Inenge chikamu chetatu chevanhu vane autism vanoshandisa zvishoma kana kuti vasingatauri mutauro
Maererano neongororo yeBoston University, vanenge 30 muzana yevanhu vanorwara vane autism spectrum disorder "havana kudzidza kudzidzisa kupfuura mazwi mashoma." Nonverbal autism haina kunyatsotsvakurudzwa, uye zvishomanana zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pemagariro evanhu vasingatauri. Kunyange zvakadaro, imwe tsvakurudzo inopfuurira, uye hutsva hutsva hunovhura masuo ekukurukurirana uye kunzwisisa.
Chii Chinonzi Autism Autism?
Inenge chikamu chetatu chevanhu pane autism spectrum shandisa mutauro unotaura kana mazwi mashoma. Vose ava vanhu vanokwanisa kurondedzerwa sevasiri vese. Asi izwi rokuti "nonismbal autism" harina kodzero yepamutemo, uye hapana chakadaro chinonzi "nonverbal autism." Mune chikamu, izvi ndezvokuti hapana mutsara wakajeka pakati pemashoko nemashoko asina vanhu vane autism. Semuyenzaniso:
- Vamwe vanhu vane autism vasingatauri vanoita kuti vakwanise kushandisa mazwi mashomanana nenzira inobatsira asi havagoni kutakura chero rudzi rwekukurukurirana kukuru. Somuenzaniso, vangati "motokari" kureva "ngatitange kuenda," asi haikwanise kupindura mubvunzo wekuti "tinofanira kuenda kupi?"
- Vamwe vanhu "vasingatauri" vane mano okutaura asi havana kukwanisa kushandisa mutauro nenzira inobatsira. Vanhu ava vanogona "kutaurira" zvinyorwa kubva kuterevhizheni kana mazwi avo vakadzidziswa nevarapi. Panzvimbo yekushandisa izvi zvinyorwa kuti vataure pfungwa kana zvido, zvisinei, vanoita sevanoshandisa "scripting" sechimiro chekuzvinyaradza.
- Vanhu vashomanana vasiri vanhu vanogona kushandisa mutauro unotaura zvakanaka asi vanokwanisa kutaura nemitauro yakanyorwa kana yakanyorwa, mharidzo yemasaini yeAmerica, makadhi emifananidzo , kana zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Pane imwe nguva munhu ari kukurukurirana zvinobudirira, kunyange asingatauri mutauro, ruzivo rwekuita munyika runowedzera zvinoshamisa.
Kutadza Kwekutaura Kunoreva Kusina Njere Here?
Chero ani anogamuchira IQ chikamu che70 kana zvishoma pamatambudziko chaiwo anonzi Intellectually Disabled (ID). Kusvikira munguva pfupi ichangopfuura, zvaifungidzirwa kuti vose vasina vana vane autism vakanga vakagadziridzwa mupfungwa nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka kuti zvikoro zvavo zveIQ zvakawira pasi (kazhinji pasi pasi) 70.
Mumakore achangopfuura, zvisinei, zvakajeka kuti zviitiko zveIQ zviyero zvakakosha midziyo yekuyera kukwanisa kweunyanzvi mune vana vane autism-kunyanya kana vana ivavo vasina maturo. Zvikonzero zviri pachena; semuyenzaniso:
- IQ miedzo, nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, inobva pane unyanzvi hwekuedza wekuedza kunzwisisa nokukurumidza nekupindura nemashoko ekutaura. Vana vasina vana vane autism zviri pachena vane zvipingamupinyi munharaunda idzodzo dzingave kana dzisingabatanidzi hukama kune huchenjeri hukuru.
- Zviyero zvizhinji zveIQ zvinoda kukwanisa kunzwisisa uye kugadzirisa maitiro ehutano uye zvatinotarisira, uye kupindura mune imwe nguva. Izvi zvinotarisirwa zvikuru kune vana vane autism, ingava mazwi kana kwete.
