Abha anogona kudzidzisa unyanzvi nekuchinja maitiro.
ABA iri pfupi kune Applied Behavioral Analysis, uye inowanzotsanangurwa se "yegoridhe" yekutengesa autism. Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) chirongwa chekutengesa autism zvichienderana nemafungiro emitemo, zvinongorongedza, kutaura kuti "kukodzera" maitiro anogona kudzidziswa kuburikidza nehutano hwemubairo nemigumisiro (kana, munguva pfupi yapfuura, mubayiro uye kubvisa mibayiro).
Imwe tsanangudzo yechirongwa inorondedzera iyi seyizvi:
- Inoshandiswa - mitemo inoshandiswa kune unhu hunokosha hwevanhu
- Maitiro - anobva pamazano esayenzi ekuzvibata
- Kuongorora - kufambira mberi kunoyera uye kupindira kwakashandurwa
Nhoroondo yeABA
Dr. Ivar Lovaas, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa, akatanga kushandisa ABA ku autism paDhipatimendi rePsychology paUCLA muna 1987. Aifunga kuti unyanzvi hwemagariro evanhu uye hutsika hunogona kudzidziswa, kunyange kuvana vane simba, kuburikidza neAAA nzira. Pfungwa iyi yaiva (uye ndeyo) kuti autism ndiyo yakagadzirisa zviratidzo zvekuita zvingashandurwa kana "kudzimwa." Apo maitiro ekudzivirira haasati aoneka kune anocherechedza, kufungidzira ndechokuti autism pachayo yakave yakabatwa zvakanaka.
Apo paakatanga kutanga kushandisa ABA, Lovaas akanga asinganetseki nezvekushandisa kuranga kwekusateerera, zvimwe zvacho zvingave zvakaoma zvikuru. Iyi nzira yakashandurwa mumamiriro akawanda, asi ichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Mukutaura, zvisinei, "chirango" chakatsiviwa ne "kurega mibairo." Semuenzaniso, mwana asingaiti zvakakodzera " mand " (murairo) haazogashirwi mubayiro (reinforcer) sezvokudya zvinodyiwa.
Chero zvaunofunga nezvemaitiro aLovaas (uye vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti ABA inonyengedza uye isinganzwisisiki), pfungwa yake yakave yakarurama chaizvo: vakawanda kana vana vakawanda vanogamuchira zvakasimba ABA kudzidzira kudzidza kudzidzira zvakakodzera pane imwe nguva - - uye vamwe vanotadza kurasikirwa nevistism pashure pemakore ekurapa kwakasimba.
Kunyangwe kudzidza kudzidza kwakakodzera chinhu chimwechete seku "kurapwa" ndeyechokwadi, mubvunzo unokanganisika.
Nokufamba kwenguva, maitiro aLovaas ave akadzidza uye akashandurwa nevarapi vane zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvekuita. Nzira dzakadai se "kupindura kwakakosha" uye "mutauro-based ABA" dzakanyatsogadziriswa autism mishonga ivo pachavo.
Chii Chingave Vana Vadzidzi Kudzidza kuburikidza neAABA?
Nguva zhinji, ABA inotarisirwa ku "kudzima" mafambiro asina kunaka uye kudzidzisa mafungiro aidiwa uye unyanzvi. Semuenzaniso, ABA inogona kushandiswa kuderedza kudengenyeka uye kutamba kana kudzidzisa mwana kugara pasi akanyarara, kushandisa mazwi kukumbira, kana kuti kumirira nguva yavo muchiteshi chekutamba. Bhuku rinogonawo kushandiswa kudzidzisa unyanzvi hwakaoma uye hwakaoma. Semuenzaniso, ABA inogona kushandiswa kupa mubairo mwana nekusunungura meno ake nenzira yakarurama, kana kugovana chikoyi neshamwari.
