Nhau yeAkare Yekuporesa Art
Zvichida kubvira pakutanga kwemazuva, vanhu vave vachishingaira mukutsvaka kuzvivandudza. Nokudaro, inofanira kuuya kusishamisi kuti kurapwa kwepurasitiki kunogona kuva imwe yenyika yekare yekurapa teknolojia. Kutaura zvazviri, kune zvinyorwa zvekushandiswa kwemaitiro ekuvhiya ekugadzirisa maziso ekurwadziwa anotora makore anopfuura 4 000 akapfuura.
Chipembenene chePlastiki Chakatangwa neChristin Grafts muNyika yekare
Vanachiremba vekare veIndia vakanga vachishandisa skin grafts kuti vaite basa rekuvandudza mushure me 800 BC Gare gare, munyika dzeEurope, kuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki kwakabudirira kuuya. Zvisinei, mushonga wokumabvazuva wakatora nyore nyore kuenda kuvhidhiyo yepurasitiki, uye kune dzakawanda zviitiko zvakanyorwa zveganda grafts uye kuvhiyaniswa kwekuvandudza munhoroondo yose mune iyo chikamu chenyika.
Kufambira mberi kwose mukuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki, kufanana nehuwandu hwemishonga, hwakanonoka pamusoro pemakore mashomanana anotevera, sezvo nzira dzakashandiswa muIndia dzakataridzirwa kumavirira ndokuzogadziriswa uye dzakagadzirirwa kune zvitsva zvitsva. Zvisinei, kwaive nekufambira mberi kwakagadzirwa mukurapa munguva yeGrisi neRoma, uye kufambira mberi kwacho kwakanyorwa mumagwaro ekare akaparidzirwa kwekufamba kwenguva mukubudirira.
Yaiva panguva iyi munyori wezvokurapa wechiRoma Aulus Cornelius Celsus akanyora "De Medicina" , iyo yakaisa nzira dzokuvhiya dzokugadzirisa nzeve, miromo, uye nenyuchi.
Zvadaro panguva yekutanga yeByzantine, Oribasius akanyora encyclopedia yakakwana yezvokurapa ine musoro unoti "Synagogue Medicae" . Iri bhuku re 70-volume rine ndima dzakawanda dzakatsaurirwa kugadzirisa nzira yekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwemaziso.
Middle Ages & The Renaissance
Kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chekuvhiyazve chichienderera mberi chichienderera mberi munguva yekutanga yeMiddle Ages, zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha zvakasvika pakusimudzika kwechikonzero nekuda kwekuwa kweRoma uye kupararira kwechiKristu.
Muchikamu chikuru, sayenzi yakapa nzira yekufungidzira uye chitendero. Kutaura zvazviri, pane imwe nguva munguva ino, Papa Innocent III akazivisa kuti kuvhiyiwa mune imwe nzira yakarambidzwa zvakananga nemutemo weChechi.
Nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, kutsvaka ruzivo rwezvesayenzi rwakatsiviwa nekuisa pfungwa kune zvimwe zvepamweya uye zvekunamata. Mukuwedzera, kuchengeteka kwevarwere vakagadzirira kwakanyanyiswa nekusava nemitemo yehutsanana nekuchena. Zvisinei, kumwe kufambira mberi kwechidiki kwakagadzirwa, kusanganisira zana remakore rechigumi kukurudzirwa kwegadziriro yekugadzirisa muromo .
Munguva yeRenaissance, kwaive nekufambira mberi kwakakosha mune sayenzi uye teknolojia, izvo zvakaguma nekuvandudzika kwemaitiro akachengetedzwa akachengeteka uye anobatsira. Tsanangudzo yechiIslami yezana remakore rezana remakore remakore yakanzi "Imperial Surgery" yakanyorwa naSerfeddin Sabuncuoglu, uye yakabatanidza zvinhu pamusoro pekuvhiya maxillofacial uye chirwere chemaofi. Icho chaisanganisira chirongwa chekurapa gynecomastia iyo inotendwa kuti ndiyo nheyo yezvino maitiro ekugadzirisa mazamu ekuvhara.
Kufambira mberi Kwakaberekwa neHondo
Munguva yezana remakore rechigumi nemana, chirwere chepurasitiki chakanga chichiri kupera, asi nekupera kwezana remakore gumi nemasere, pendulum yakanga yasungira kune rumwe rutivi.
