Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaona kuti kurovedza muviri kunoderedza ngozi yekenza yemapapu, uye kuongorora kwechangobva kuwanikwa kwakawana kuti 10 muzana chete yevarume muSerbia vanoita basa rinoitwa nguva dzose. MuSerbia, 50 muzana yevarume vanodarika, asi kudya kunovaka muviri kunogona kuderedza ngozi yekenza yemapapu. Zvokudya zvakakwirira muLutein (sipinashi, broccoli) uye lycopene (tomato uye tomato sauces) zvinoita sechidiki kuderedza mutsa wemapapu emapapu asi kudya kwemafuta kunokonzera ngozi. Ongororo dzakawana zvakare kuti kudya kwakanyanya kune dzimwe doro kunogona kukonzera kenza yemapapu emapapu , uye makumi mana kubva kuzana zvevarume veSerbia vanodya doro zuva rega rega mune imwe chidzidzo.
Chimwe chinhu chinofanira kutorwa munyaya yehutano hwekufa kubva mumukenza wemapapu kana waonekwa. Nehupfumi hwemuSerbia mumakore achangopfuura, kurapwa kwehutano kungasave kwakaenzana kune dzimwe nyika.
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Nhamba 3 - Korea (United States for Women)Korea (Democratic Republic of Korea) ine yechitatu yepamusoro yemapapu emapapu munyika yose. Kune hukama huri pachena pakati pemukenza wemapapu uye kusvuta muKorea, kunyange vanhu vazhinji vakashamiswa kunzwa nezvepamusoro yemapenza emapapu emapapu mune vamwe vakadzi veAsia vanopesana nevamwe vakadzi vechiEurope, pasinei nezinga shoma rekusvuta. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kusvibiswa kwemhepo mumhepo kunobva kune imwe isina kuvharwa kwemazimbe-akafuridzira mapfufu uye kubika mafesi kunobatsira kune ngozi yakakonzerwa nekenza yemapapu kune dzimwe nyika dzeAsia. Utsi hwechipiri hunofanirwawo hunoonekwa sehukuru hwemapapu emukonho hunokonzera muKorea, nedzimwe nyika pasi rose.
Kutarisa kumabvazuva kubva kuKorea kunoitika chimwe chinhu chakagadzirwa semukati weJapane wemapapu . Sei varume veAmerica vane kenza yemapapu kunyange zvazvo varume vechiJapan vatsva zvakanyanya (pamwero wega?) Kune mazano akawanda, kunyange pasina munhu anoziva kuti nei ichi chiri chokwadi. Zvinogona kunge zviripo zvishoma zvishoma nemakemikari (kanokonzera kenza) zvinoshandiswa muJapan zvidzanga kupfuura fodya dzeAmerica. Kana kuti zvimwe zvipfeko kana zvipfeko zvinopa chikwereti varume veJapan vachirwisana nemigumisiro yeutsi hwefodya. Chero chikonzero ichocho, ichi chiyeuchidzo chakanaka kuti kenza (kanzira dzose) kazhinji inorwara yakawanda, zvichireva kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda pamwechete kuti zvive zvinokonzera kana kudzivirira kenza.
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Nhamba 4 - Makedonia (Korea yevakadzi)FYR Makedhoniya ine yechina yepamusoro yemapapu emapapu munyika.
Mukuwedzera kune vanhu vakawanda vanoputa muMacedonia (vanenge 40 muzana yevanhu,) achiri muduku paanotanga kusvuta (apo mumwe munhu anotanga kusvuta) yakamboonekwa sechinetso munyika muno.
Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kune nhamba dzefodya dzakasvuta, uye nguva yakareba mumwe munhu anosvuta, iyo nguva iyo kusvuta kunotanga kunogona kukonzera kenza yemapapu emapapu. Izvi zvinonzwisisika nokuti avo vanotanga kusvuta vachiri vaduku vanowanzoita saizvozvo panguva yekukura kwemapapu nekukura. Zvidzidzo zveGenetic zvakatsigira iyi dzidziso, nehuchapupu hwekugara kwenguva yakajeka kwehupenyu kune DNA inogara kune vanopfungaira vanotanga tsika yavo pakutanga muupenyu.
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Nhamba ye5 - New Calendonia (Hungary yevakadzi)Mukuwedzera kune kusvuta, kushandiswa kwebasa kune zvimwe zvakadai seAsbestos muzvakakosha zvinokonzera kenza yemapapu muNew Caledonia. MuUnited States, ku-ku-kushanda basa kunofungidzirwa kuti kunobatsira 13 kusvika ku29 muzana yemarariya emapapu, uye izvi zvinogona kusiyana zvakasiyana-siyana munyika yose.
Zvidzidzo zvakawana varume veNew Caledonia avo vanoshanda semabhazi uye maderezi emotokari (dielel exhaust) pamwe chete nevaya vanoratidzirwa kuzvinhu zvinosvina, inorganic fertilizers, uye guruva remunda vane ngozi yakawanda yekuve nekenza yemapapu.
New Caledonia, kufanana neHungary, ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekuchema kwemashetioma, iyo yave yakabatana nekushandiswa kwekutengesa asbestos mumuchena.
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Nhamba 6 - Montenegro (The Netherlands for Women)Montenegro ine yechitanhatu yepamusoro yekenza yemapapu munyika yose uye ine imwe yepamusoro yepamusoro yekusvuta pasi rose.
