An Organ-by-Organ Introduction kune Immune System
Nhengo dzomuviri wesimba dzinodzivirira muviri wako. Ngatitarise mumwe nemuviri uye tidzidze zvaanoita.
Zvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere ndezvekuunganidza zvikamu, masero uye maviri akasiyana anoshandiswa pamwe chete kudzivirira muviri wako kune mabhakitiriya anokuvadza uye mavairasi (majekiseni). Imwe yenyanzvi dzinonakidza dzekushandisa masimba epune zvakanaka ndeyekuti, nekudzivirira pazvirwere zvinokuvadza, zvinogona kusarudza pakati pezvinofanirwa kuva mumuviri uye izvo zvisiri kune dzimwe nyika uye zvinofanira kurwiswa. Mufananidzo uri pamusoro apa unoratidza zvimwe zvezvikamu zvikuru, asi chaizvoizvo vamwe havaratidzi. Izvi zvimwe zvikamu zvinokosha ndiwo matani ako, zvinyorwa, mwoyo uye mudumbu izvo zvose zvinoita kuti izvi zvidziviriro zvishande zvakajeka zvakanaka. Apo patinotanga rwendo rwedu rwemutambo, ngatitange pane imwe nzvimbo yaungatarisira: ropa.
Yakazara muRopa Rako
Munhu wose anoziva kuti ropa rinoenda nemoyo. Chii chine ropa raifanira kuitwa nemusuruviriro wemuviri?
Ropa rinowanzobatanidzwa nemwoyo nemidziyo yeropa iyo inhengo yehutachiona. Apo inopararira mumuviri wose, masero matsvuku eropa anotakura okisijeni kumativi ose emumuviri wako uye anobvisa carbon dioxide. Zvisinei, iwe waiziva here kuti ropa rine zvinopfuura imwe chete yeropa?
Kune zvakawanda zvikamu muropa uye umwe neumwe ane basa rakasiyana. Izvo zvakawanda zviri masero matsvuku eropa anotakura oksijeni. Kunewo zviduku zviduku-se-seni zvinonzi platelet iyo inokosha mukuvhara ropa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zvikuru zveropa, uye chikonzero nei ropa rinowanikwa mukushanyirwa kwemasimba ezvirwere zvezvirwere, ndiwo masero machena eropa. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera kugoverwa mumarudzi mashanu emasero anodzivirira muviri kurwisa mabhakitiriya, mavairasi uye zvirwere. Masero eropa anomiswa mu plasma, iyo inowanzova nemvura yakavhara, masero emuviri, shuga, uye mahomoni.
Ita Zvisarudzo Zvayo Pamusoro Payo, Marrow Inokosha
Marrow ichine-tsvuku mutsvuku mukatikati mefupa akawanda. Ndiyo nzvimbo yorudzi rwe stem cell (kunyanya, pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell), iyo inobva kune marudzi akawanda emasero eropa. Izvo zvinoshamisa zvehupenyu uye iyo yese masero ari muropa redu - tsvuku, machena uye maplatelets - anobva kune rumwe rudzi rwechiremba runotanga kusvika kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemigumisiro.
Kunyatsoongorora Zvikamu zveRopa
Ndizvo chete chinhu chaunoziva nezveropa ndechekuti tsvuku? Ropa rako rakanyatsogadzirwa nemarudzi manomwe emasero, uye ose acho anokosha kune utano hwako.
Heano mifananidzo yemasero ari muropa rako. Ngatitarisei kwavari zvakanyanya, asi kunyanya kufunga nezvemachena masero eropa ayo anonyanya kukosha kuhutachiona hwemuviri wako.
Iko tsvuku tsvuku yeropa, inofananidzwa muzasi kwezasi, inowanzonzi eerythrocyte . Yaiva kamwe sechitsiko chipenyu, asi nenguva iyo inosvika kumaropa ako ndiyo "bhokisi rezvisikwa" iro rinogona kutakura huwandu hweokisijeni.
Pasi rezasi kuruboshwe ndiwo maplatelets . Paunenge watemwa, maplatelet anosunga pamwe ndokuumba ropa rinopisa rinopa ropa.
Mucherecheche eropa ropa ndeyekusanganiswa kwemarudzi mashanu emasero ayo anotarisa ropa neruchiva rwemuviri unotsvaka mabhakitiriya, mavairasi uye zvipembenene. Pamwe chete vanozivikanwa semasero eropa kana kuti leukocyte. Rudzi rwakajairika rwe leukocyte ndiyeutrophil uye ndiwo mutsara wemuviri wezvidzivirira kune mabhakitiriya anokuvadza. Iwe pamwe wakamboona uchapupu hwenetrophil kana iwe wakambove wakachekwa wakatapukirwa. Kunhivikana nehutachiona kazhinji inonzi fluid inonzi "pus" iyo inowanzo ine masara evanhu vasina kufa neutrophils.
Monocytes inotora ropa ropa kwenguva shoma, asi pasina nguva inova macrophages iyo inogona "kudya" mabhakitiriya mumuviri isingafaniri kuvapo. Nokuda kweizvi, macrophage yakakura uye inogona kukonzera muvengi.
inokosha zvakanyanya sefighters of parasites. Nokuda kweshamwari iyi, vanachiremba vangafungidzira kuti hutachiwana hwehutachiona kana iwe uine chirwere cheropa chinoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hweeosinophils muropa kupfuura yakasarudzika.
ndiyo inonyanya kuchena masero eropa rega. Mukuwedzera pakurwisa mabhakitiriya, vanobatanidzwa mukusunungura histamine, biochemical iyo inozopedzisira yaita kuti kuwedzere kuwedzera. Kunyange zvazvo histamine inogona kuva nemamwe madhirwe emigumisiro, inhengo inokosha yezvirwere zvemuviri.
