IU.S. haina kuvharirwa ne hepatitis A kubuda
Kunyange zvazvo hepatitis A iri chirwere chisingakwanisi-chinoreva kuti inowanzoshamba pfupi pfupi uye ichagadzirisa pachayo-ichiri chinetso chakakomba chehutano hwevanhu. Vanenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yevanhu vakuru vane utachiona hwehupatitis A vane zviratidzo zvisingafadzi, kusanganisira anorexia, jaundice, uye kurwadziwa pamwero wechiropa. Kunyange zvazvo tine chirwere chinodzivirira kurwara kweHepatitis A, hutachiona hunopararira zvikuru uye kuputika kweUnited States kunoitika.
Musi waSeptember 1, 2017, Zita reSan Diego rakazivisa hutano hwehupfumi hwevanhu nekuda kwehutachiona hwehutachiona hweA hepatitis A. Kubva musi waSeptember 19, 2017, vanhu 16 vakanga vafa nehepatitis A, uye vanhu 305 vakapinda muchipatara. The San Diego hepatitis A kuputika ndiko kuputika kukuru kweUnited States munhoroondo yezvino.
Hepatitis A
Utachiona hweH hepatitis A hunokonzera hutachiona hwechiropa.
Hepatitis A iine RNA-yakananga RNA virus iyo ndeye mhuri ye Picornaviridae. Hepatitis A utachiona hwakafanana nemakiritoviruses, akadai se poliovirus uye coxsackievirus, iyo inorwisa maitiro emimba asati apararira kune mamwe maviri.
Kungofanana ne-enteroviruses, hepatitis A pathogen yakasimba uye inogona kumira kutonhora sepasi kudarika 20 degrees Celsius uye pasi pHs. Mvura iri pasi-pH yakasikwa, iyo inonzwisisika nokuti kune acid mudumbu. Zvinonyanya kukosha, kupisa zvokudya zvakasvibiswa nehutachiona hweH hepatitis A pamatambo anosvika kumusoro kwe10 degrees Celsius uye kuchenesa mvura zvinogona kuuraya chirwere.
Nzira yekufambisa hepatitis A inonyanya kufanana nemuromo. Mune mamwe mazwi, chirwere che hepatitis A chinopararira nenzira yezvinhu zvinyoronyoro zvidiki zvinokonzera nzira yavo mukudya kana mvura kana pane zvinhu zvakadai sematayipi (kureva, fomite).
Hepatitis A inogona kupararira nekuda kwezvinotevera:
- kushambwa kwemaoko kusina kukodzera nevanotakura zvokudya
- kushambwa kwemaoko kusina kukodzera nevanotarisira avo vanobudiswa kune mwana (kana kuti munhu mukuru) mbesa
- zvokudya zvakasvibiswa panguva yekukura, kukohwa, nekugadzirwa
- mvura yakasvibiswa, kusanganisira mamwe mazamu uye mafashamo
Nekuremekedza kuisa, pamwe nekusvibiswa kwemvura yekunwa, kusvibiswa kwemakungwa, michero, nemiriwo zvakanyorwa zvakabva kune hutachiona hweA hepatitis A.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akawandisa, akadai saavo vane ruzivo rwekuchengetwa kwemazuva uye misha yevanamukoti, vanosimudzira kupararira kwehepatitis A.
Nokuti hepatitis A haisi chirwere chisingaperi uye vanhu havatapukirwi nayo kwenguva yakareba, kutapurirwa kunopera. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, kutapudza zvishoma kunogona kukonzera kuputika.
Maererano neCDC, mugore ra2014, paiva nevane 1239 vane nhengo dzeHpatitis A muUnited States-30 kubva muzana kubva muna 2013.
Vana vane utachiona hwehupatitis A vanowanzotadza, izvo zvinoreva kuti havana zviratidzo. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, inenge makumi manomwe kubva muzana yevana vaduku kusvika pemakore matanhatu inotadza. Kunyange kana chirwere cheApatitis A chinoratidzika muvana, jaundice haisiwanzo. Nemaziso, vana vasingatauri vachiri kuparadzira hutachiona kuvanhu vakuru.
Ruzhinji rwevana vakwegura uye vanhu vakuru vanobatwa nehupatitis A vanoona zviratidzo zvinotevera:
- kurasikirwa nechido
- fever
- nausea
- kurutsa
- rima urinhi
- joint pain
- grey- kana dhaka-mavara emifananidzo
- marwadzo emudumbu
Mushure mekutarisana nehutachiona hweH hepatitis A, zvinotora mazuva gumi nemashanu kubva kune makumi mashanu nemashanu kuti utachiona uite. Zviratidzo zvepakutanga zvinosanganisira fever, anorexia, kurwadziwa mumimba, uye kushungurudzika. Jaundice inoitika mushure memazuva anoverengeka uye kazhinji inotanga kushandurwa nekushanduka mumuguta uye fecal. Zviratidzo zvinowanzopedza mashoma masere masere. Pakati pe10 ne15 muzana yevanhu vane hutachiwana vanoona zviratidzo kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu.
