Hatizivi chaicho chinokonzera kenza yepachiona , asi njodzi dzinogona kuisanganisira ganda rakati uye rudzi, kusviba kwezuva uye kupisa kwezuva, kutarisana nemakemikari ezvakatipoteredza nezvimwe zvinhu, mamwe marapirwo kana kurapa kwezvinetso zvezvehutano, uye kusvuta. Imwe mhuri inorwara nekenza yeganda, pamwe nemamwe mazita eine genetic syndromes, inogona kukonzera njodzi, uye zvizvarwa zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotora basa rinokosha pakuchengetwa kwevanhu vakawanda vasina maranoma uye maranoma echechi yekenza.
Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakanaka, zvinokonzera kudya, zvakadai sekudya zvakapfuma muhuro nemiriwo, zvinogona kuderedza ngozi.
Risk Factors
Zvimwe zvinogona kuisa njodzi zvinogona kusanganisira kutarisa kunokonzera zvakananga ganda, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kuDNA (kuchinja kwegene) kunogona kuita kuti kenza iwedzere. Zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai sekudzivirira muviri, zvinogona kuderedza kukwanisa kwomuviri kugadzirisa masero mushure mekukuvadza kunoitika. Kukosha kwezvikonzero zvakananga zvinogona kuchinja kunogona kusiyana maererano nerudzi rweganda, uye nezvimwe. Zvinokonzera njodzi zvinokonzera kenza yeropa zvinosanganisira
Age
Kazhinji, kwete-melanoma ganda rekenza (sezvakaita basal cell carcinomas uye squamous cell carcinomas) inowedzera nezera, kunyange zvazvo maranomas inowanikwa muvechidiki.
Chiganda Chigadziko, Maitiro, uye Muviri Maitiro
Kushandiswa kweganda kunogona kuva chinhu chinokonzera ngozi yekukura kwekenza yeganda, nevanhu vane ganda rakanaka rine ngozi yakanyanya. Chikonzero chiri shure ichi ndechekuti pigment melanin (inokonzerwa nehuvara rweganda) inopa kudzivirirwa kubva kune ultraviolet (UV) mihizha, uye vanhu vane ganda rakasviba vane maranin akawanda.
Izvozvo zvakati, vanhu vane rumwe ruvara rweganda vanogona kuve nekenza yeganda, uye kunyange kenza yeganda inowanzoonekwa kune vatsvene pane vemavara, vanhu vemafu vanogona kufa nehosha. Uye, sezvo maranoma iri kuwedzera mune vatsvene, iri kuwedzera muLatinos pamwe chete.
Vanhu vane unhu hwemuviri vanobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hunosanganisira:
- Vanhu vane freckles.
- Avo vane mavara akanaka eganda.
- Avo vasingatendi kana tani vasina kunaka.
- Avo vanopisa nyore.
- Vanhu vane mavara mavara akajeka, akadai seguru uye bhuruu maziso.
- Vanhu vane vhudzi rakati tsvuku kana bvudzi (vane bvudzi rakatsvuka rinotakura ngozi yakawanda kupfuura bvudzi bvudzi).
Sun Exposure (Natural or Tanning Booths)
Kusvikirwa kwezuva ndicho chikuru chinokonzerwa nekenza yemaperembudzi, asi kukosha kwayo kunopesana nerudzi rwekenza yepachiona. Squamous cell carcinoma ndiyo rudzi rwekenza yechipfu inonyanya kusungirirwa kuzuva. Nhamba ye ultraviolet (UV) chiedza chinotaridzika chinoenderana nesimba rechiedza (icho chinogona kusiyanana nekona kwezuva), kureba kwekutsvaira, uye kana ganda raive rakafukidzwa nenguvo kana chezuva.
Kuora kwezuva kwakanyanya pazera duku, kunyange kana zvakangoitika kamwechete, zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera ngozi kune makumi emakore gare gare. Mafuta anonyanya kusanganiswa anonyanya kunyanya kuoma nemaranoma, uye kupisa kwezuva kune chitunha chemuviri kunosanganiswa nehuwandu hwehutano.
