Hapana huwandu hwekutungamira hupenyu hwakachengeteka. Kuora kwehutachiona husingaperi kunogona kutungamirira kune rumwe ruzhinji rwezvirwere, kusanganisira anorexia, anemia , kudengenyeka, uye zviratidzo zvepamuviri. Kutarisa kutsvaga kunonyanya kuipa kune uropi hunobudirira, uye kuvana kunogona kukonzera kukura kwekukura, kukurumidza kukura, uye kutadza kwepfungwa.
Mukuwedzera kumatongerwo evanhu, kusingaperi kwekutsvaga kutungamira kunewo zvakakosha zvikuru mune zvehupfumi.
Inofungidzirwa kuti kutungamira kwekutungamirira kunodhura vanhu vokuAmerica vanenge $ 50 mabhiriyoni pagore. Kuisa pachena kutungamirira kunodzivirirwa uye kupindira kunodhura-zvinobudirira. Nekuda kwemari yose yakashandiswa pakuderedza kuderedzwa kwekutungamirira muimba, inofungidzirwa kuti kudzokera kumagariro iri pakati pe $ 17 ne $ 220.
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti migumisiro yekutungamirira muhupenyu hwepakutanga inogona kuwedzera mune hupenyu hwehupenyu. Kazhinji tsvakurudzo yakaratidza kuti kutungamira kunobatanidzwa sei nevane njere yekuchenjera; zvisinei, tirikudzidzawo zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti kutungamirirwa kwakasungirirwa sei kuita zvinetso nekudengenyeka. Kunyanya, "kutungamirira mhosva yekutonga" inoratidza kuti kutungamirira kunotungamirira kunoparwa mhosva.
Background
Muna 1943, Byers naIshe vanotanga kujekesa kusangana pakati pekutungamira kwekutungamira uye hutsinye uye hutsinye. Pamberi penguva iyi, zvaifungidzirwa kuti kurapa kwakakodzera kwekutungamira kwekutungamirira kwakaunza pasina nguva yakareba yakaipa migumisiro.
Zvisinei, Byers akawedzera kuva nehanya kuti kutungamirira kusvikirwa kunogona kukonzera hutsinye hunhu shure kwekunge kwava kuziva kuti varwere vaviri avo vainge vabata kutungamira-vatachiona avo vainge vakangoerekana vadzorera-vairwisa vadzidzisi vavo kuchikoro uye vachibatanidzwa mune mamwe maitiro ane utsinye.
Pamusoro pekuongororwa, Byers naIshe vakawana kuti 19 kubva pa20 "vakadzorerwa" vana vakaratidza matambudziko makuru ekuzvibata uye kugadzirisa kuchikoro.
Kunyange zvazvo Byers naShe vakabata kubatana pakati pemutungamiri uye mufambiro wakaipa pakutanga, hazvina kusvika ma1980 apo masayendisiti akatanga kutarisa kuti kutungamirirwa kwekutungamira kunogona kuita sei mune zvechisimba, zvechisimba, kana zvekunyadzisa.
Kutsvakurudza
Ngatitarisei zvidzidzo zvishomanana zvinotsigira ukama pakati pehutachiona uye kutungamirira maitiro. Imwe tsanangudzo inowanikwa inopfuurira kunenge dzose zvidzidzo kuongorora hukama ndeyokuti zvidzidzo izvi ndezvekudzoka mune zvisikwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanotarisa kune zvakaitika kare kuti vaone hukama pane ramangwana (kureva, maitiro anorongwa nemaitiro). Izvi zvakanzwisisa zvinonzwisisika nokuti hazvina maturo kubudisa pachena vatori vechikwata kuti vatungamirire. Zvisinei, nokuti zvidzidzo izvi ndezvekudzokazve, zvakaoma kutanga hukama hwechokwadi hunokonzera.
Kunyange zvakadaro, chikwata chinowedzera chekutsvakurudza chinoshandisa dhimiriri rinomiririra vanhu, maguta, maguta, anotaura, uye nyika dzinoona kuti kutungamirira kunosungirwa sei kune mhosva. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakatsanangurwa pane zviyero zvakasiyana, izvo zvinowedzera huwandu hwavo. Nemigumisiro yakadaro inowedzera, zvakaoma kukanganwa chokwadi chaicho chinotungamirira chinogona kutungamirira kumhosva.
Mukuongorora kweAustralia muna 2016, Taylor uye vanyori vanyori vakaongororwa maitiro ehutachiona hwekushungurudza nekunyengera sekushanda kwekutakura kwemhepo mumhepo kubva pakati pemakore gumi nemashanu nemakumi maviri apfuura. Chikonzero chekuti nguva yakanyarara ndeyekuti vatsvakurudzi vakanga vachitsvaga vanhu vakange vaita zvekupara mhosva avo vainge vaonekwa kuti vanotungamirira panguva yekuvandudza.
