Apo kutsanangurira-kune-vatengi (DTC) maitiro ekuberekwa kwezvakaberekwa akaonekwa pamusika, Magazini ye Time yakapemberera sekugadzirwa kwegore mugore ra2008. Zvisinei, anenge makore ane gumi gare gare, kubatsira kwavo kuchiri kukwikwidzana zvakanyanya. Iyi teknolojia yehutano inhengo yemishonga yemunhu. Inopikira kujekesa maitiro ehutano hwehutano hwedu, pamwe nekubatsira isu tinogona kuita zvisarudzo zviri nani.
Nhamba inokura yemakambani pasi rose iri kupa DNA makanda emamiriro ezvinhu uye zvirwere zvakasiyana. Vashandi zvino vava kukwanisa kuwana mazita avo emagetsi pasina kusanganisa chiremba uye / kana kambani yveshuwarisi. Asi, kuri kugutsa chido chedu chekuda ne-pamusha maitiro ekugadzirisa sarudzo yakanaka here?
Kunyange zvazvo ku-kuedza kumusha inzira inofambisa yakawanda yakawanda, vadzidzisi vanoyeverawo nezvekukanganisa kwayo uye zvikanganiso. Kazhinji, miedzo iyi inobereka ruzivo rwakakwana kana rusina kururama. Izvi zvinonyanya kutyisa sezvo vatengi vasina nguva dzose vachinzwisisa zvakakwana zvezvibereko zvavo uye vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvehutano zvakakomba pasina ruzivo rwehutungamiri. Uyezve, mazamu emagetsi anopa kungonzwisisa zvishoma.
Kuti tinyatsonzwisise kutengesa kwedu kune chirwere, zvimwe zvikonzero zvinofanirwa kuongororwa zvakare, zvakadai semamiriro ezvinhu, nhoroondo yemhuri, uye mararamiro emararamiro. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinobvumirana kuti maitiro ekufungidzira, anopa vashandi ruzivo nezvehutano hwavo hwekuvandudza hutano hwehutano, vari kupa ruzivo, ma democratized nzira dzekuongorora maitiro.
Zvisinei, munda unoramba uine ruzivo rwemashoko anopesana , uye nharo dzinopisa pakati pemakambani nemitemo inodzora inopfuurira.
Kubva pakuberekwa kwekuberekwa kunosvika pakugadzirisa miedzo
Munguva yakapfuura, tainyanya kuzivikanwa nekubereka vana maitiro, izvo zvakapa ruzivo pamusoro pengozi yemwana wechirwere chechirwere.
Iye zvino, kuongororwa kwepachiviriro uye kuongororwa kunowanzove kwakajairika. Presymptomatic tests inopa ruzivo pamusoro penhaka yakagara nhaka inogona kukura kune vanhu vanotakura rimwe geni. Semuenzaniso, vanenge vanhu vose vane makore makumi mana kana makumi mana anodzokorora zveCAG muchikamu cheHuntington gene ichakurudzira chirwere chaHuntington (kupera kwakakwana). Kugadzirisa zvirongwa , kune rumwe rutivi, taura nezvehuwandu hwekuwedzera hutano nekuda kwechiripo chekuchinja kwemajini; hapana chivimbo chokuti munhu ari kuedzwa achakudziridza chirwere ichi munguva yemberi.
Pa-kumba DNA kuongororwa kunotengeswa seviri yekuongorora uye kuenzanisa uye inoitwa kunze kwenyika yehutano-system. Kana iwe ukatora kuedza uku, unofanirwa kuziva kuti zvigumisiro kazhinji hazvizi dema uye chena. Kazhinji, vashandi vacha (ivo chete) vanodzidza nezvehutano hwavo pachavo. Maererano nemigumisiro, vangada kuchinja maitiro avo (semuenzaniso vadye omega-3 fatty acids) kana kuti kubvumirana nekurapa kwezvokurapa (semuongorori hutano hwehutano).
Pamba-Kuedza Mahedheni Anoshanda Sei?
