Iwe unotaurirana sei nemunhu asina kukwanisa kutaura kana kushandisa shanduro yemasaini? Vanhu vazhinji vane autism vanotaurirana vachishandisa makadhi emifananidzo. Zvingave zvakatemwa kubva mumagazini, zvakadhindwa kubva kuCD, kana kutengwa segadziriswa, makadhi emifananidzo anopa vashandi vanogona kutaura zvido zvavo, zvido, uye kunyange pfungwa kunze kwekudiwa kwekutaura mutauro.
Sezvo vanhu vazhinji vari mu autist spectrum vanowanzodzidza kuoneka, zvinonzwisisika kutanga kutaurirana nemifananidzo. Sezvakakosha, mifananidzo ndiyo nzira yekukurukurirana yepasi pose uye inonzwisisika nevasingazivi kana vezera rezera sevabereki kana vadzidzisi.
Sangano Rokutaurirana Kwekufananidzira (PECS)
Muchikwata chevirism, izwi rokuti PECS (rinowanzozivikanwa kuti "pex") rave rakafanana nemakadhi emifananidzo yemhando ipi zvayo. Uye, sezvo "kleenex" yasvika kunoreva chinhu chimwechete se "mhuka," PECS yakarasikirwa nehuwandu hweshamwari yayo. Asi PECS iri purogiramu yekutengeserana yePirramid Educational Products, kambani shoma yakatangwa muma1980 naLori Frost naAndire Andrew Bondy.
Piramidi Products inogadzira nhamba yakakwana yemakadhi emifananidzo, zvisinei nokuti haisi iyo yakawanda yakawanda yemifananidzo yakawanikwa. Vanowedzerawo mabhuku ane mavara akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza mifananidzo yakanaka; asi, zvakare, iyi haisi iyo yakanakisisa kana yakakwana yemakadhi emifananidzo yemufananidzo pamusika .
Zvinonyanya kukosha kuhuzivi hwePECS haisi mapepa emifananidzo chaiwo kana avo vane, asi pane nzira iyo vana vasina kutaura (uye vanhu vakuru) vanodzidziswa kushandisa makadhi aya. Nokufamba kwenguva, bvunza vaiti vePECS (uye zvido zvavo zvinotsigirwa nezviitiko uye tsvakurudzo), vana vanoshandisa PECS kuvaka unyanzvi hwokukurukurirana huri voga.
Panguva imwecheteyo, sezviri pachena sechinhu-chibereko, vana vakawanda vanowanawo mutauro unotaurwa zvakanyanya.
PECS Approach
Kana ukasarudza kushandisa PECS (kusiyana nekungopa makadhi emifananidzo sechigadzirwa chekukurukurirana) unofanira kunge wakadzidziswa kuburikidza neMishonga yePiramidi. Purogiramu yavo yekudzidzisa inokugadzirira kushanda nemudzidzi kuburikidza nematanho matanhatu:
- Muchikamu chekutanga, mudzidzisi (ndimi iwe) anoshanda nemudzidzi uye nevatarisi vavo kuti vaone kuti chii chinogona kukurudzira mudzidzi mumwechete (bhora, toyuni, zvokudya, nezvimwewo). Makadhi akaumbwa kuti mifananidzo iyo inokurudzira chinhu uye vaviri vevadzidzisi vanobatsira mudzidzi kuziva kuti, nokupa kadhi, vanogona kuwana chinhu chinoda.
- Muchikamu chechipiri, mudzidzisi anotamira kure nemudzidzi, kuitira kuti mudzidzi aifanira kuuya kumudzidzisi ndokupa kadhi. Ichi chidzidzo chehutano hwehupenyu mukutsvaga nekuwana mumwe munhu kutarisa.
- Chikamu chechitatu chinoda mudzidzi kuti asarudze pakati pemifananidzo yakawanda kana achikumbira chimwe chinhu. Kune vamwe vadzidzi izvi zviri nyore, kune vamwe, zvakaoma. Vamwe vadzidzi vanodzidza zvakanakisisa nemifananidzo, uye vamwe vane mifananidzo yakajeka iyo inofanidza kuonekwa kwechinhu.
- Chikamu chechina chinotanga vadzidzi muchiitiko chekuvaka mitsara kuburikidza ne "mapepa emitambo." Panzvimbo pemufananidzo mumwechete, vanogona kudonha "Ndinoda" kutanga pamutsara kuti ape mutongo: "Ndinoda bhora."
- Chikamu chezvikamu zvishanu zvinetso zvevadzidzi kudzika mibvunzo vachishandisa mapepa emutsara, vanotanga, uye mifananidzo.
- Muchikamu chechitanhatu, vadzidzi vanodzidziswa kuti vataure pamusoro pepasi rakavapoteredza nekupindura kumibvunzo yakadai se "Munonzwa chii?" "uri kuonei?" Vanodzidza kushandisa zvinyorwa ("guru guru bhero") uye mimwe mitauro yakaoma.
Izvi zvinogona kutora mavhiki, mwedzi, kana makore kuti apedze. Munyika yose, vadzidzi vanokurudzirwa kushandisa PECS mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana akasiyana uye nevamwe vakasiyana.
Nei PECS?
Kufananidza-kutaura kukurukurirana kunenge kwakasununguka. Zvose zvaunoda ndeye magazini yakazadza mifananidzo, mapeji maviri, a looseleaf notebook uye mamwe velcro.
PECS, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuva yakakosha zvikuru: mazana emadhora emadhora ekutanga kudzidziswa, mazana ezviuru zvekukurukurirana kunoenderera mberi, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Zvakakodzera here?
Maererano nePiramidi Products, musiyano uri pakati pePECS nenzira uye kutaura kwakanyatsotaridzika kwepikicha kwakawanda. Chinonyanya kukosha, musiyano uripo mukupa mudzidzi zvishandiso zvekukurukurirana zvisingatauri uye zvakasununguka. Mukuwedzera pane kungoita kuti kukurukurirana kuve kwakanaka, izvi zvinogona zvakare:
- Deredza kuderedza mafungiro asina kunaka akakonzerwa nokushungurudzika;
- Wedzera kuwanikwa kwekudzidza nekubatana;
- Kuwedzera kuwirirana uye kushamwaridzana kwepfungwa ;
- Kuvaka unyanzvi hwekutaura (iyi haisi mhinduro chaiyo yePECS, asi inoita seinoitika sekuwedzera kwemaPECS).
Sources:
Frost, L. & Bondy, A. (2006). Mutauro Wakafanana: Kushandisa BF Skinner's Verbal Behavior for Assessment nekurapa kwekuremara kwekutaura mu SLP-ABA. Journal of Speech - Mutauro wePathology uye Applied Behavior Analysis. 1, 103-110.
> Ruth Anne Rehfeldt & Shannon L. Root (2005). Kugadzira unyanzvi hwekukumbira hunobva kune vakwegura vane hukuremara kwakakura kukura. Nhamba yeApplied Behavior Analysis, 38, 101-105.
Yokoyama, K., Naoi, N., & Yamamoto, J. (2006). Kudzidzisa maitiro emashoko achishandisa Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) nevana vane autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Japanese Education Special, 43, 485-503.