Zvidzidzo zvinotarisana nemukenza wemapapu muMontenegro zvinoratidza kushamwaridzana kwakajeka pakati pekusvuta nekenza yemapapu. Kubvira muna 1976 kusvika muna 2000, mukana wekusvuta munyika yakakura ne 98 muzana. Munguva imwecheteyo nguva, chiitiko chemukenza wemapapu mumarume chinoda kusvika kaviri, uye kuti mumadzimai anenge anenge katatu.
Mukuwedzera, mhando yemukenza yemapapu inowanikwa yakawanda yakachinja muMontenegro. Kubvira muna 1997 kusvikira muna 2001, kuwedzera kukuru kwechiitiko chediki checencin carcinoma kwakaratidzwa kune varume nevakadzi, asi chiitiko chekasaiti kemukirini yemapapu emapapu kakaderera. Apo kusvuta kunogona kubatsira kune chero rudzi rwemhando yekenza yemapapu, inobatanidzwa zvikuru kwazvo nekenza kaduku kemapapu emapapu , uye kanha yemapapu inowanikwa musingaiti- kusvuta inowanzova isiri duku duku rekenza yemapapu .
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Nhamba yechinomwe - Denmark (Iceland yevakadzi)Denmark ine yechinomwe yepamusoro yekenza yemapapu munyika yose. Chikamu cheizvi ndechepurogiramu yakakura yekenza yemapapu, asi Denmark inewo yakanaka kwazvo yekuchengetedza rekodhi, zvichiita kuti kukwanisa kuongorora kenza munyika ino yakarurama.
Danmark zvakare muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti kusvuta kunogona sei kuponesa upenyu. Chiitiko chemutapu wemapapu chakasvika pakukwirira kwayo kuDenmark muna 1985 uye ikozvino kuwira mumarume (kunyange ichiri kuramba ichikwira kuvakadzi.)
Mukuwedzera kune kusvuta, pane kushamwaridzana kukuru pakati pemhepo yakasvibiswa nekenza yemapapu muDenmark. Kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwemhepo yakasvibiswa mumhepo, pamwe chete nemigwagwa yemugwagwa, zvakabatanidzwa nehuwandu, asi kushambadzira kwepamigwagwa mumigwagwa iri pedyo uye nitrogen oksijeni yakasungwa hakuratiki kuenzaniswa nechinetso.
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Nhamba 8 - United States of America (Irland yevakadzi)IUnited States ine hutatu hwepamusoro hwemapapu emapapu pasi pose, uye mukenza wemapapu mune varume nevakadzi ndiyo inokonzera kukonzera kufa kwekenza.
Nekushaya fodya, chiitiko chekenza yemapapu chakatanga kuderera mumarume uye chiri kutarisana nevakadzi.
Kuongorora kwekenza yemaperembudzi kune avo vanofanirwa kunge vachangobvumirwa, uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti kuongorora kunogona kuderedza kufa (chirwere chekufa) chekenza yemapapu ne20 kubva muUnited States.
Sezvimwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, pane zvipingamupinyi zvinopfuura kusvuta, uye ani naani ane mapapu ari pangozi. Kana usina kumbobvira wasvuta, izvo zvinoshamisa, asi iva nechokwadi chekutarisa zvikonzero zvinokonzera kenza yemapapu kune vasiri kusvuta kuona kana iwe unogona kuderedza kuderedza dambudziko rako.
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Nhamba 9 - Poland (Norway yevakadzi)Poland ine yechitanhatu chepamusoro yekenza yemapapu munyika, chiyero chakanyatsobatanidzwa nekusvuta. Muna 1990 zvaifungidzirwa kuti 40 muzana yevarume vePoland vakafa nguva isati yakwana nekuda kwehutano hwehutachiona. Mutengo wekuputa wakaderera kubvira panguva iyoyo.
Ngozi yemukenza wemapapu muvakadzi vokuPoland yakasiyana zvakasiyana, uye nhoroondo yemhuri yekenza yemapapu inobatsira munharaunda yacho. Kune vakadzi muPoland, vane dhigirii yekutanga yekenza yemukenza yemapapu inobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwekuwedzera chirwere ichi.
Zvinowanzoonekwawo kuti vakadzi muPoland (pamwe pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika) vanowanzosangana nemakemikari muutsi hwefodya kupfuura varume. Vakadzi muPoland vanowanzova nekenza yemapapu mudiki kudarika varume uye mushure mevashoma vasvuta uye makore mashomanana okusvuta. Vakadzi vari munyika vanogonawo kunge vari vapenyu vese vasati vasvuta.
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Nhamba yegumi - Canada (United Kingdom for Women)Canada ine yegumi yepamusoro yemukenza wemapapu munyika yose, uye kufanana neUnited States muenzaniso wekuti kusvuta kwefodya kunogona kuchengetedza sei upenyu. Asi mutachiona wemapapu ichiri chikonzero chinonyanya kukonzera kufa kwechirwere-chetano mumurume nevakadzi muCanada.
Ne ruzivo rwakabatanidza mutsara wekumapapu uye kusvuta uye kusvuta kupedza kushanda, chiitiko chekenza yemapapu chakatanga kupera muma1980. Makore mashomanana mberi kweUnited States mukufambira mberi uku, muyero wemukenza wemapapu kuvakadzi haana kuwedzera kubva muna 2006.
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