Mushure mekunge mutenge DTC genetic test, protocol yekutarisa kazhinji inoda kuti utore sampuli yemapapiro ako kana swab kubva mukati chedama rako.
Zvichida, iwe ungada kushanyira kliniki yehutano kuti upe sampuro yeropa. Muenzaniso wacho unodzoserwa kune kambani yekuedza uye mukati memazuva mashomanana kusvika kumavhiki mashomanana, unogamuchira migumisiro yeDNA yako kuongororwa nenzira yemushumo.
Pa-kumba DNA miedzo inogona kupa ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana, kubvira pakubata kwako kusvika kune chirwere uye chinzvimbo chekutakura (ngozi yekutumira chirwere kumbeu) kuhuporofita hwemavara uye earwax rudzi. Zvinowanzozivikanwa zvirwere zvinogadziriswa, izvo zvinokupa iwe kudya kunofanirwa kuenzanirana newe kubva paDNA yako.
Mari yeGenetic Testing Inoderedza
Kunyange zvazvo maitiro ega ega ega (WGS) achiri kutengesa, zvisarudzo zvinodhura zvinowanikwa.
Semuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kusarudza mari inoshanda-ine imwe nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, iyo inongorongedza nzvimbo dzejenome dzinobatanidza zvirwere. SNP genotyping inogona kupa kuenzanisa kwengozi yako yekuvandudza mamwe mamiriro.
Global Industries Analysts anofanotaura kuti muna 2018, mutengo wepasi rose wekumba-kumba maitiro ekuwana uchasvika $ 233 mamiriyoni. Aya matatu anotungamirira DTC genetic testing makambani anoonekwa se 23Me, Family Tree DNA, uye Ancestry. Muna 2017, 23 uyeMe ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kugamuchira kubvumirwa kweDAA kuita DNA kuongororwa kwemamiriro gumi gumi pasina kubatanidzwa kwachiremba.
DTC makambani anonyanya kukurudzira mazita avo mazita. Pakaji yemhando iyi yebasa inogona kuwanikwa pasi pe $ 100. Kusanganisira ruzivo rwehutano kazhinji hunounza zvinodhura, somuenzaniso, 23 uyeMe iye zvino anopa chiremba + genealogy version ye $ 199. Mazhinji Makambani DTC haapi kupa zvikamu zveWGS zvakakwana.
At-Home Testing Genetic Testing vs. Testing at the Doc's Office
Imwe nzira yekutengesa-kumusha inoshevedza vatengi vakawanda ndeyokuti haazive. Zvigumisiro hazviiti kuti zvive chikamu chenhoroondo yako yezvechiremba. "Kusarura kwemashoko" chinhu chisina kunyatsoongororwa. Zvakakodzera, vamwe vanhu vane hanya nehutano hwekusarudzwa kwemhando idzi dzekutengesa dzinotakura (semuenzaniso kushandiswa kuwedzera mari yemishuwarenzi yehupenyu). Kubvira muna 2009, Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act yave iri munzvimbo ino muAmerica, asi pane paya paya pamba payaidzo yekusimbisa iyo. Nokudaro, vazhinji vanoona kuongororwa kwakazvimiririra senzira yekuchengetedza ruzivo rwavo rwemashoko ega ega.
Kuongorora kweDTC kwakatengeswa senzira inogona kukupa kudzora pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvako zveutano. Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kunge vakangwarira nezvekuongorora mazita emagetsi asina kuitwa nevarapi vezvehutano vachishandiswa munzvimbo dzehurumende. Kusava nemitemo yehurumende uye zvichibvira kushandurwa zvisina kufanirwa kwehutano hwemashoko zvakataurwa sematambudziko maviri edzimba dzeDNA dzemusha. Uyewo, kudzivirirwa kwevatengi kunenge kwava kunetseka. Vashandi vakataura kuti vanotya kuti data yavo inogona kuwanika kune dzimwe makambani kana kushandiswa pakutsvakurudza mberi pasina ruzivo rwavo.