Kunyange zvakadaro, kubudirira kukuru kwakatevera mukuvhiya kwepurasitiki kwaisafanira kuva kusvikira muzana remakore rechi20, apo vakaurayiwa vehondo vakaita upiyona hwekugadzira mapurasitiki zvakakosha kumashure akawanda. Zvechokwadi, yaiva Hondo Yenyika I iyo yakaunza chirwere chepurasitiki kune imwe nhanho mukati mezvokurapa.
Vanachiremba veMasoka vaifanira kubata maitiro akawanda akawandisa uye akakuvadzwa pamusoro anokonzerwa nenhumbi dzemazuva ano, izvo zvaidiwa izvo zvakanga zvisati zvamboonekwa. Izvi kukuvadzwa kwakakomba kwaireva hutsva hutsva hutsva mukugadzira nzira dzekuvhiya zvakare. Vamwe vezvechiremba veEurope vane nyanzvi dzakawanda vakazvitsaurira maitiro avo kudzorera varwi vemunyika yavo kuti vanyarare munguva uye shure kwehondo.
Chaizvoizvo chakanga chakakomberedza panguva ino kuti vanachiremba vakatanga kuvona zvizere simba raizoita kuti chitarisiko chomunhu chaiye chinogona kushanda pamwero wekubudirira wakawana muupenyu hwake. Nemhaka yekunzwisisa uku, kuvhiyiwa kwepfungwa kwakatanga kutora nzvimbo yaro sechimwe chinhu chinoremekedzwa pane zvepurasitiki.
Uku kufambira mberi kwakaunzawo kunzwisisa kwakanyanya kweanesthesia nekudzivirira utachiona , zvichibvumira vanachiremba kuti vaite zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuwedzera zvakaoma nzira. Aya maitiro akabatanidza matanho okutanga akarembwa ekuvhiya kwaive zvechokwadi "kuvhenganisa" muzvisikwa, zvakadai sekutanga rhinoplasty uye mazamu ekuwedzera maitiro .
Nhoroondo yePlastic Surgery muUnited States
Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvekufambira mberi kwezvokurapa kwakabva kuEurope, pane dzimwe nzira dzokuvhiya dziri kuitwa muU.S., kusanganisira yekutanga kushandiswa kwemafuta muna 1827, iyo yakaitwa naDkt. John Peter Mettauer achishandura zvipfeko zvekuzvigadzira. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisati zvamboitika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kuti chirongwa chepurasitiki chemazuva ano chaifanira kuzivikanwa sechimwe chizivo chekurapa.
Muna 1907, Dr. Charles Miller akanyora rugwaro rwekutanga kunyorwa rwakanyorwa pamusoro pekuvhiya kwezvokuzora , rakanzi "The Correction of Featuring Imperfections" . Nyaya yacho, iri mberi kwenguva yaro mune dzimwe nzira, yakanga isingatsoropodzwi uye ichishorwa se "quackery" nevakawanda vanovhiya. Zvinosuruvarisa, mafungiro aya ainge akazara pakati pevanhu vezvehutano, avo vainyanya kutarisira kuona vanachiremba vezvigadzirwa zvemaziso vose, kusanganisira Dr. Miller, sevashandi kana kuti "quacks".
Vamwe vashandi vekuUnited States vanozivikanwa panguva ino vaisanganisira Dr. Vilray P. Blair, Dr. William Luckett, naDr. Frederick Strange Kolle. Dr. Blair akaita yekutanga kuvharwa kwekugadziriswa kwemajoni muna 1909 uye yakabudisa "Surgery uye Zvirwere zveMouth neJaw " muna 1912, apo Dr. Luckett akatsanangura kururamiswa kwekunzwa nzeve muna 1910, uye Dr. Kolle akabudisa ndima yake, " Chipembenene chePlastiki neZvipfeko " , rimwe gore gare gare muna 1911.
