Zvakawanda zvakaitika mumasikirini kubva kuma1950 apo masayendisiti akakurumbira Watson naCrick vakaona kuumbwa kweDNA. Muma1960, masayendisiti akawana kuti dNA yakawanda yeDNA yaivapo pakati peavo fide 'majini,' uye yakashandurwa nekudzokororwa kwezvinonzi zvinonzi DNA-junk, mupfungwa yokuti vatsvakurudzi panguva iyoyo vaisagona kunzwisisa iyo code yakaitirwa.
Kutsvakurudza mumakore ekuma1970 kwakaratidza kuti dzakawanda zvisingateereri zvinyorwa zvakawanikwawo mukati mejeni, kupopotera mapuroteni-coding nzvimbo. Zvose izvi zvezvechimiro zvakanyatsonaka here? Kwete kwete! Yakanga ichinyatsoonekwa seyizvi nemafungiro aisingazivi zvokuita nayo panguva iyoyo.
Chii Chaizvo MuDNA Yedu?
Icho chinotarisa kuti zvinenge zvishanu pazanachete zveDNA yevanhu inowanikwa neprotein, zvichienderana nekufungidzira. Saka kune masayendisiti kubva kumakumi emakore apfuura, 95 muzana yeDNA yaizoonekwa seisina maturo.
Zvakadini ne 2016, 2017, uye kupfuura? Apo rinouya kune DNA yevanhu, kune chichiri chidiki chesingazivikanwi, nzvimbo isingazivikanwi. Kunyange zvakadaro, microRNA yakanga iri chinhu chinokosha chinozivikanwa uye icho chinoenderana nekenza varwere nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Chii Chinonzi MicroRNA (miRNA)?
Iwe unogona kunge wakanzwa nezvemutumwa weRNA kuchikoro chesekondari. Ndiyo molecule muviri wako unoshandisa kuita mapuroteni matsva uye inoumbwa uchishandisa DNA se template.
Uyewo, inoverengwa ne ribosomes mune chiito cheprotini synthesis, kana kuti shanduro, kuita puroteni itsva.
Micro-RNA ndiyo nzira yakasiyana. MicroRNA, kana miRNA, inorudzi rweRNA iyo isingafanirwi kutorwa muprotheni. Iko chaizvoizvo zvishoma zvishoma-kutengesa kwakapfupika kwekodhi-pane kutenderera kwakanyatsonaka kunoudza muviri kuti ungavaka sei proteine, semusikisi, somuenzaniso.
Saka kana ikasaikora mapuroteni, chii chinoshanda? Zvakanaka, MiRNA inoshandisa kutonga majini kuburikidza neanozivikanwa se'RNA silencing 'uye' mushure mekunyorwa kwemashoko ekutaura kwemazwi. ' Aya mazwi anotsanangurwa zvishoma pasi apa.
Basa reMMRNA muCancer
Kuwanikwa kweMIRRNA uye mamwe maRNA asina kukodha ane zvakakosha zvakakosha-uye mamwe awo angave akakodzera zvikuru kune vane chirwere chekenza sevaya vane hematologic malignancies.
MiRNAs ine simba ravo mukuronga kuti muviri wako unoenda sei kubva kuDNA kusvika kuRNA kune mapuroteni. Apo puroteni yemararamiro inoshanduka kuva puroteni yakabatana nekenza kana kamuumbi inowanikwa mumakona makuru echechi yekenza, ipapo murairo iwoyo miRNA unogona kuva nebasa rinokosha.
MiRNAs yakawanda yakasiyana yakataurwa kuti iri kunze kwe-whack, kana mune zvesayenzi, yakasarudzwa, mune varwere vane marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekenza. Mune masero ekenza, aya miRNAs haasi pasi pemutemo wakatarwa unoonekwa mumasero ane utano, uye naizvozvo maitiro asina kukwana emaMRNAs uye maitiro asina kufanana emagetsi anogona kuitika. Uku kutaurwa pamusoro peMRRNA kunofanira kutungamirira kune pfungwa yokuti miRNA inobatanidzwa pakugadzirwa kwekenza uye mukufambira kwekenza, kana yatanga.
