Gore roga roga, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dzinobudisa nhamba pamusoro pezvikonzero zvinokonzera rufu muUnited States , zvose nekuda kwechirwere uye zvimwe zvinangwa kana zvisingaiti. Kune chikamu chikuru, zvinokonzera zvakasiyana zvishoma pamusoro pemakore makumi emakore adarika, iyo iyo inongororwa chete kubva kuchivimbiso chekufa chakabudiswa nechiremba, vatongi, vanoviga mari, uye vaongorori vezvechiremba.
Zvisinei, chidzidzo cha2016 kubva kuJohn Hopkins University chakakanda paradigm munzeve yayo nekuratidza kuti maCDC haisi kungova nemiganhu yayo asi yakakanganisika mukukwanisa kwaro kuongorora kana kutora pachena basa rekukanganisa kwehutano mukukonzera rufu.
Nokuenzanisa nyika, muhutano wehutano hwehutano nehuwandu hwekugamuchira zvipatara, vaongorori vakakwanisa kugumisa kuti vanenge 10 muzana yevakafa vose muUnited States vakave nemugumisiro wekurapa wakashaya.
Kana yakarurama, iyo inogona kuisa kukanganisa kwechiremba senzira yechitatu inokonzera rufu muU.S., kurega kubvisa marwadzo, njodzi, Alzheimer's, kana kunyange zvirwere zvemapapu.
Chidzidzo Chinokurudzira Kuparara Mukura Kwekufa Kwemafuro Akabatanidzwa
Mukugadzira kudzidza kwavo, sangano reJohn Hopkins rakati nzira dzezvekuunganidza dzekutora rufu dzinovimba nekodhi system yakatanga kugadzirirwa inshuwarisi uye kubhadhara mari yezvechiremba, kwete kuongororwa kwepademiological.
Iyi code, inonzi International Classification of Diseases (ICD) , yakagamuchirwa neU.S. muna 1949 uye nhasi yakarongedzwa neWorld Health Organization (WHO) muGeneva. Iyo ICD system yakagadzirirwa kuronga mamiriro ezvinhu ehutano chaiwo kune code inowirirana, mushure mokunge mamwe emashoko ekunyora coding anogona kupa zvinyorwa mune zviratidzo, zvikonzero, mamiriro ezvinhu, nezvimwe zviwanikwa zvisingawanzoitiki.
Kunyange zvazvo US (kufanana neKanada neAustralia) yakagadziridza kugadziriswa kwayo kwekodhi yeCI , urongwa hunoramba husingaenzaniswi nahwo hunoshandiswa mukuongorora kwepademiological epasi rose. Ndiyo mitsara iyo vanachiremba vachashandisa kuisa zvikonzero zvekufa, iyo iyo CDC ichazobva yawedzera kugovera mushumo wayo wegore.
Kubva pane zvinyorwa zveCI, CDC inoshuma kuti gumi dzinokonzera rufu rwegore ra2014 dzaiva:
- Dambudziko remwoyo: 614,348
- Kanzura: 591 699
- Zvirwere zvepfupa zvishoma zvinoputira zvirwere: 147 101
- Njodzi (kukuvadza kusingarangariri) : 136,053
- Stroke (zvirwere zvinoputika): 133,103
- Chirwere cheAlzheimer : 93,541
- Chirwere cheshuga: 76 488
- Influenza uye pneumonia: 55 227
- Nehritis, nephrotic syndrome, uye nephrosis (chirwere chepfungwa): 48 146
- Kuzviitira kuzvikuvadza (kuzviuraya): 42 773
Vatsvakurudzi vanoti, maitiro aya eIndaneti anoshandiswa pazvivigiso zvekufa anokundikana kuisa mhosho yezvokurapa sechikonzero chakasiyana uye / kana chakasiyana. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa zvikuru nekuti ICD yakagamuchirwa panguva apo kuongororwa kana kukanganisa kwekliniki kwakanga kusingazivikanwi munharaunda yezvokurapa uye, somugumisiro, kusina chinangwa chisina kukonzerwa kubva mukurondedzera kwenyika.
Icho chikonzero chekuti sarudzo haina kuchinja-uye inoramba ichinyora magwaro ekubhadhara ekutsvakurudza kwenhamba-inonyatsokonzera kuti isu tisingagoni kungoziva chete asi kuderedza nhamba yevakafa inonzi ine mhosva yezvechiremba.
Nzira dzekudzidza In-Patient Deaths
Kufa kunokonzerwa nekukanganisa kwechiremba haisi nyaya itsva, imwe chete iyo yakaoma kuverenga. Muna 1999, mushumo unobva kuInstitute of Medicine (IOM) wakasimudzira nharo pawakagumisa kuti kukanganisa kwezvokurapa kwaive kukonzera kufa kwevana 44 000 ne98 000 muUnited States gore negore.
