Kuberekwa Kwekuzvarwa Kuraira
Griswold v. Connecticut nyaya yakasarudzwa musi waJune 7, 1965. Nyaya iyi yaive yakakosha nokuti Supreme Court yakatonga kuti vanhu vakaroorana vane kodzero yekushandisa kubata pamuviri . Izvo zvakakonzera kugadzirwa mumugwagwa wehutano hwekusununguka uye rusununguko ruripo nhasi. Pamberi penyaya iyi, kushandiswa kwekuberekwa kwekuberekwa kwaive kwakadzivirirwa kana kuvharwa.
Background
Muna 1960, pakanga paine hurumende makumi matatu (30) dzaiva nemitemo (kazhinji yaipfuura nguva yekupera kwema1800) iyo yakarambidza kushambadzira uye kutengeswa kwemishonga.
Vamwe vanoti, kufanana neConnecticut neMassachusetts, vanorambidza kushandiswa kwekuberekwa kwekuberekwa kushandiswa zvachose.
Kutaura zvazviri, munyika yeConnecticut, kushandiswa kwekudzivirira pamuviri kwakarangwa ne $ 50 yakanaka uye / kana kusvika kune rimwe gore mujeri. Mutemo wakarambidza kushandiswa kwe "chero mishonga, chirwere chemishonga kana chiridzwa kuitira chinangwa chekudzivirira kubata pamuviri." Mutemo wakaramba uchitsigira, "Munhu wese anobatsira, anobata, anopa mazano, anokonzera, achibhadharira kana kuraira mumwe kuti aite chero mhosva ipi zvayo inogona kupomerwa uye kurangwa sekunge iye ari mutadzi mukuru." Kunyange zvazvo mutemo uyu wakasikwa muna 1879, wakanga usina kumbobvunzwa.
Muna 1961, Estelle Griswold (Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut) uye Dr. C. Lee Buxton (Sachigaro weDhipatimendi reOstetrics paYale University School of Medicine) akasarudza kuvhura kliniki yekuberekwa kwevakazvarwa muNew Haven, Connecticut ne icho chinangwa chikuru chekutsvaga mutemo weConnecon's constitutionality.
Kliniki yavo yakapa ruzivo, murayiridzo, uye mazano ekurapa kuvanhu vakaroorana nezve nzira dzokudzivirira kubata pamuviri. Kuchikiriniki, vaizoongororawo vakadzi (madzimai) uye vanoronga nzira yakanakisisa yokudzivirira kubata pamuviri kana zvinhu zveumwe wavo kuti vashandise.
Griswold akanga achishungurudzika nemutemo weConnecticut sezvo wakashandura vakadzi vaida kuberekwa pamwe chete navanachiremba vavo kuvaiti vezvakaipa.
Kiriniki yakashanda kubva kubva munaNovember 1 kusvikaNovember 10, 1961. Mushure mokuzarura mazuva gumi chete, Griswold naBuxton vakasungwa. Vaive vari kupomerwa mhosva, vakawanikwa vane mhosva, uye imwe neimwe inokwana $ 100. Kutenda kwavo kwakasimudzirwa neAppellate Division yeChircuit Court pamwe neConnest Supreme Court. Griswold akakurudzira kutongerwa kwake kuDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States muna 1965.
Muchengeti's Claim
MuGriswold v. Connecticut , Estelle Griswold uye Dr. C. Lee Buxton vakapikisa kuti mutemo weConnecticut unorwisana nekuberekwa kwekushandisa unosangana ne 14th Amendment, iyo inoti,
"Hapana hurumende ichaita kana kuisa mutemo chero upi zvawo huchaita kuti hurumende dzive nerusununguko kana kudzivirirwa, uye hapana hurumende inogona kutora munhu chero upi noupi hwehupenyu, rusununguko, kana pfuma, kunze kwekutongwa kwemutemo ... kana kuramba munhu chero upi zvake kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo "(Chigadziro 14, Chikamu 1).