MiRNA yakatanga kunzwisiswa maererano nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekenza kana maitiro anonyadzisira anosanganisira chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL ), multiple myeloma (MM), t-cell lymphoma uye mantle cell lymphoma. Kutaura zvazviri, munda weMIRNA mukenza yakatanga chaizvo apo boka rekutsvakurudza rakaratidza kuti miRNAs-miR-15 uye miR-16-yakanga iri mune chikamu che chromosome iyo inowanzorasikirwa kana kubviswa mune chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
MiRNA Signatures
Kubva panguva iyo, vatsvakurudzi vave vachishanda "miRNA masayinisi" - ndiko kuti, mapurogiramu akasiyana e-miRNA yakakwiridzirwa kana kuti akaderedzwa angave ane unhu hwechimwe chiitiko chekenza yakapiwa.
Somuenzaniso, chimwe chimiro cheMIRRNA chinogona kuuya chichibatanidzwa nehutano hwakanyanya hwekenza. Apo inoshandiswa nenzira iyi, miRNA zvinyorwa zvinowanzonziwo sebiomarkers.
MiRNA Mukurapa Kwekenza
Basa reMIRRNA mukurapa kwekenza ikozvino rinofungidzirwa sekuwedzera, mupfungwa yokuti mushonga mutsva uye huri nani unogona kuve wakananga kudiwa nevarwere vachishandisa miRNA zvinyorwa. Chimwe chiratidzo pane ramangwana ndechekuti chiremba wako anogona kukwanisa kutaura chimwe chinhu chakadai: "Kansa yako ine chiratidzo cheMIRNA chinosanganiswa nemigumisiro yakagadziriswa nehurongwa hutsva hwemishonga, saka tinogona kuda kupa sarudzo iyi kurapwa zvakanyanya."
Vatsvakurudzi vari kutarisawo mukana wekushandisa micro-RNAs se "tumor suppressors" nekuita kuti vaende zvakananga mukati memasero ekenza. MiRNAs nemamwe maRNA asina kukodha maitiro akafupika, anoita kuti vakwanise kugadzirisa chirongwa chinonzi transfection, icho chinoshandisa mavairasi kuti chivharidzire kuwirirana kuitwe.
Imwe nzvimbo inofarira ine kuremekedza kushandiswa kweMIRRNAs ndeyokutarisa avo masero emukenza asingagadziriswi nechemotherapy kana rayation. Kunyange kana chirwere chinowanzoitika chinopedza kanopfuura 98 muzana yekenza masero, chero izvo zvinonzi kanonzi stem masero - kenza dzemasero mukuvanda - izvo zvinosara zvinogona kukonzera kudzokorora. Kana iyo kenza yekenza yakakonzerwa inogona kutarirwa nemaRRNAs kana mamwe maRNA asina kukodha, oga kana kuti pamwe chete nemamwe mushonga, izvi zvinomiririra mberi kwekurapa. Mishonga yemakiriniki anoshandisa miRNA therapeutically nokuda kwekenza yeropa uye mapepa emapapu ave atobudiswa, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa.
MiRNA mu CLL
Kumadokero, CLL ndiyo inonyanya kuuraya chirwere chevanhu muvanhu vakuru. Kushandurwa kwakajairika kwechromosomal kunobatanidza ne CLL ndiko kubviswa kwechikamu chechiromosome 13. Chii chingave chizivo chekuberekwa chingakosha zvikuru zvokuti kubviswa kwacho kunotungamirira kune kenza? Zvakanaka, iri DNA iri kusina kuwanikwa yakavhara maRNAs. Izvi zvinotungamirira kune pfungwa yokuti miRNA mbiri miviri-inonzi miR-15a uye miR-16-1 inogona kunge yakabatanidzwa sechiitiko chekutanga mukugadzirwa kweCLL.