- Nhau dzisinganzwisisiki hadzina kukonzera nhau dzevana vanowanzogona kuvhiringidza vana ne autism. Vana vasina vana vane autism havakwanisi kurega vatendi vachiziva nezvezvinhu zvakadaro.
- Vaparidzi havasati vadzidziswa kushanda pamwe, kubata, kana "kuverenga" vana vane zvinodiwa zvakanyanya, kunyanya vana vasingazivi. Kana vasingakwanisi kuita mwana, hazvigoneki kuti mwana achapa hukuru hwavo hwepamusoro.
Saka, IQ inofanira sei kuyerwa pakati pevasiri vana vane autism? Zvakanaka, mhinduro yacho inofanira kusanganisira zvose zvisiri izvo zvidzidzo zveIQ uye zvisiri izvo zvinoonekwa.
Iyo TONI (Test of Nonverbal Intelligence) mumwe muenzaniso weusingazivikanwi IQ test iyo inowanzova nzira yakanakisisa yevasiri vana uye yevana vane autism kazhinji.
Kucherechedza kwevana vasiri vana muzvirongwa zvavanoziva zvinogona kupawo vadzidzisi nevadzidzisi venyika-ruzivo pamusoro peyanzvi hunoenderana neunyanzvi hwokuedza.
Kazhinji, nevana vasina vana vevamiriri vese vanogona kukundikana kubatirana kana kunyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chekuongororwa kwakaenzana, ivo vanokwanisa chaizvo kubata zvinetso zvepfungwa sekugadzirisa zvinetso zvematambudziko kana puzzles.
Ichokwadi kuti hazvirevi zvikoro zvekuchikoro kana hurumende zvinogamuchirwa nemigumisiro yezviongorori izvi chero nguva pfupi, asi kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti ivo vanonyanya kujekesa kukwanisa kwevana.
Sei Vasingadi Vanhu Vane Autism Dzidza Kutaura?
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa pane zvekushushikana ndezvekuti hapana munhu anoziva kuti nei vamwe vanhu vane autism vasingakwanisi, kana kuti vasingashandisi, vanotaura mutauro. Icho chinonyanya kushamisa nokuti vanhu vashoma vasiri vanhu vari mumitambo vanogona uye vanosarudza kutaurirana vachishandisa Mutauro Wemasaini wokuAmerica, makadhi emifananidzo, uye huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvemadhijita.
Ichokwadi, vamwe vanhu vane autism vanewo utano hwepabonde hwekutaura, chirwere chepfungwa chinokonzera mutauro unotaura zvakaoma zvikuru. Asi vanhu vakawanda vasingatauri pa autist spectrum havana apraxia; havangotauri. Zviri pachena kuti kune kusiyana kwehuropi hunoita kuti hutaure mutauro, asi panguva ino, hapana chibvumirano chekuti izvo zvakasiyana zvakadini kana kuti zvinokanganisa sei zvakapiwa munhu oga.
Zvidzidzo zviri kushandisa zvishandiso zvakadai se electroencephalograms (kuyera mauropiyo) uye MRI's (kuyera uropi hwekuita) mukuedza kunzwisisa zviri nani zviri mukati memafungiro evanhu vasina kana vasingagoni kutaura. Vamwe vari kuyera kutarira kweziso. Kusvika ikozvino zvinoratidzika pachena kuti vanhu vane mazwi asingatauri vanzwi vanonzwisisa zvakawanda kupfuura zvavanotaura; asi zvakadiniko, pamatanho api, inoramba ichinyatsojeka.
Ko Mwana Wangu Ane Autism Dzidza Kutaura?
Kazhinji, vanachiremba vanoshandisa izwi rokuti "preverbal" panzvimbo pe "vasingatauri" kutsanangura autistic vana vasingashandisi mutauro unotaura. Dzimwe nguva izwi iri rakarurama: chaizvoizvo vana vese autistic vane kutaura kunononoka vanogona kukwanisa kutaura nemutauro unotaurwa. Vamwe vanonyatsonaka. Vamwe, zvisinei, havakwanisi kuwana mamwe mazwi mashoma, kana izvozvo.