Dare reDare Repamusorosoro
Musi waMarch 29, 1965, Estelle Griswold naDkt Buxton vakapikisa nyaya yavo pamberi peDare Repamusorosoro. Vatongi vanomwe vakatungamira hurumende - Mutongi Mukuru: Earl Warren; uye Vatongi Vakabatana: Hugo Black, William J. Brennan Jr., Tom C. Clark, William O. Douglas, Arthur Goldberg, John M. Harlan II, Potter Stewart, naByron White.
Chisarudzo cheDare Repamusorosoro
Nyaya yacho yakasarudzwa musi waJune 7, 1965. Mukutonga kwe7-2, dare rakapa mutemo kuti murairo weConneclin waiva usina kukwana kwepamutemo nekuti wakaputsa Mutemo Wakaitwa Mutemo. Dare rakaramba richitaura kuti kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yevamwe vakaroorana vakavimbiswa vane kodzero yekuzvisarudzira pamusoro pekudzivirira kubata pamuviri. Mutongi William O. Douglas akanyora maonero mazhinji.
Ndiani Akatsigira uye Anopikisa Griswold v. Connecticut Kutonga
- Vakuru: William O. Douglas akanyora kuti kodzero yehutano hwepabonde iri mukati me "penumbra" yeBill Rights. Mukutaura kwakajeka, Mutongo Goldberg akanyora kuti kodzero yekusununguka mumubatanidzwa wemhuri ndiyo "kodzero yega yega" inotsigirwa nevanhu 'mukati mekutaura kweChishanu Chirongwa. "Mutongi Harlan II uye Justice White vakabvumirana nekuchengeta kuti yakachengetedzwa neshoko rakakodzera reChirungu chechina.
- Kuvhiringidzika: Hugo Black naPotter Stewart vose vakaisa pfungwa dzinopesana dzichitsanangura kuti hurumende ine kodzero yekupinza mukana wega wega kunze kwekunge pane hurumende yakarongeka inorambidza kupinda kwakadaro. Mutongi weMurusi akatsigira kuti kodzero yekuvimbika haina kuwanikwa chero ipi zvayo mumutemo. Mutongi Stewart akacherechedza chirevo cheConnecon se "mutemo unonyadzisa" asi akataura kuti yakanga ichiri yepamutemo.
Rationale shure kweGriswold v. Connecticut Chisarudzo
Iri Dare Repamusoro-soro rakaputsa mutemo weConnecticut wakarambidza kurapa kwekudzivirira kubata pamuviri pamwe nekushandisa kwekudzivirira pamuviri. Mutongo uyu waiziva kuti Mutemo weBumbiro hauna kunyatsodzivirira munhu wese wega kodzero yekusvikirwa; zvisinei, Bill yeLungelo yakasika penumbras, kana kuti nzvimbo dzehupfumi, iyo hurumende yaisagona kupindira.
Dare rakaramba richireva kuti kodzero yeukama hwepabonde yakanga iri yekutanga, yechitatu, yechina, yechitanhatu, uye yechinomwe. Kutonga kwakasimbisa zvakare kodzero yehupombwe muhutano hwemhuri kuti ive yekodzero isina kunyorwa (iyo inotaurirwa kubva mumutauro, nhoroondo, nekugadzirisa kweMitemo yeMitemo kunyange zvisingarevi zvichitaura mumashoko) zvakagadziriswa muchirevo cheNyika yeChinomwe. Pane imwe nguva yakaratidzwa nenzira iyi, iyo kodzero yeukama hwepabonde inofungidzirwa seimwe yezvisungo zvakakosha zvinodzivirirwa neChina chechigadziriswa kubva kune kupindira kwehurumende. Nokudaro, mutemo weConnecticut wakaputsa kodzero yehupfumi mukati mewanano uye wakawanikwa kuti hauna kutenderwa nemutemo.
The Griswold v. Connecticut kutonga zvakanyatsotsanangura kuti hupombwe mukati memuchato nderunhu rega roga rinopera miganhu kune hurumende. Sezvakatongwa neHurumende Douglas yeDare,
"Nyaya yemazuva ano, zvino, inosangana neukama huri mukati mharaunda yehupenzi yakagadzirwa nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana inotarisirwa. Uye inosanganisira mutemo uyo, pakurambidza kushandiswa kwemishonga yekudzivirira panzvimbo yekuraira kugadzirwa kwavo kana kutengesa, inotsvaka kuzadzisa zvinangwa kuburikidza nekuve nehuwandu hunoparadza hukama ihwohwo. ...