Kunyange rufu runokonzerwa nehutachiona hweA hepatitis isingazivikanwi, vanhu vakwegura uye vanhu vane zvirwere zvisingaperi zvechiropa (semuenzaniso, hepatitis B kana hepatitis C) vari pangozi huru yekufa nehepatitis A.
Chirwere chokuputika kunokonzera masimba emukondi yakakwirira (kureva, serum aminotransferase) uye mazinga e-bilirubin. Nzira yakanakisisa yekuongororwa nehupatitis iri kushandisa kuongorora ropa kuti uone zvirwere zvinokonzera zvirwere zveGGM.
Vanhu vane utachiona hweHpatitis A havagoni kutapukirwa zvakare. Vanokudziridza zvirwere zveIgG upenyu hwese kurwere. Vamwe vanhu vari pangozi yakakwirira yehutachiona hweA hepatitis A, kusanganisira zvinotevera:
- vafambi kuenda kune dzimwe nyika iyo hepatitis A yakajairika
- varume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume
- vanhu vane zvipingamupinyi zvekudzivirira, zvakadai sehemophilia
- vanoshandisa zvinodhaka zvinodhaka
- vanhu vasina pokugara vasina ruzivo rwakakwana rwemvura inoyerera uye yakachena
- vanhu vanoshanda nevasiri vanhu vasiri (zviputi, marmosets, uye mamwe marangi anogona kuderedza chirwere cheApatitis A)
- vanhu vanoshanda pamwe chete nevana (vakadai semabysitters)
- vanhu vane chirwere chisingaperi chechiropa
- International adoptees kubva munyika uko hepatitis A iripo
Nyaya, vafambi vanoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo iyo hepatitis A inogadzirisa inofanira kugamuchira chirwere cheHepatitis A kunyange kana kufamba kwavo kwemafupi kana kuti vachigara pazvivako zvekuvhara.
Hapana chirairo chaiyo ye hepatitis A iripo. Vanhu vane utachiona hweH hepatitis A vanorayirwa kuti vagone kudya zvakakwana uye kuzorora kwakakwana.
Hepatitis Kupera
Iyo 2017 hepatitis A kuputika muSan Diego County ndiyo yakakurumbira kuitika munguva yatiri kuitika muAmerica. Kunyange zvazvo kuputika kwekutanga kwakagadziriswa nyika munyika yaSeptember 2017, kwave kuchimhanya kwemwedzi. Mukuedza kurwisana nekupararira kwehutachiwana, vakuru vakuru veguta vanochera vanhu zviuru zvuru, kusanganisira vanhu vazhinji vanogara mumisasa isina pokugara. San Diego ine nhamba huru yevanhu vasina pokugara.
Mukuwedzera pakupora vanhu, San Diego yakatora mamwe matanho ekudzivirira, kusanganisira kuisa makamuri ekugezera anoshandiswa uye zvivako zvekugadzira maoko uye kuchengetedza zhinji dzimba dzokugezera dzinoshandiswa 24/7. Uyezve, guta racho rakatanga simba-kushambidza mumigwagwa ne bleach kuti netariro iuraye hutachiona. Ichi chiyero chakafuridzirwa neLos Angeles, uyo achiri kutarisana nekuputika. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakuru vakuru vehutano muLos Angeles, iyo inogara makiromita anopfuura zana kuchamhembe kweSan Diego, inotya.
Pamberi peSan Diego, kupedzisira kukuru kwechipatara A muUnited States kwakaitika kuBever County, Pennsylvania. Kubuda kwacho kwaiva kwechidimbu kune zvinyoro zvekii zvinoshandiswa sechinhu chinogadzirwa muresitorendi yeMexico. Pasi rose, vanhu 601 vakaparadzirwa nehutachiona, 124 vakapinda muchipatara, uye vatatu vakafa. (Yokudya yekuMexico yaiva chikafu cheku Chi-chi chekudya, icho chakanga chave chichiri kupera chikamu panguva iyoyo.)
Maererano nekuongorora kwakabudiswa muNew England Journal yeMedineti iyo yakaongorora kuputika kwehepatitis muPennsylvania, pakati peOctober 3 neOctober 6, 2003, 91 muzana yevashandi vekudyara 240 vakaongororwa vakave varwara mushure mekudya zvinyoro salsa, izvo zvakashandiswa mavarai ezvimedu zvakagadzirwa Mexico sechinhu chinoshandiswa. Vaya vakasara avo vairwara vakaiswa pachena kune anime mavarai mune mamwe mimwe zvinhu.