Kuongororwa kwakawanda kubva kare kwakaratidza kuti nhamba dzeIOM dzaive dzakaderera uye kuti chimiro chaiyo chakanga chichienda pane imwe nguva pakati pe 130,000 uye nekufa kunoshamisa 575,000. Nhamba idzi dzakave dzakapikisana zvakanyanya sekunge dziri dzakawanda mukutsanangurwa kwavo kwe "kukanganisa kwezvoutano" kana kuti kuduku.
Mukupindura, vatsvakurudzi veJohn Hopkins vakasarudza kutora imwe nzira yekutsvaga nokutanga kurondedzera "kukanganisa kwezvokurapa" seimwe kana zvimwe zvezvinotevera:
- Chiito chisingatariswi (zvichida mugumisiro wokusakanganiswa kana kuita)
- Chiito icho hachikwanise kuzadzikisa chinangwa chayo
- Kukundikana kwechiito chakarongeka (chikanganiso chekuitwa)
- Kushandiswa kwechirongwa chisina kururama chekuwana chigumisiro (iko kukanganisa kuronga)
- Kutsauka kubva pakugadzirisa kwekutarisira kunogona kana kusakonzera kukuvadza
Kubva pane tsanangudzo iyoyo, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kuparadzanisa vanhu vanofa, vane murwere vane chirwere kubvira muna 2000 kusvikira muna 2008 kubva kuDhipatimendi reUnited Health Health and Human Services database. Iyo iyo nhamba yakashandiswa kuenzanisa gore negore mu-murwere wekufa kwehuwandu, iyo nhamba dzaro dzakashandiswa kushandiswa kwechipatara cheUnited States muna 2013.
Kubva pane chimiro ichocho, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kugumisa kuti kune avo vakagamuchira zvipatara 35.416020 vakanyorwa muna 2013, kufa kwevanhu 251 141 kwakaitika sechikonzero chaicho chemhosva yezvokurapa.
Izvo zvinopfuura 100 000 pane zvisingagoneki pasi pechipfuva chirwere (# 3 chikonzero chekufa) uye kanenge kaviri kutara kweimwe ngozi (# 4) kana kurohwa (# 5).
Kudzidza Kunokonzera Kusawirirana Pakati Pevashandi Vehutano
Kunyange zvazvo vatsvakurudzi vakakurumidza kutaura kuti zvikanganiso zvezvechiremba hazvibvumirwi kudziviswa kana kuti zvinoratidza kuitika kwepamutemo, vanofunga kuti vanobvumirana nekutsvakurudza kukuru kana kungoona kuti zvinetso zvinokonzera rufu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutarisirwa zvisina kunaka pakati pevashandi vehutano, zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveinshuwarisi, kusavapo kana kusashandiswa kwekuchengeteka maitiro nemitemo, uye kusava nekuzvidavirira kwekusiyana kwechipatara.
Vakawanda vari munharaunda yezvechiremba havasi kukurumidza kubvumirana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo tsanangudzo ye "kukanganisa kwezvokurapa" yakakonzera kukakavadzana sezvo inokundikana kusiyanisa pakati pekukanganisa mukutonga uye zvisingatarisirwi mugumisiro. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana zvasvika kune zvinetso zvekuvhiya kana zviito zvinotorwa nevarwere vane chirwere chekupedzisira. Mune mhaka hapana mhaka inogona kukanganisa kurapwa kwechiremba inonyanya kukonzera rufu, vazhinji vanopopotedzana.
Vamwe, zvakadaro, vanotenda kuti zvikanganiso zvakafanana mumushumo weIOM zvinokonzera chidzidzo cheHopkins, umo kuyerwa kwehutano kunowanikwa kakawanda kune chiremba kwete pane mararamiro emararamiro ayo anowedzera kuwedzera mukana wekufa (kusanganisira kusvuta, kudya zvakanyanya, kunwa zvakanyanya, kana kurarama mararamiro ehupenyu).
Asi, pasinei nekukakavadzana kunoramba kuripo pamusoro pezvakaitika zvehupoti hweHotkins, vazhinji vanobvumirana kuti kuvandudzwa kunofanirwa kujekesa zviri nani uye kuisa zvikanganiso zvezvechiremba mukati memamiriro ekuongororwa kwenyika. Nokuona zvikanganiso izvi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhamba yevakafa inokonzerwa nekukanganisa kwechiremba inogona kuderedzwa zvikuru pakati pevadzidzisi vega uye nehuwandu hwehutsika.
> Sources:
> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). " Utano, United States, 2015 : Tafura 19." 2015; Atlanta, Georgia; bhuku rinonzi Library of Congress 76-641496; 107-110.
> Makary, M. naDhaniel, M. "Kukanganisa kwezvokurapa-chechitatu chinokonzera rufu muAmerica." British Medical Journal. May 3, 2016; 353: i2139.
> Landrigan, C .; Parry, G .; Matombo, C; et al. "Maitiro emitambo mumitengo yevarwere zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nekurapa." New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363: 2124-2134.