Kukosha kweAmerican Institution
Rimwe sangano iro rakaratidza chikamu chakakosha mukufambira mberi nekuvandudzwa kwepurojekitiki yepurasitiki, uye yekuvhiyiwa munavose, yaiva Johns Hopkins. Yaiva ipapo iyo Dr. William Stewart Halsted akasika chirongwa chekutanga chekurovedza chirongwa muUnited States. Muna 1904, akabudisa "Kudzidziswa kwechiremba" , iyo yakateya nheyo yei zvaizova muenzaniso wezvirongwa zvese zvekuvhiya zvemazuva ano. Nezvo, US inogona kutora chikwata chekugadzira sophistication pane neEurope. Yakanga isati yava nguva refu US isati yatanga kudarika nyika yose, kunyanya kana yakauya panyaya yekuisa ruzivo mukati mebasa rekuvhiyiwa.
Johns Hopkins aivewo kumba kwaDkt. John Staige Davis, uyo aifungidzirwa nevakawanda kuti ndivo vokutanga kuAmerica kuti vatsaurire maitiro ake chete nekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki. Akapedza makore mazhinji ehupenyu hwake achishanda kuti aise zvikamu zvakasiyana mukati meitiro rekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki. Muna 1916, akapa mapepa akajeka ku Journal of the American Medical Association iyo yakatsanangura basa rekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki mukati mekurapa kwezvechiremba, zvakare kusimbisa kukosha kwekuisa mukati mebasa.
Ma1940 uye 50s
Muna 1946, nguva yakanga yasvika zvakajeka kuti kubudiswa kwebhuku rezvesayenzi raitarisirwa kunyanya kuvarapi vepurasitiki. Muna July wegore iroro, magazini yekutanga ye Journal of Plastic uye Reconstructive Surgery yakaitika. Kubvira panguva iyo, magazini yacho yakaramba ichishanda semusangano wekuparidzirwa kwezivo uye kuwanikwa kwakakosha pakati pevashandi vepurasitiki nevashandi vavo vezvechiremba, zvose zvinotarisirwa kupa rubatsiro kune varwere.
Nechipatimendi chebhadhiro panzvimbo uye kuberekwa kwepepanhau rezvokurapa repurasitiki pachake, chirwere chepurasitiki chakazobatanidzwa zvizere muchipatara chakagadzirwa muna 1950, apo chakatanga kuenderera mberi kupinda mukuziva kwevanhu. Kunze kwezvipatara zveminda yeHondo yeKorea zvakatowedzera kufambira mberi mukuvhiya kwekuvandudza, kusanganisira nzira dzomukati dzomukati dzakatarisana nehutachiona hwemaziso, uye kushandiswa kwekushandura kunogadzirisa kugadzirisa zvikukutu zveganda nekuremara.
Modern Modern Plastic Surgery
Nhoroondo yemazuva ano ekuvhiya epurasitiki yakatanga kunyatsogadzirwa muma1960 nema1970. Vanachiremba vepurasitiki vaifamba mberi pamberi pechiremba, kusanganisira imwe nyanzvi yepurasitori yakavhiiwa uyo akagadzwa Surgeon General muna 1969, uye mumwe akakunda Nobel Prize.
Paivawo nehuwandu hwakawanda hunobudirira mune zvesayenzi munguva ino. Silicone yakanga iri chinhu chitsva chakanga chagadzirwa chakanga chiri kukura mukuzivikanwa sechikafu cheimwe nzira yekuvhiya epurasitiki. Pakutanga, yakashandiswa kurapa kusakwana kweganda. Zvadaro, muna 1962, Dr. Thomas Cronin akagadzira uye akazarura chidimbu chemuti chinoshandiswa kubva kune silicone. Kwemakore gumi anotevera kana zvakadaro, masipisi eslicone akaumbwa kuti ashandiswe mune imwe chete yechinhu chinogona kufungidzirwa chechiso uye muviri.
Mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe, mapurisa epurasitiki uye vashandi vepurasitiki vakavhiya vakaita hurukuro yakawanda yekuwedzera ruzivo rwevanhu nekuvandudza maonero evanhu ekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko, huri pamwe nehupfumi hwemakore ema1980, hwakatanga kuita kuti chironga chepurasitiki chinowanikwa nyore nyore kuMelika.
Kuwedzera kwakapfuurira kuburikidza nemakore ekuma1990, pasinei nezvinetso zvakakonzerwa nehutano hwekugadzirisa hutano, izvo zvakakonzera kuderera kwakaderera mukubhadhara kubva kumakambani einishuwarenzi kumabasa ekugadzirisa. Vanachiremba vakawanda vakamanikidzwa kuisa pfungwa pamusoro pebasa rekushambadzira kuitira kuti varambe vachiita, uye vamwe vakasarudza kufambisa chirongwa chekuvakazve zvachose.
