The History of This Controversial Type of Psychosurgery
Izwi rokuti psychosurgery rinotsanangura kupindira kwekuvhiya kushandura mumwe munhu mafungiro, pfungwa, kana mufambiro. Nzira inonyanya kuzivikanwa (kana kuti inonyanyisa) ndiyo inonzi frontal lobotomy. Yakaumbwa muna 1935, hootomy inosanganisira kugadzira hukama hukuru pakati pe prefrontal cortex nehupi hwose hweuropi.
Lobotomi dzaive chikamu chekurapa kwezvirwere zvitsva zvezvirwere zvepfungwa mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kusanganisira electroconvulsive therapy (shock therapy).
Kunyange zvazvo kurapwa kwaiva kwakanyanya, kwaive kwakaratidzwa sekuti haisi yepamusoro pane dzimwe nzira dziripo dzekurapa panguva iyoyo. Izvo zvakakosha ndeye nzira yakawanda kwemakumi maviri emakore zvisati zvava kupopotedzana. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino ishoma, pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu umo mamwe maitiro ehupfungwa dzepfungwa achiri kuitika nhasi.
Musiki weUkuvhiya
Yegore ra1949 Nobel Prize muPhysiology kana Mishonga yakaenda kune nyanzvi yezvipatara Antonio Egas Moniz wePortugal nokuda kwekukakavadzana kwenzira yekusika. Nepo vamwe pamberi paDkt. Moniz vanga vaedza kuvhiya kwakadaro, kubudirira kwavo kwakanga kusingagumi uye kwete kwakagamuchirwa nevechiremba.
Iyo Inoshanda Sei
Shanduro yezesayenzi shure kwezvinyorwa, sezvakatsanangurwa naDkt. Moniz, inobvumirana neuroscience nhasi. Pfungwa yacho yaiva yokuti pane imwe nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yakaumbwa nemasero emasero muhupenzi hwevamwe vanhu, uye ndiyo yaiva nzira iyo ndiyo yaiva iyo yakakonzera zviratidzo.
Izvi zvinotarisa kumativi ehurumende neural and connectivity, panzvimbo pechikamu chimwe chete cheuropi, chinoramba chiri chakakosha kune yeuroste yechi21 yemakore.
Hazvisi pachena kuti nei Dr. Moniz akanyanya kuisa maziso ezviko, asi pane humwe humwe huchapupu panguva iyo mabheji epamberi aigona kubviswa pasina zvikanganiso zvakajeka, uye vamwe vanhu vakataura nezvehutano hwakafanana hwave huchiitwa mumonke, nekugadzirisa migumisiro .
Kwemazana emakore akapfuura, zvave zvichinyatsoratidzwa nesayenzi kuti foreal lobes inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwefungiro uye mufambiro.
Nzira yepakutanga, iyo inozivikanwa seyoucotomy, inobatanidza kuvhara doro kune chikamu chepamberi lobes kuparadza mashutu mushure mekuchera gomba kuburikidza nehenya. Rimwe rekushandurwa kwemaitiro racho rinocheka hutachiona hwemauropi nesimbi yakasungirirwa. Mutsva yokutanga yechirongwa chacho, varwere makumi maviri vane chirwere chinorwara sevamwe zvakasiyana nekudengenyeka, schizophrenia, panic disorder, mania, uye catatonia vakaiswa pasi pekubotomy. Mamwe mapepa ekutanga ezvo maitiro aiva akanaka: Inenge 70 muzana yevarwere vakabatwa ne lobotomy yakagadziriswa. Kwakange kusina rufu.
Lobotomi Inotanga muUnited States
MuUnited States, pamberi pezvinotomi zvakawedzera pakuzivikanwa nekuda kwezvaiitwa neurologist Walter Freeman uye neurosurgeon James Watts. Chokutanga chinonzi lobotomy muAmerica chakaitwa na Freeman naWatts muna 1936. Kutanga kwekutanga kwaifanira kuitwa neurosurgeons muimba yekugadzira, asi Dr. Freeman akafunga kuti izvi zvingaderedza kusvikirwa kwehutano hwevaya vari munzvimbo dzepfungwa dzinogona kubatsirwa kubva a lobotomy. Akave nemimba yemutambo mutsva unogona kuitwa navanachiremba mune iyo masangano pasina nzvimbo yekushandisa.
Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, Dr. Watts akamira achishanda naDkt. Freeman kunze kwekupikisa pane nzira yekuita nyore.
I "transorbital" lobotomy, yakagadzirwa naDr. Freeman, inosanganisira kusimudza gumbo rekumusoro uye kuratidza chidimbu chinopupurirwa chinonzi leucotome chinopikisana nechepamusoro pejoko reziso. Nyore yakashandiswa kuendesa chiridzwa kuburikidza nefupa, uye masentimita mashanu muuropi. Muchidimbu chekushongedza, chimbo chacho chakanga chave chichitsvaga kuti chidimbukire kune chinopesana nehemphere, chakadzokera kune chakanga chisingarereki, uye chakakonzera mamwe masendimita maviri mberi, kwaive yakatsvaga zvakare kuitira kuti iwedzere kuderedza hutu hwehupi.
Nzira yacho yakazodzokororwa kune rumwe rutivi rwemusoro.
Hazvina kunaka uye Hazvifanirwi Maitiro Okusara
Kunopfuura 40 000 maitiro ekugadzirisa akaitwa muUnited States. Zvikonzero zvinotarisirwa zvinosanganisira kusagadzikana kusingaperi, kusagadzikana-kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, uye schizophrenia. Zvinyorwa zvesayenzi panguva iyoyo zvinoratidzika zvinoratidza kuti nzira yacho yaive isina kuchengeteka, uye ine huwandu hwekufa kwehuwandu. Asi paiva nematambudziko akawanda asina kuuraya, kusanganisira kusava nehanya uye kusvibiswa kweunhu.
Nzira yeMatongerwo Emakakatanwa
Kunyange mumakore makumi mana emakore makumi mana nemana makumi mana nemana makumi maviri nemashanu, maonero ekutanga ezvo ainyanya kukonzera kukakavara. Kuita zvisingaiti kuchinja unhu hwomumwe munhu hwaifungidzirwa nevakawanda kuti vawedzere miganhu yekurapa kwakanaka uye kusaremekedza kuzvimirira kwemunhu iyeye uye munhu oga. Muna 1950, Soviet Union yakarambidza tsika yacho, ichitaura kuti yaiva "inopesana nemitemo yevanhu."
MuUnited States, mahofisi aya aive mumabasa akawanda anozivikanwa emabhuku, kusanganisira Tennessee Williams's Suddenly, Last Summer uye Ken Kesey's One Flew Pamusoro peNeckoo's Nest . Nzira iyi yakanyanya kuonekwa sechirwere chekunyadzisa kwechiremba uye kupererwa kwehutris hutris. Muna 1977, kambani inokosha yeU.S. Congress yakaongorora kana chirwere chepfungwa chinonzi lobotomy chaishandiswa kudzivisa kodzero dzevanhu. Mhedziso ndeyokuti kuitirwa zvakanaka kwepfungwa kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu akawandisa. Nenguva iyo, mubvunzo uyu wakanga uri kunyanya kushanduka, sezvo nzira yacho yakatsiviwa nekuwedzera kwemishonga yepfungwa.
Pasi Pasi
Nhoroondo inotyisa ye lobotomy inobatsira kukuyeuchidza vanachiremba vemazuva ano nevarwere vezvipikisa zvinokonzerwa nemitemo, uye kunyanya neurology. Kune chikamu chikuru, vanhu vanoita lobotomies vanogona kururamisa zviito zvavo sevari mune zvakanakisisa murwere. Vakanga vachikurudzirwa nerubatsiro icho, kuburikidza nemitemo yezuva ranhasi, inogona kuratidzika seisina kururama uye isina kukodzera. Ndezvipi zvekurapa kwemazuva ano zvatichaita rimwe zuva tifunge kumashure uye tisingatyi ?