Panofungidzira, mwana anonyanya kuchenjera anonyanya kuve kuti iye achadzidza kutaura. Izvi, zvisinei, zvinonetsa nokuti zvakaoma kuongorora huchenjeri mumwana asingatauri.
Maererano nesangano reNIH Workshop paNewverbal School-Vakwegura Vana neAustism, "... iyo inokosha zvikuru kuongorora vanhu ava nemitambo yakagadzirwa nemitemo. yezwi rimwe chete, kana mamwe mazwi echolalic, inoratidzika kuva chirevo chakakosha chekuwana mutauro wakataurwa pashure pemakore mashanu.
Muzvinyorwa zviviri zvekutsvaga nekurapa, zvakakosha kusiyanisa kana vana vasina maturo (kureva, pasina mutauro unotaurwa), preverbal (kureva, vana vaduku vasati vataura mutauro wekutaura), kana kuti vasingatauri (kureva, vasina mashoko kana unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana usingatauri). "
Ndingakurudzira Sei Mwana Wangu Kutaura (kana paNokukurukurirana)?
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzokukurudzira nekuvandudza mutauro wakataurwa kune vana vane autism, kunyange pasina chivimbo chokuti chero nzira ipi zvayo inoshanda kune chero mwana akapiwa. Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti kurapa kwekutaura , kupindira kwezviito , uye kunyange kutamba chirwere kunogona kuvandudza kutaura kwemashoko. Zvimwe zvitsvakurudzo zvekare zvinoratidzawo kuti mimhanzi inorapwa uye nzira dzakabatana dzinogona kuita kuti munhu ataure zvakanaka.
Shoko Rinobva
Kana mwana wako asiri kutaura kana kushandisa mashoko ekukurukurirana, zvakakosha kuyeuka zvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa uye zvinokosha:
- Mutauro wekupedzisira wekutenga haisi iyo inoratidza chiratidzo cheIQ shoma kana kuti kusagadzikana kwakashata.
- Vana vane autism vanogona kukura mutauro munguva yakareba kupfuura kunyanya vachikura vana, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvakakosha kuti murambe muchirapa kutaura.
- Kukurukurirana usingashandisi mazwi (mapepa emifananidzo yePECS, mutauro wemasaini, nezvimwewo) inogona kuva yakakosha mukugadzira kukurukurirana. Vana vanovaka unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana vachishandisa nzira idzi vanowanzowana unyanzvi hwekutaura panguva imwe chete.
- Zvakakosha nguva yevabereki, mari, uye simba yekutsvaga mudijiti ye digital, mapurogramu, uye software inobvumira mwana wavo kuti ataure nekunamata mifananidzo (kana, pane dzimwe nguva, pane keyboards).
Nepo kune huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvekukurudzira kutaura nekukurukurirana, zvisinei, zvakakosha kuvhara pachena zvinyorwa zvinonzwika zvakanaka kuti zvive zvechokwadi. Munyika ye autism, chimwe chezviitiko izvi zvingangodaro " zvinoita kuti mutaurirane ," umo muongorori "anotsigira" ruoko rwemunhu anonzi autistic paanoita. Iyi nzira inenge ichiripo, asi yakarongedzwa neongororo dzakawanda dzinoratidza kuti ndiye murapi, uye kwete munhu wega-autistic, ari kutungamirira kunyora kwemwe.
Sources:
> Berdick, Chris. Kushungurudza kodhi yekunyarara muvana vane autism vasingatauri kutaura. Boston University website. July 2015.
> National Institute on Deafness uye Zvimwe Zvinetso Zvokutaurirana. NIH Workshop paNewverbal School-Vakwegura Vana vane Autism. April 2010.
> Bardikoff, N. et al. Kuedza kusingaoneki IQ kuvana vane Autism Spectrum Matambudziko. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Bhuku 8, Nyaya 9, September 2014, Mapeji 1200-1207
> Rudacil, Deborah. IQ nhamba kwete chiyero chakanaka chebasa mu autism. Spectrum News, 6 January 2011.