Tingarega mapurisa kuti atsvake nzvimbo tsvene dzemakamuri ekurara emakamuri ekuratidza zviratidzo zvekushandisa kwemishonga here? Izvo pfungwa yacho inonyangadza kumanzwiro ezvakavanzika zvakakomberedza ukama hwewanano.
Isu tinoshandisa kodzero yekuzvimiririra yakwegura kupfuura Bhuku reLungelo ... Kuroorana kuri kuuya pamwe chete kune zviri nani kana zvakanyanya kuipa, tarisiro kutsungirira, uye hwepedyo kusvika pachiyero chekuve mutsvene. ... Asi iyo ishamwari yechinhu chakanaka chinangwa sechinhu chipi nechipi chine chokuita nezvatakaita zvisarudzo. "
Icho Griswold v Connecticut asina Kubvumira
Kunyange zvazvo Griswold v. Connecticut vakatonga zvakagamuchirwa kushandiswa kwekudzivirira pamuviri, rusununguko urwu rwaishandiswa chete kune vakaroorana. Nokudaro, kushandiswa kwekuberekwa kwekuberekwa kwaive kwakarambidzwa kune vanhu vasina kuroorwa. Kodzero yekushandisa kubata pamuviri haina kuendeswa kune vanhu vasati varoora UNTIL yeEisenstadt v. Baird Supreme Court mhosva yakagadziriswa muna 1972!
Griswold v. Connecticut akaisa kodzero yehupfumi chete yevanhu vakaroorana. MuEisenstadt v. Baird mhosva, muchengeti akataura kuti kuramba vanhu vasina kuroora kana kuroorwa kodzero yekushandisa kubata pamuviri kana vanhu vakaroorana vakabvumirwa kushandisa kubata pamuviri kwaiva kuputsa kweEalal Protection Clause ye Fourteen Amendment. Dare Repamusorosoro rakapandukira mutemo weMassachusetts wakakanganisa kushandiswa kwemishonga yekudzivirira nevakaroora vasina kuroorana. Dare rakapa mutongo kuti Massachusetts haikwanise kusimbisa mutemo uyu kune vakaroorana (nekuda kweGriswold v Connecticut ), saka mutemo wakashanda se "kusarura kusina hanya" nokuramba vanhu vasina kuroorana vane kodzero yekuwana mishonga yekudzivirira. Nokudaro, Eisenstadt v. Baird sarudzo yakasimbisa kodzero yevanhu vasati varoora kushandisa mushonga wekubata pamuviri nenzira imwe chete sevakaroorana.
Zvinoreva Griswold v. Connecticut
Griswold v. Connecticut chibvumirano chakabatsira kuisa nheyo yehuwandu hwekusununguka kwekubereka ikozvino kwakabvumirwa pasi pemutemo. Kubva pane chirevo ichi, Dare Repamusorosoro rakataura nezvekodzero yekuvanzika mune dzakawanda dzekutongwa kweDare. Griswold v. Connecticut akaisa mutambo wekubhadhara kwekuzvarwa kwepamutemo, sekusarudzwa muEisenstadt v. Baird case.
Kuwedzerwa, kodzero yekuchengetedza yakavanzika yakashandiswa seyiyo yepakona mune zvinokosha Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case. Mune Roe v. Wade , Dare rakaratidza kuti kodzero yevakadzi kusarudza kubvisa pamuviri inodzivirirwa sechisarudzo chega pakati pake uye chiremba wake . Dare rakaramba richitonga kuti kubvisa pamuviri kunopesana neChirongwa Chekuita Mutemo weChina chechiChipiri, chinodzivirira kurwisana nezviito zvehurumende zvinopesana nekodzero yekuvanda (kusanganisira kodzero yemukadzi yekugumisa kubata kwake).