A History of Hand-Washing, Mvura Yakachena, uye Mafuta Toilets
Muzuva rino nezera, vanachiremba nevarwere zvakafanana vanoenda kune zvemazuva ano zvigadzirwa zvemishonga pakurwisa marudzi ose ezvirwere uye matambudziko. Nzira yekurapa zvirwere zvinotapukira haisi yakasiyana, nevarwere vakawanda vanoda mitsara yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya neine zvinyoronyoro zvezviratidzo. Zvinosuruvarisa, kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunofanira kutungamirira kuwedzera kubuda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inopesana , iyo utachiona hunogona kuparadza uye dzimwe nguva inouraya.
Isati yasvika kuwanikwa kwechirwere chemakirakiti, vanhu vazhinji vaitenda kuti zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemidzimu yakaipa. Zvisinei, mipiro yesayenzi muma1800 naLouis Pasteur naRobert Koch vakaratidza kuti zvidiki zviduku zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere zvinouraya uye zvinoparadza sezvinonzi TB uye chibhokisi. Asi iwe wakanga uchiziva here kuti kuderera kunoshamisa kwezvirwere zvinotapukira pakati pekuwanikwa kwechirongwa che microbial uye kuwanikwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya (aka "zvinodhaka zvinodhaka") zvakanzi hazvirevi kurapwa kwepamusoro-soro, asi pane, kuchinja mumararamiro evanhu?
Vanhu vatatu, Ignaz Semmelweis, John Snow naTomas Crapper, vanonzi vanoita kuti tive nekuita mararamiro edu ezuva nezuva ekushambidza maoko, kunwa mvura yakachena uye mudzimba.
Nhoroondo yekushambidza maoko: Ignaz Semmelweis
Fungidzira kuti upenyu hungave hwakaita sei kana kushambidza maoko kwakasarudzwa pakati pezviremba. Zvakanaka zvinotyisa, handizvo here? Munyika dzakabudirira, kushamba maoko kunokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kuvanhu vezera rose uye mararamiro ehupenyu, asi vanhu vashomanana vanoziva nhoroondo yekutangira kwayo.
Muna 1847 Chiremba akaberekwa weHungary Ignaz Semmelweis akaita zvinyorwa zvinoshamisa zvinotungamirira kumitiro wekugeza maoko mumakliniki emakiriniki. Paaiva achishanda pamakiriniki anoshungurudza muVienna, Dr. Semmelweis akavhiringidzwa nekuti chirwere chinouraya (kana kuti "puerperal") chakanyanya kuitika kune vakadzi vakabatsirwa nevadzidzi vezvokurapa, kana vachienzaniswa nevaya vakabatsirwa nevanyamukuta.
Nokunyatsoongorora kuongororwa kwemakiriniki, akawana kuti vanachiremba vezvechiremba vaibatsira pakuberekwa vaigara vachidaro pashure pokunge vaita zvigadziriswa kune varwere vakanga vafa kubva mumaspire (emabhakitiriya akabva). Mushure mokuisa mutemo wakaoma wekushambidza maoko nema chlorinated antiseptic solution, kufa kwehuwandu kunodonhedzwa ne10 kusvika kune makumi maviri mukati memwedzi mitatu, zvichiratidza kuti kutapurirwa kwezvirwere kunogona kuderedzwa zvakanyanya nemaitiro aya asina kuchena.
Akange asingakwanisi kugutsikana nevamwe vake nezvekukosha kwekuwanikwa kwake. Aifungidzirwa kuti akapenga uye akafira mune imwe nheyo kubva kune sepsis kubva mukukuvara kwaakagamuchira ipapo, kufanana nevakadzi vazhinji vaaitsvaka kudzivirira.
Edza Kunwa Mvura: John Snow uye Broad Street Pump
Iwe unogona kufungidzira kuti upenyu hwako hungave hwakaita sei kana iwe chete unobva mvura yekunwa wakasvibiswa nehururu kubva kune vanhu vanofa nekororera ? Inonzwika yakaisvonaka, handizvo here?
Mumakore ekuma1900 muEngland, kubuda kwekolera (yebhakitiriya kubva) kwakatungamirira kuhosha yakawanda kwazvo, zvichisiya makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vakafa uye vachirwara. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vaiziva zvishomanana nezvekubuda kwemakiromita kana kupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira. Asi, vainyatsoziva kuti chirwere chekhorera chakakonzerwa nemhepo ine chepfu inobva kumadziya emvura, mabwiro akazaruka, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekuora.
John Snow akanga ari chiremba uyo akaona kuti kororera yakaratidzwa kuti haina kupararira kuburikidza nemhepo inouraya, asi kubva mumvura yakasviba-yakasvibiswa. Akacherechedza kuti vazhinji vehupenyu hwekodera vakafa zvakaitika pedyo nepombi pa Broad Broad, apo vagari vomunharaunda vaigara vachimira kunwa mvura. Dr. Snow akabvisa pombi yekubata, uye pakarepo pakarepo, kupararira kwechirwere kwaiva. Kunyange zvazvo zvakatora nguva kuti hurumende yepanyika itende zvaanotaura uye kutora matanho, dhiyabhorosi Snow's theories and findings inomiririra zvipo zvakakura zvose pakunzwisisa mavambo ezvirwere zvinopararira uye mukushandiswa kwakasarudzwa kwemvura yakachena yekunwa.
Mazuva Ano Kuputira Toilet: Thomas Crapper
Yeuka mazuva eimba yeimba? Kana kuti gomba muvhu, pane dzimwe nguva? Zvinokuita kuti iwe uwedzere kuonga imba yemazuva ano, kwete?
Thomas Crapper, akaberekwa muna 1836 muYorkshire, England, akanzi ndiye muvambi wechipfuva chinoputika. Muzvokwadi, haana kutora chimbuzi chinoputika asi anotenda kuti akaita zvipo zvakakura pakuvandudza nekupararira kwayo munzanga yanhasi. Nokushandisa gadziriro yemazuva ano yakasvibisa mvura yakasviba kubva mumaguta, vagari vepanyika vakanga vasingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvirwere kubva kumakemikari akawanikwa mumhuka dzomunhu. Saka kana kwete kana Thomas Crapper munhu chaiye akazvipira kumusangano weimba yekushambidzika kunokonzera kukakavadzana, asi chimbuzi chinoputira chinomirira chikwata chikuru pakuvandudza hutano hwevanhu.
Chii chine Mharidzo Yekutora?
Vanhu vatatu vanonzi vanobatanidzwa kune izvi zvakakomba zvikuru mumarudzi evanhu, zvizhinji zvatinotora zvishoma. Kubudirira kwezviitiko izvi zvezuva nezuva zvakaitika kusati kwavapo kuiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kunyange zvisati zvanzwisiswa kuti zvirwere zvinogona kukonzerwa ne microbes. Chii chinonzi mutezo wemusha? Kuchinja mumararamiro emararamiro kunowanzoita musiyano mukuru kana zvichiuya pakudzivirira zvirwere zvinouraya.
> References
> Biography: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. July 30, 2008
> Thomas Crapper: Nhema uye Reality. Plumbing & Mechanical 1993
> Summers, Judith. "Broad Street Pump Outbreak" . A History yeLondon's Most Colorful Neighborhood. Bloomsbury, London, 1989; pp. 113-117