Purofesa wekubatana Christine Christine Critchley weYunivhesiti yeSweden muAustralia uye avo vaaishanda naye kubva kuYunivhesiti yeTagmania vakaongorora mafungiro evanhu veAustralia nezveDTC maitiro ekutengesa. Vaive vachida kuziva kana vanhu vachizviona saizvozvowo kune maitiro ezvinyorwa akarayirwa nevadzidzisi vavo vehutano. Migumisiro yavo inoratidza kuti vanhu kazhinji vanogovana zvinetso zvema genetic nyanzvi pamusoro peDTC maitiro ekutengesa uye haasi kunyanya kuronga imwe. Vashandi mukudzidza vakanga vane zvinetso zvaisanganisira kukanganisa kwepachivande nekushayikwa kwekupa mazano, pamwe nekururamisa kwakaderera kana zvichienzaniswa nehutachiona hunorayirwa navanachiremba. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvidzidzo zvekare muUnited States neRussia zvakaratidza mafungiro akawedzerwa pamusoro pekutenga zvigadzirwa zvemajini maitiro. Vanhu veAmerica neRussia vanoratidzika sevanonyanya kuronga miedzo yakadaro paIndaneti.
Andelka Phillips kubva kuChivako cheMutemo weYunivhesiti yeOxford anonyorawo nezvematambudziko epamutemo e-internet-based genetic testing izvo zviri munyika yose. Phillips anocherechedza kuti chero upi noupi hunovandudzwa mukuchengetedzwa kwemashoko uye kuchengetedzwa kwemashoko kunoda kubatana kwepasi rose.
Kururamisira uye Kuchengeteka Kuderera Kwakanyanya Kwekumba Kwemhuri
Kukwanisa kururamisa uye kunyatsofanotaura kuvepo (kana kusavapo) kwechirwere kwave chiri chinhu chinonyanya kunetseka pamusoro pekuedzwa kwekumba. Vamwe vashandi vanorondedzera kugamuchira mhinduro dzakasiyana kubva kumakambani akasiyana-siyana eDTC. Boka remasayendisiti masayendisiti kubva kuna J. Craig Venter Institute uye Scripps Translational Science Institute yakaita kuenzanisa kwezvokuzvidzivirira kwemashanu mashanu akaongororwa ne 23Me uye Navigenics.
Kunyange zvazvo mitsva yavo yakaratidza kuti kukwana kwezvibereko zvitsva zvaive zvakakwirira, makambani maviri akasiyana mune zvehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwevanhu vakafanana. Navigenics uye 23Me akabvumirana chete muzvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvehuporofita maererano nehutano hwemamiriro ezvinhu. Chirevo chekufananidzira kwaive nani kune dzimwe zvirwere kupfuura vamwe. Somuenzaniso, makambani maviri akabvumirana paanofanotaura nezvekuchengetedzwa kwechirwere ichi . Kusiyana neizvi, kune zvirwere zvinomwe-kusanganisira chirwere chaCrohn, chirwere chechirwere cheshuga uye chirwere chemwoyo-chibvumirano chacho chaive makumi mashanu kubva muzana kana pasi.
Vatsvakurudzi vakataura kuti izvi hazvina kukanganiswa kune zvakagadziriswa nekambani imwe neimwe inoshandisa mukuverenga kwayo. Mhedzisiro yekuti zviratidzo zvinosanganiswa zvinogona kusiyana; saka, zvigumisiro hazvirevi zvakafanana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, huporofita hwaive pamagumisiro akasiyana-kambani imwe yakagara ichitaura kuti ingozi yakawedzerwa yemamiriro ezvinhu, asi imwe ikaratidza kuti kuderedzwa kwengozi.