Kunyange zvazvo ABA inogona kushandiswa mune imwe nzvimbo "yechisikigo" (nzvimbo yekutamba, somuenzaniso), haina kuitirwa kuvaka manzwiro evanhu kana maitiro evanhu. Saka, somuenzaniso, apo ABA ingave dzichidzidzisa mwana kubatana nemaoko kana kukwazisa mumwe munhu ane ruoko rwekubatana, harubatsiri mwana iyeye kuti anzwe kugadzikana mupfungwa nemumwe munhu. Zvinotora chiremba asinganzwisisiki kushandisa ABA nekuda kwekudzidzisa zvidzidzo zvepamusoro, kufungidzira kana kufungidzira, kana tsitsi; semugumisiro, unyanzvi ihwohwo hunowanzodzidziswa mune dzimwe nzira.
Maitiro ABA Works
Nzira yakakosha ye Lovaas inotanga ne "discrete trials" therapy. Chirwere chisingazivikanwi chinoumbwa nemumwe chiremba achikumbira mwana kune unhu humwe (saizvozvi, "Johnny, tapota tora chipuni"). Kana mwana wacho achibvuma, anopiwa "kusimbisa" kana mubairo nenzira yezvokudya zviduku, zvepamusoro mashanu, kana chero umwe mupiro unoreva chimwe chinhu kumwana. Kana mwana wacho asingateereri, haagamuchiri mubairo , uye kutongwa kunodzokororwa.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti zvinyorwa zvese zve discrete trials therapy zvinotarisana nekuongororwa kwemwana mumwe nomumwe, zvaanoda, uye mano ake.
Saka mwana anenge atoziva kugadzira maitiro haazobvunzwa kuronga maumbirwo nekusingaperi nekuda kwemigumisiro - asi aizotarisa pane zvakasiyana, zvakaoma zvehutano uye / kana hutsika hwemabasa.
Vana vaduku zvikuru (pasi pemakore matatu) vanowana maitiro akashandurwa eAABA iyo iri pedyo zvikuru kutamba tachira kupfuura kunyatsonzwisisa miedzo. Sezvo vachiziva maitiro, vadzidzisi vakanyatsodzidziswa vanotanga kutora vana mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo-pasi apo vanogona kugadzirisa mafambiro avakadzidza uye vanozviisa muzviitiko zvakajairika zvevanhu. Abha inogonawo kushandiswa, mune imwe yemhando dzakawanda, nevana vakwegura, vechidiki, kana kunyange vanhu vakuru .
IAAA Kodzero Yevana Venyu Here?
ABA iri kwose kwose, inowanzosununguka, uye inobatsira vana vane autism kushandisa maitiro "anotarisirwa" uye kudzora zvimwe zvezvinetso zvavo zvakaoma. Aya unyanzvi hwekuita unogona kuita musiyano mukuru mukunyatsoita kuti mwana wako apedze zviitiko zvekuchikoro uye zvemagariro.
Asi haasi mhando dzose dzeAABA murwere anokodzera zvakakodzera basa racho, uye kwete mwana wose anopindura zvakanaka kuhutano hwetsika.
Sezvo nenzira dzakawanda dze autism, ABA zvechokwadi inokodzera kuedzwa. Usati watanga, saizvozvowo, iva nechokwadi chokuti mwana wechiremba wako akadzidziswa, kuziva uye kuti ari kupi iye achange achishanda nemwana wako, uye shanda nemushonga wako kuti uise zvinangwa zvinooneka. Ramba wakanyatsocherechedza maitiro nemigumisiro.
Chinonyanya kukosha, cherechedzai mhinduro dzemwana wenyu kumushandi uye kurapa. Anofara here kana "achisvika" achishanda naye mushonga? Ari kupindura kune chiremba achinyemwerera uye achiita basa here? Ari kudzidzira unyanzvi huri kumubatsira muupenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva here? Kana mhinduro dzacho "hongu," uri kufamba nenzira yakarurama. Kana zvisina kudaro, inguva yekudzorera zvakare.
> Sources:
> Smith, T. et al. Kubudirira kwekushandiswa kwetsika maitiro mu autism. J Pediatr. 2009 Jul; 155 (1): 151-2.
> Granpeesheh, D. et al. Kushandiswa kwekuita maitiro ekuongorora mazano kune vana vane autism: tsanangudzo nekudzokororwa kwekutsvaga kurapwa. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Jul-Sep; 21 (3): 162-73.