Kunyange zvazvo zuva rokusununguka richiita basa mumarudzi ose makuru evanhu vane kenza yeganda, rudzi rwekenza runokanganiswa nemuenzaniso wekutsvaga. Squamous cell carcinoma uye basal cell carcinoma zvakabatana zvikuru pamwe nekugara kwenguva refu, uye avo vanopedza nguva yakawanda kunze kwebasa kana kutamba vane ngozi yakawanda.
Kusiyana neizvi, maranoma inobatanidza nekunonoka asi kwakanyanyisa kutsvaira kwezuva (funga: kupera kwemazuva munzvimbo inotonhora).
Environmental Chemicals
Kunyanya kumakemikari nedzimwe zvinhu mumba kana kuti-kune-basa, kunowedzera dambudziko rekenza yenguruve. Zvinhu zvakabatana nehuwandu hwehuwandu hunosanganisira:
- Arsenic: Kubva nekusingaperi kwekunwa mvura (kunyanya miriwo yega yega) pamwe nekushanda kwebasa.
- Tar (yakadai sevashandi vepamusoro).
- Parafini (wax): Maparafini anowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira motokari.
- Mafuta, kunyanya aromated uye chlorinated solvents: Somuenzaniso, mune vashandi vesimbi nevaya vanobudiswa pakushandura inks, degreasers, uye zvinhu zvokuchenesa.
- Vinyl chloride (yakadai semitikiti inobereka michina yevinyl).
Kusvuta
Kusvuta kunobatanidza nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe squamous cell carcinomas dzeganda, asi kwete basal cell carcinomas. Chidzidzo che 2017 chakawana kuti mungozi yebasal cell cancers yaive yakanyanya kuderera kune vanoputa, asi vakafunga kuti izvi zvingave zvichibva pakuona kusarura (vatsvakurudzi vangave vakawana zvirwere izvo zvingadai zvisingachaonekwi mumunhu kwete muchidzidzo). Kusiyana nekenza yekenza yemapapu, mungozi yekenza yenguruve yaimbove inoputa inodonha kune yekusamboputa mushure mokusiya.
Ganda Zvirwere kana Kurapwa Kweganda Mamiriro
Pane huwandu hwemuviri weganda unogona kuwedzera njodzi yekuva nekenza yeganda, kana kuti inofungidzirwa kuti yakananga. Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nzira dzokurapa dzinogona kukonzera njodzi yekenza. Mimwe yemamiriro aya anosanganisira:
- Actinic keratosis : Actinic keratoses (solar keratoses) zvipembenene zvakajairika zveganda zvinowanzoita sechisimba, ganda, seganda-sechiganda paganda rinogona kuva rakatsvuka, rvuku, kana ronda. Izvo zvinowanzoonekwa munzvimbo dzakataridzika dzezuva dzomuviri. Hasi yose inonzi actinic keratoses ichapfuurira ku squamous cell carcinoma yeganda (vakawanda havaiti), asi inofungidzirwa kuti 20 kusvika ku40 muzana ye squamous cell skin cancers inotanga sechitininic keratosis. Bhuku re 2018 rakarondedzerwa kuti actinic keratoses kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri zvinowanzoshandurwa kuva kenza yeganda. Izvi zvinosanganisira keratoses pamashure emaoko, mazamu, makumbo, kana kumativi ose, miromo, kana mhino. Actinic keratoses inofungidzirwa kuva yakanyanyisa , uye, chaizvoizvo, dzimwe dermatologists dzinofunga kuti actinic keratoses ingave yekutanga ye squamous cell carcinoma yeganda. Vanhu vane zvizhinji zvechitinic keratoses vanogonawo kuwedzera basal cell carcinoma kana melanoma.
- Kuva nemabhesi akawanda (anopfuura 50).
- Dysplastic moles (zvisingaoneki zvinooneka pamakero).
- Congenital melanocytic nevi: Iyi ihuru "miviri" iripo pakuberekwa, uye melanoma inogona kukura kusvika 10 muzana yezvipembenene izvi (zvikurukuru nevi huru).