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kushamwaridzana kwakasimba pakati pekutanga kutungamirirwa kubva mumhepo uye kuparwa kwemhosva kwakatevera. Nhoroondo, Taylor nevanoshanda navo vanochengeterwa zvinhu zvinogona kupindirana neshamwari, dzakadai senhamba yevanhu vakapedza chikoro chesekondari uye mari yemhuri. Utsotsi hunokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakawanda-kana zvikoro, kutarisirwa kweutano, kusava neutano hwakashata, uye kutaridzirwa kune zvimwe zvinokonzera zvoutachiona-uye vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kutungamira kwakanyanya kwaiva chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chakabatanidzwa kune mhosva.
Kufanana neUnited States, Australia ndeimwe yevatungamiri vatungamiri vemutungamiri munyika.
Kubvira pane zvakaitika kare, kutungamira kwave kuwanika mupende, peteroli, uye kusvibiswa kubva kumigodhi uye kushandiswa kwemhepo. Pakazosvika 1932 na2002-gore raitungamira rakazobviswa kubva ku petroli muAustralia-kusvibiswa kubva kunotungamirwa petroli kwakapfuura mairi 240 000 uye kubudiswa kwemigodhi kubva mumigodhi uye kunhuwa. Nyaya yacho, muUnited States, mutungamiri wakazopedzisira wabudiswa kubva muna peteroli muna 1996.
Maererano naTaylor uye vanyori vanyori:
Nzira dzinoda kutorwa kuti dzipedze kana kuti dzibvise zvisizvo zviripo zvekusvibiswa kwepakati pemhepo chero kupi zvingaita. Zviratidzo kubva kune izvi zvinokwanisa kuva nehuwandu hwekuwedzera kupesana nemafambisirwo emagariro evanhu uye kugadzirisa zvisina kufanira mari yevanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwemigodhi uye kushandiswa kwefelting muAustralia uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo, uye kutungamirira petrol [petroli] kushandiswa munyika umo ichiri kutengeswa: Algeria, Iraq, uye Yemen. Munyika idzi, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni 103 vari munjodzi kubva mukushandiswa kwekutungamirira peteroti. Panewo mitemo inogadziriswa kumagariro akave akambotariswa nehuwandu hwekutungamirirwa kwemhepo munzvimbo dzakagarwa dzakadai semisha, minda, nzvimbo dzekutamba uye zvikoro. Izvo zvinyorwa zvinounza njodzi inopfuurira nokuti hafu yeupenyu hwekutungamirira kwezvakatipoteredza kunodarika mazana manomwe.
Zvinonyanya kukosha, iyo yepakutanga inotsanangura kuti kunyange kana kutungamira kana mhepo inotapisa inotemwa, inotungamirira ichiri kunamatira kumisha, nzvimbo dzekutamba, uye zvikoro, uko inogona kugara kwemakore emakore.
Mumusangano wekuAmerica muna 2016, Feigenbaum na Muller vakapa mubvunzo wekutsvakurudza panguva yakakodzera: Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwemapapipi ekutungamirira mumagetsi emvura kwakasungirirwa kuwedzera kwekupedzisira kwekuuraya. Uyu mubvunzo wekutsvakurudza wakafanira panguva, nokuti, muna 2015, maitiro ekufambisa akakwirira akawanikwa mumvura yeFintint, Michigan, uye izvi zvinotungamira zvakabva pakagadzirwa kwepombi dzemvura mumvuraworks apo guta racho rinoshandura mvura yaro mumutengo unochengetedza mari 2014.
Kuti aone kana kutungamira kwaive kwakabatanidzwa nekuuraya, vatsvakurudzi vakaongorora kuurawa kwepakati pakati pe1921 ne1936 pakati pevagari vomuguta. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kune chizvarwa chekutanga chevanhu vakakurira pamvura inopiwa nemitambo yekufambisa. Kutungamira mapaipi akaiswa muhukuru kusvika kumugumo wezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kushandiswa kwemitambo yekutungamirira kwakasungirirwa kune kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuuraya. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, kwaiva ne24 muzana yekuwedzera kwekuuraya vanhu mumaguta akashandisa mapiritsi emitambo.
"Kana kutungamirirwa kwekutungamira kunowedzera kuparwa kwemhosva," nyora Feigenbaum na Muller, "saka chinogadzirisa ndechokuisa mari mumutungamiri kubviswa. Kunyangwe kana kutakurira kutungamira hakuzogadziri kuparwa kwemhosva, ichabvisa tsvina inopisa kubva kumhepo. Mamwe mazano ekuderedza utsotsi angasava nemafungiro akafanana. "
Mune chirongwa che 2017 chekuongorora vana 120 000 vakazvarwa pakati pe1990 na2004 muRhode Island, Aizer naCrrie vakaongorora kubatana pakati pezvidzidzo zvekuchikoro uye shure kwekudzidzira chikoro nekuchengetwa kwevana vechidiki. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, "Kuwedzera kwechikwata chekutungamirira kwakawedzera mikana yekuregererwa kuchikoro na 6.4-9.3 muzana uye mukana wekuvharirwa ne 27-74 kubva muzana, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinoshanda chete kuvakomana."
Vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa vana vanogara pedyo nemigwagwa yakawanda uye vakazvarwa mumavambo ekuma 1990. Ivhu riri pedyo nemigwagwa yakabatikana yakasvibiswa nemutungamiri wechipiri kune kushandiswa kwekutungamira petroli kwemakumi makumi emakore, uye vana ava vaiva nezvikoro zvepamusoro. Vatsvakurudzi vakafananidza vana ava nevana vaigara kune dzimwe migwagwa nevana vaigara mumigwagwa imwechete asi makore akazotevera apo mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza anotungamira akawira.
Kubva pane zvavakawana, Aizer naCharrie vanoratidza kuti kuchinja kubva kune vakatungamirirwa kuine petroleine isina kusimba kwakaita basa guru mukuderedza kuparwa kwemhosva kwakaratidzwa muma1990 nema2000.
Pakupedzisira, muchidzidzo che2004, Stretesky naLynch vakaongorora kusangana pakati pekutungamirira mumhepo uye kuparwa kwemhosva muna 2772 maSouth States. Mushure mekutonga kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzera, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kutungamira kwepamusoro kwakakonzera zvakakwana pfuma uye zvechisimba zvekutengesa. Zvinonyanya kukosha, vatsvakurudzi vakaonawo kuti vazhinji-avo vanoshayiwa, kana varombo, nharaunda vakaona kupomerwa kwakawanda sechinhu chinogona kuita chikonzero chekutungamirira.
"Kana kufunga uku kuri kwakarurama," nyora Stretesky naLynch, "kuwedzera kuongorora kuongorora, kudzivirira, nekuedza kurapwa kunofanirwa kubatsirwa zvikuru mumataundi akawanda anoshaiwa."
Uyezve, maererano nevatsvakurudzi:
Kunzwa kutungamira kune zvese zvekirasi uye mararamiro correlates anoshanda munzvimbo dzevanhu. Muchikamu chezasi uye maduku mashoma akawandisa kupfuura mamwe mapato emakambani kana emakwikwi kuti ave nehupamhi hwehutungamiri hwekutungamirira. Kunyange zvazvo nhangemutange uye kirasi yakabatanidzwa kutungamira mhando dzemaitiro hazvisi mukati mazvo zvakakwana kutsanangura kusiyana kwehutano hwehutachiwana hunowanikwa mumasikirwo neboka remapoka, izvi zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinowirirana nematsotsi ekuongorora uye zvinogona kutsanangura zvishoma zvakasiyana kusiyana uku. Kuongororazve nyaya ino kunofanirwa kujekesa hukama uhwu.
Mechanism
Hatizivi chaizvo kuti kutungamirirwa kweutungamiri kunogona kuenzanisa sei zvekuita zvebasa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsvakurudzi vane maonero avo.
Chokutanga, kutungamira kunotungamirira kunogona kuderedzwa kutora pfungwa uye kunokonzera kushungurudzika. Vanhu vanonyanyisa uye vane utsinye vanogona kuenderera mberi vachiita mhosva.
Chechipiri, kuwedzera kwekutungamira muropa panguva yehucheche kwave kwakabatanidzana nekuderedzwa kweuropi muhuhu munguva yehukuru. Izvozvo zvinowanikwa muzvinyorwa zvepamusoro uye zvekare zvinokonzera maitiro-zvikamu zvehuropi zvinotungamirira hutungamiri hunoita basa, mafungiro, nekugadzirisa zvisarudzo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehupi hwehuropi uye huropi hunoita basa nenzira imwe neimwe inobatanidza uye inobatanidzwa mubasa rekuita kwemhosva.
Chechitatu, "neurotoxicity hypothesis" zvipo zvinotungamirira kusvibiswa zvinopesana neurotransmitter uye mahomoni nenzira inokonzera maitiro ane utsinye uye ane chisimba.
Pachirevo chekupedzisira, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa vasati vataurira kutungamira chikonzero chaicho chemhosva. Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti evanhu, mapurisa, uye vatevedzeri vanogona kushandisa zvidzidzo izvi kuti vawedzere kunzwisisa kwavo ukama huri pakati pehupombwe uye hutungamiri.
> Sources:
> Feigenbaum, JJ, Muller, C. Kutarisa Mufambiro uye Kurwisa Kwechisimba mumakore makumi maviri okutanga.
> Century. Kutsvaga mu Economic History. 2016; 62: 51-86.
> Heavy Metals. Mu: Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Kruidering-Hall M. eds. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Kuongorora uye Kuongorora Bhodi, 11e New York, NY.
> Marcus, DK, Fulton, JJ, Clarke, EJ. Kutungamirira uye Kuita Zvinetso: Meta-Kuongorora. Zvinyorwa zveKliniki Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2010; 39: 234-241.
> Stretesky, PB, Lynch, MJ. Ukama Pakati Pevatungamiri uye Utsotsi. Nyaya Yehutano uye Hwakanaka Maitiro. 2004; 45: 214-229.
> Taylor, MP, uye al. Ukama Pakati Pezvinhu Zvinokonzerwa Nekutakura Kwemhepo uye Utsotsi Hurefu: Chidzidzo Chezvakadzika. Environmental Health. 2016; 15:23.