Uyewo muCLL - kuwedzera pane zvinogona kuitwa mukukwereka kwekenza - miRNAs inogona kuita basa remakemikirasi kumirisana. Kurwisana ne fludarabine, chirwere chemo, chave chichibatanidzwa nekuchinja mumazinga maviri emiromo yeRNA inonzi miR-18, miR-22 uye miR-21.
MiRNA mu Multiple Myeloma
Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti miRNAs yakasiyana zvakasiyana nevanhu vane multipleel myeloma kana MM.
Ichokwadi, boka revanotsvakurudza-Pichiorri uye vashandi-vakashandisa izvo zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pemirairo yeRIMRNA kuti ione maitiro akasiyana-siyana emuyeloma . Serojeni ye plasma ndiyo yeropa rega rega rinogona kuita zvirwere, uye mhuri iyi yemasero-nhengo yemhuri yeB-lymphocyte-inokonzera kenza muMM. Multiel myelomas inogona kukura kubva muhutano hwehutano hunonzi monoclonal gammopathy yekusagadziriswa kunokosha (MGUS), uye boka iri rekutsvakurudza rakawana kusiyana kwakafanana apo iwe unopfurikidza kubva kuchipatara cheplasma chine utano kuti uchengetedze asi MGUS inononoka, kuna MM, iyo yakazara yakazara.
Muna 2008, Pichiorri uye vashandi pamwe chete vakashuma muromo mukuru weRMRNA wokutsanangura masero ema plasma, MGUS, uye MM. Kuwedzera uchapupu hunoratidza kuti miRNAs inoshanda zvakanaka sezvinotungamirira masero ekusimudza muviri apo muviri uri kuita masero ehutano ane hutano, kana panguva yakajairika, hematopoiesis ine utano; asi iyo miRNA inochinja inogona kuve yakabatanidzwa kana inogona kuenderera mberi nedzimwe shanduko panzira yekuita zvakaipa. Kusagadzikana kushandiswa kweMIRRNA kwave kuchibatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemaeloma.
Ultraviolet Light uye MiRNA muMelanoma
MiRNAs inogona kushandiswawo kubatsira kubatsira chiedza chemunhu kuti ave nekenza. Kutsvakurudzwa kwechangobva kuongorora kwakaongorora kubatana pakati pekudzivirira kwemazuva ekudzivirira kwemazuva uye kukurudzirwa kwechironda kumadzimai echidiki vechidiki. Vane hutano vane utano hwakanaka , vakanyatsocheka pakati pezera remakore makumi matatu negumi nemana makumi matatu nemasere vakafananidzwa nevakadzi vane mapfumbamwe vakanyatsoputika vane makore makumi matatu kusvika kune makumi mana nematanhatu avo vakagadzira melanoma .
Melanocytes ndiyo iyo masero anoita melanin, pigment yedu yevanhu, iyo inokonzera zvinhu zvakadai sebvudzi, ganda uye ziso. Melanocytes zvakare masero anova kenza mumaranoma. Mukutsvaga, kufanana kweganda kumavhiri eVV kunokwidza kukwana kweMRNA inotaura mumasero evanhu vemazuva e-melanocyte-asi izvi zvinokonzerwa ne-UV-induced miRNA zvakasiyana zvikuru pakati pevakadzi vane utano uye avo vane nhoroondo ye melanoma munguva yakapfuura, vachiratidza kuti melanocytes mune imwe vanhu, kunyange vachiita sevakanaka, vatotanga kupindura zvakasiyana nezvemazuva ano, izvo zvinogona kutsanangura ngozi yavo yekutarisana nekenza yeramangwana.
Zvinofadza kuti melanocytes yevanhu vane hutano, pavanenge vachida kubuda kwemazuva, havana kuratidza kuchinja uku. Izvi zvitsva zvinonyanya kuvimba ne micro-RNA mashoko angabatsira masayendisiti kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti maranoma anotanga sei uye kuti angadzivirirwa sei, uyewo kukurudzira pfungwa itsva yekutsvakurudza uye nzira dzokurapa.
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