- Nhoroondo yekupisa kwakanyanya kana kuputika kweganda dzimwe nguva kunotungamirira kenza yeganda.
- Psoralens kana ultraviolet (UV) therapy ye psoriasis kana eczema inogona kuwedzera njodzi yekudzidzira chirwere chisina kuora maranoma cheganda.
Zvirwere Zvirwere uye Zvirwere
Mamwe marapirwo anobatanidzwa nehutano hukuru hwekuva nekenza yeganda. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira:
- Nhoroondo yega yekenza yepachiona. Avo avo vane chirwere chepachivande chisina maranoma chinenge kakapetwa ka10 pane dzimwe nguva kune chiyero chekuwedzera chimwe chezvikenza izvi. Vaya vane maranoma kanowanikwa katatu kuti vagadzire chirwere chisina kuora mutezo.
- Mamwe mishonga inowedzera zuva senitivity (photosensitivity), kusanganisira mashoma emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kukwirira kweropa rinodhaka remidhichlorothiazide, uye mamwe mishonga yemakemikrasi.
- Kupera kwemaawa ekupedzisira kwechirwere . Iyo ngozi yakawedzerwa inowanikwa chete munzvimbo dzakasvibiswa.
- Vanhu vane zvirwere zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvemuviri, zvingava nhaka kana kuti vakawana zvakadai seHIV / AIDS.
- Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) zvirwere. Mamwe mapepa eHIVV anogona kuita kuti zvirwere zvekenza zvirambe zviri mumatumbu e-genitalia, anus, uye ganda rakakomberedza zvigunwe.
Kudya
Kunyange zvazvo tisingatauri zvikafu zvinokonzerwa nekenza yeganda, tine uchapupu hwekuti dzimwe nzira dzekudya dzinobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehutano. Kudya kwakanyanya mumichero nemiriwo kunogona kuderedza dambudziko rekudzidzira kenza yeganda .
Genetics
Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemasikirwo ekugadzirwa kwekenza yeganda zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemhando chaiyo. Zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuparadzanisa njodzi inobatanidza genetics, uye unhu hwemhando dzakadai sedonhwe. Izvo zvakafanana mapatya anoratidza kuti inenge hafu yengozi yemunhu yebasal cell uye squamous cell carcinomas inokonzerwa nemagetsi. Kunyange zvazvo kuzivikanwa kwatakagara nhaka yekuchinja kwemajeni kunongodarika 1 muzana yemapuanomas, chidzidzo che 2016 chakaratidza kuti kusvika 58 muzana yehutachiona hwemaranoma yakabatana nezvinhu zvakagara nhaka.
Hatina chokwadi chaizvo kuti kuva nemhuri yekenza yepachirwere kunobata sei njodzi, kunyange njodzi ye squamous cell carcinoma muSweden inoratidzika kuva 2 kusvika ku3 nguva yevhareji kana iwe uine chikwata chekutanga (mubereki, mukoma kana mwana, kana mwana ) ane kenza yepachizi. Imwe nhoroondo yemhuri yeasypical nevus syndrome inowedzera dambudziko rekushaya maranoma.
Kune miviri yakawanda inoberekwa nayo inokonzera njodzi yemunhu unovandudza kenza yeganda. Zvishomanana zvezvinowanikwa zvinowanzo:
- Basal cell carcinomas: Vanhu vane basal cell nevus syndrome vane njodzi huru yekuita bhaalal cell carcinomas (PTCH1 uye PTCH2 kuchinja kwezvinhu).
- Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC): Ngozi yeSCC inowedzera kune avo vane xeroderma pigmentosum, oculocutaneous albinism, epidermolysis bullosa, uye Fanconi anemia.
- Melanoma: Chimwe chinhu chisina kuchena mumuviri wezvinodhaka chinokonzera mahara CDKN2A chinokonzera kusvika ku40 muzana yemaranomas emhuri Mazhinji emamwe maitiro ezvipembenene anowanzobatanidzwa nehanamoma, kusanganisira BRCA2 kuchinja kwezvinhu .
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