Hazvifananidzi ndezvokuti, ndeipi yechipiri inowanzojairika yeeukocytes. Lymphocytes zvinowanzowanikwa muropa, asiwo mune lymphatic system. Vanokura kuva B-lymphocytes kana T-lymphocytes uye vane mabasa mazhinji mukurwisa mabhakitiriya uye zvirwere zvehutachiona.
Yakarongedzwa naRichard N. Fogoros, MD
Macrophages: Zvakasikwa Zvakasikwa
Hazvingave zvakanaka here kuva nemasero anongotenderera muropa rako uye achidya majekiseni anokuvadza uye mabhakitiriya?
Yeuka sero rega rega rainzi monocyte? Pane imwe nguva mukukura kwayo, inova macrophage, iyo yechiGiriki ye "Makuru Eater." Izvo zvakadai semarara ane simba ane simba rinobatsira muviri wedu wekuzvidzivirira nokuti unogona chaizvo kudya (nzira ye phagocytosis) kune dzimwe nyika dzinoparadza, pasinei nemakemikari kana kwete. Heano mufananidzo we phagocyte (macrophage) inogadzirira kuvhara bhakitiriya rose. Kana imwe nguva phagocyte yakakomberedza bhakitiriya, ichaiparadza kuburikidza ne "kuchema" iyo. Macrophages anotarisa mutumbi achitsvaga chero chii chinogona "kudya." Zvisinei, macrophage inonyanya kutarisa chero chipi zvacho chakanyorwa ne "chiratidzo chinoshamisa." Mamwe masero machena eropa, kunyanya i-lymphocytes, anonyorera ma antibodies kune michina yakasununguka iyo inobudirira inoratidza kuti chirwere chechimwe chinhu chakaipa chinoda kuparadzwa.
Lymph: Wakafanana neropa kunze kwekuti haisi
Mumuviri wako une maitiro maviri epakati. Imwe ndeyeropa uye imwe yacho ndeyeropa.
Iwe unogona kunge uchiziva nezvemuviri wakakura wehutano hwemasayeri uye mitsetse. Zvichida zvishoma hazvizivikanwi kugoverwa kweimwe shanduro yemidziyo yakafanana nemashuini, asi kwete sekuwedzera. Panzvimbo yekuendesa ropa, vanotakura mvura yakachena inonzi lymph (inonzi "chimf") iyo yakafanana ne plasma (iyo inenge yakasviba ropa). Sezvo mishonga inodonha ichibva muropa ichipinda mumatumbu, lymphatic system inounganidza ichi chemvura (iyo zvino yava kunzi lymph) pamwe chete nedzimwe tsvina dzinobatanidzwa ndokudzorera kuropa. Lymph inzvimbo yakanaka yekurwisa microbes uye izere ne lymphocytes nemamwe masero machena eropa. Pamberi pemakirini inowanikwazve muropa, lymphocytes inoshanda kuti ione chero mishonga inokuvadza kuitira kuti iparadzwe.
Lymph Nodes: Futa Zvivako zveLymph
Pamwe chete lymphatic system inounganidza zvinyorwa zvakasiyana zvinonzi lymph nodes. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo umo mazamu akawanda e-lymphocytes anogara, anokwanisa kurwisa chero zvipukanana zvinowanikwa mune lymph sezvazvinosvina kuburikidza ne lymph node.
Chii chinonzi Spleen? Heino an Ex-Spleen-ation
Kumbira mumwe munhu kuti awane spleen yavo, uye iwe ungangove uchitarisa pasina kana uchidzoka. Izvi ndizvo zvinoreva kuti vanhu vakawanda havafungi zvakanyanya pamusoro pepleen yavo, uye hazviwanzoitiki, kana zvakadaro, chimwe chinhu chavanotaura nezvazvo. Iyo chirwere chakaita sechikafu chakasvibirira chiri mukati-kuruboshwe-kuruboshwe rwebonde rako, pakati pemudumbu uye diaphragm. Ndiyo mazera ekare, masero akare-eropa anoenda kunoshandiswa zvakare. Zvisinei, sezvo zvakare apo mabhakitiriya anonatswa kubva muropa, ndiyo inhengo huru pane imwe yomuviri wemuviri. Zvisinganzwisisiki, spleen isiri nhengo inokosha. Iwe unogona chaizvo kurarama pasina iyo, asi iwe unenge uine mvumo yekuwana mamwe marudzi ezvirwere zvebhakitiriya.
Tsika, Uripi Iwe Unofunga?
Iyo thymus, iri pakati pemapapu ako uye mushure mako sternum, ndiyo iyo T-lymphocytes inokura. Kunyangwe aya masero machena eropa anotanga kubva kumagetsi emasese mumasese, anoenderera mberi muT-lymphocytes pano. I "T" chaizvoizvo inomirira "thymus" kuratidza izvi zvakabva. Izwi rako inhengo inonakidza: Kunyange zvazvo inoshanda kune vechidiki uye vechidiki, inoderera uye inowedzera kushanda kune vanhu vakuru.