Nyaya dzeDTC dzakawanda dzinoshandiswa pakuongorora zvirwere dzinoshanda kunze kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano. Marabhu avo haasi kutongororwa uye muzviitiko zvizhinji, zvigumisiro hazvireviki chiremba chinoshanda uye chinoshandiswa. Inaccuracies inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokosha. Semuenzaniso, kupedzisira kusinganzwisisiki kunogona kukupa pfungwa dzenhema yekuchengeteka, zvisina kukanganisa mararamiro ako ehupenyu. Hatisati tanzwisisa zvakakwana zvipo zvekuberekwa kwehutano hwehutano, saka kufunga kuti imwe iri munzvimbo yakachengeteka inogona kuva inokuvadza. Nyanzvi, saka, dzinoratidza kuti mune ramangwana, panofanira kuva nekubatanidzwa kwakawanda kubva kune vadzidzisi vehutano vane ruzivo uyewo humwe hurumende kutarisira kuwedzera kuchengeteka nekuvimbika.
Nzira Yokugadzirisa Nayo Migumisiro Yakaipa
Apo chiitiko chemajini chinorayirwa nachiremba, murwere anowanzowana mazano ekutanga uye ekuongorora. Pasinei nezvinoitwa neDTC mazino ekuenzanisa makambani anowanzotengeserana pawebsite dzavo, rubatsiro rwakakwana rwevashandi haruwanikwe kune vatengi vavo.
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakataura nezvekunetseka pamusoro pepfungwa nemafungiro ekutsvakurudza kwemajini. Somuenzaniso, kuona kuti iwe unowedzera dambudziko rekuve nemukenza kunogona kuita kuti uzvidye mwoyo kana uora mwoyo (kunyange iwe usingazombove nekenza). Mibairo yekuedzwa inogonawo kuzarura ruzivo kune dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri dzingave dzisingadi kuziva.
Zvisinei, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kuwana mitezo yakaipa hakugoni kukonzera kukanganisa kwepfungwa. Dr Lidewij Henneman weYunivhesiti yeVrije muAmsterdam akagumisa kuti kuongorora mazita ekuberekwa kunobatanidza nekushungurudzika kuduku uye kuti mushure mekuziva, vanhu vanokurumidza kudzokera kune maonero avo apfuura. Henneman akabudisa pachena kuti hutano hwekuverenga nekunyora huchiri pasi pakati pevatengi. Vamwe vanhu vangave vachifungidzira mukana wekuwana chirwere, chaanotaura se "genetic determinism."
Shoko Rinobva
Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzezvehutano dzinotaura kuti kuongorora mazita ekuberekwa kunofanirwa kuitwa chete kana pane chirwere chekurapa; somuenzaniso, nhoroondo yemhuri yehutano kana kuva neshamwari inotakura. Mibvunzo yemitemo inowanidzawo maitiro ekuongorora mazita evana vaduku, somuenzaniso, kuongororwa kunowanzozivikanwa kwezvipo zvevana. Maererano neEuropean Society of Human Genetics, kuongororwa kwemashoko kune munhu asingakwanisi kupa mvumo kunofanira kuitwa chete kana kune zvakanakira iye. Kuedza kupedzisira kuripo pamwana kunofanirwa kuitwa chete kana kune ngozi inowanika yekuwana chirwere uye, kunyange zvakadaro, kana chete kana maitiro ekurapa kana kudzivirira aripo. Vamwe vanopesana kuti izvi zvakafanana nemitemo inofanirawo kushandiswa kuvanhu vakuru nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana.
> Sources:
> Ajunwa I. Genetic Data uye Civil Rights. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review , 2016; 51 (1): 75-114
> Critchley C, Nicol D, Otlowski M, Chalmers D. Vanhu vanoita zvakananga kune zvakananga-ku-vatengi paIndaneti maitiro ekuenzanisa: Kufananidza mafungiro, kuvimba uye vavariro kune vatengesi vezvokutengeserana uye vanogadzirwa. Ruzhinji Kunzwisisa Sayenzi , 2015; 24 (6): 731-750.
> Ng P, Venter J, Murray S, Levy S. Anoronga mishonga yemunhu. Nature , 2009; 461 (7265): 724-726.
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