Zvinotoshamisa kuti kukakavara kuri kukura pamusoro pezvipembenene zvesimbisi hazvina kuonekwa kunge kuchivhara nhamba inoramba ichiwedzera yevarwere kubva kutsvaga zvigadziriswe. Zvadaro, muna 1998, Mutungamiri Bill Clinton vakasayina mutemo waisanganisira chirongwa chinoda makambani ehurubhizimusi kuti avhare mari yekugadziriswa kwemashure ekugadzirwa kwemashure.
Kuvhiya Kwepurasitiki Nhasi
Muma2000, kuvhiyiwa kwekunakidza kwave kuchifarira kuputika mukududzirwa, uye kufambira mberi kwezvokurapa kwakaita kuti zvigone kugadziridzwa zvakare izvo zvaimbova kurota kwezvingave zuva rimwe. Munguva ino yekukurukurirana kwakakurumidza, internet uye terevhizheni zvakapinda mumutambo, uye iye zvino tava kukwanisa kuona chero chero rudzi rupi neripi rwepurogiramu yokuvhiya yepurasitiki kubva kunyaradzo yemisha yedu.
Parizvino, chiitiko chakakosha mukuvhiya kwepurasitiki ndiko kuenda kune zvishoma zvisingasviki nzira dzakagadzirirwa kuti dzive pachena zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvekwegura. Zvechokwadi, nzira dzakakurumbira zvikuru panguva ino dzinosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinokanganisa, zvakadai sechiso chekukanganisa kuzadza uye, kunyanya, Botox . Inofungidzirwa kuti pane inopfuura mamiriyoni 1.1 mamiriyo ebotox anotarisirwa muUnited States gore negore, uye nhamba iyoyo iri kukura nekukura.
Kunyangwe pakati pezvipfeko zvepurasitiki pachavo, pakange pave nemafungiro makuru ehutano pamusoro pekuuya kwe "Plastic Surgery Reality TV" Terevhizheni inoratidza "Extreme Makeover" , iyo yakakurumbira, yakave iyo nyaya yeimwe gakava. Ko yakawandisa zvakadini, uye mararamiro api atinodzidzisa kuburikidza nekugadzira hurongwa hwakadai?
Zvechokwadi, dzimwe dzakawanda dzinozviratidza nemapurisa ekuvhiya epurasitiki zvakatevera mumakwara e "Extreme Makeover" . Pasinei nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvavanofanira, hapana mubvunzo kuti vanhu vari kufunga uye vachitaura nezvekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki kupfuura kare kare munhoroondo yaro. Isu tose tinodzidza zviri nani sevatengi pamusoro pezvinogona kuisa njodzi nemigumisiro yekuvhiyiwa kweplastiki , uye kushorwa kwaimbove kwakabatanidzwa nekuvhiyiwa kwekuzora kunowira munzira.
Shoko Rinobva
Zvinofadza kuti mamwe emashoko ekuparidzira akapoteredza chirongwa chepurasitiki chave chakatarirwa pamabasa anoshamisa ekugadzirisa mapurogheji epurasitiki ari kuita kuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu kune avo vangadai vasingakwanisi kubatsirwa. Izvi zviri kuwedzera uye zvakajairika kuvarapi veplastiki kuti vape nguva yavo uye matarenda akawanda ekuita kuvakwa kwekuvakazve kuvana vane utera hunokanganisa kuberekwa kwevana vanogara munharaunda dzenyika. Kuwanda kwevashandi ava, ndiko kuvhenekera kwavo maitiro anovabvumira kugovera mabasa avo kune vashoma vaduku vane ruzivo.
Izvi zvinoratidza kusava nehanya nemazano zvakabatsira kuvandudza maonero ehurumende ekuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki nekufambisa kumba pfungwa yokuti kuvandudza nekuvhiya nekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinogona kushanda pamwe chete kuti zvivandudze hupenyu hwevakawanda. Zvichida izvi zvakare ndizvo zvinokonzera kukura kunoshamisa kwehuwandu hwegore negore nhamba yevanhu vanowana kurapwa kweplastiki.
> Sources:
> American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
> American Board of Plastic Surgery.