Maererano nevanyori:
Chikwata chinowedzera chezvakataurwa nezvezvokudya zvinokonzerwa nezvokudya zvakabatanidzwa nemichero itsva. Kukurudzirwa kutonga mazano kunosanganisira kuvimbisa kuti vashandi vemumunda vane hutano uye vanogona kuwana nzvimbo dzakakwana dzehutsanana nekuvimbisa kuti mvura inoshandiswa kudiridza uye kushambidza michero haina kusvibiswa nemasese. Muzvigadziro zvekudya-kudya, kufungidzirwa kunofanira kupiwa kune zvingaita kuti michero yakasvibiswa inogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwakawanda kweimwe michero uye yekugadzirira nzvimbo. Vashandi vezvehutano vanogona kubatsira mukugadzirisa mhuka yezvokudya zvinokonzerwa nehepatitis A nekukurumidza kuzivisa zviremera zvehutano nehutano kana hurumende dzichionekwa.
Vanyori vanotaurawo kuti nokuti vana vari pangozi yakakura yekutakura hepatitis A, vanofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo apo michero inotanhwa.
Heano mamwe anozivikanwa hepatitis A kubuda:
- MunaAugust 2016, muHawaii, kwaiva nekuputika kwakabatanidzwa kune zvigadzirwa zvitsvuku zvinoshandiswa pamasimari e sushi. Zvinyorwa izvi zvakakohwa muPhilippine.
- Muna 2016, pakanga pane kuputika kwemazuva mapfumbamwe kwakabatanidzwa nema strawberries echando. Kwakanga kune 56 hospitalizations uye zero kufa.
- Musi waMay 31, 2013, pakanga pane kuputika kwema gumi kunotarisana nemiti yemapomegranate kubva kuTurkey. Kwakanga kune 71 hospitalizations uye zero kufa.
Hepatitis A Kudzivirira
Kunyange zvazvo pasina mushonga wehepatitis, kune chirwere chinobudirira. Kubvira pakatangwa chirwere cheHepatitis A muna 1995, kune 92 muzana yekuderedza mumatambudziko eHepatitis A muUnited States.
Chirwere cheHepatitis A chinokurudzirwa kuvanhu vane ngozi yakawanda, vanhu vanogona kurwara zvakanyanya kana vasati vachengetedzwa, kana ani zvake anozvida .
Chirwere chehepatitis chinoda kusvika zana muzana. Kuti zvive nekudzivirirwa kwenguva refu, miviri miviri yejojo inowanikwa, yakaparadzana mwedzi mitanhatu yakasiyana. Mushonga unorayirwa kune vana vane makore gumi nemaviri nekure. Ikoko kunorudzirwawo kune vanhu vakura vasati vasingazivikanwi avo vari vehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu kana kuti vanogara munzvimbo iyo hepatitis A iri kupararira.
Pari zvino, pane maviri-antigen hepatitis A zvirwere muUnited States: HAVRIX (GlaxoSmithKline) uye VAQTA (Merck & Co). Panewo kubatana kwehepatitis A uye vachepatitis B inonzi TWINRIX (GlaxoSmithKline), iyo inopiwa kuvakuru vane makore 18 vakwegura mumatatu kana mana. Zvose izvi zvirwere zvehepatitis hazvina kushandiswa (kureva, kwete kurarama).
Kana munhu asina kusununguka akabatwa nehepatitis A, nguva pfupi mushure mekunge aona-mukati memavhiki maviri-ane zvingasarudzwa zviviri zvekudzivirira utachiona. Chokutanga, munhu wacho anogona kupora. Chechipiri, immune globulin inogona kugadziriswa, iyo inochengetedza kwemwedzi mitatu. Zvose zvingasarudzwa zvakafanana zvakafanana; zvisinei, migumisiro ye immune globulin haisi upenyu hwose.
Shoko Rinobva
Kuparara kwehepatitis mune rimwe guta guru reAmerica seSan Diego rinoratidza kuti kunyange mumarudzi akabudirira ane utsanana hwemazuva ano, hepatitis A inogona kutyisidzira hutano hwevanhu. Uyezve, kubuda kwemazuva mashoma kunopenya chiedza pamusoro pengozi inokosha yekuti vanhu vasina pokugara vanobatana nekuremekedza hepatitis A. Vanhu vakawanda vasina misha vanogara munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda uye vasingakwanisi kuwana nguva yakakwana yekusvibiswa nemvura.
Kana iwe unonetseka kuti unenge uri pangozi yehutachiona hweA hepatitis A, taura iwe chiremba wako wekutanga uye unokumbira chirwere che hepatitis A, chinowanikwa kune ani zvake anoda . Iwe unofanirwawo kubvunza chiremba wako wekugadzirira nezvekugamuchira hepatitis A kana uchironga kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yengozi yakakura, kusanganisira nyika muCentral America, South America, Asia, uye Africa.
Kana iwe uchifungidzira kuti wakambosangana nehepatitis A, taura nachiremba wako pakarepo. Ikoko chirwere che hepatitis A kana kuti immune globulin inodzivirira kuHepatitis A virus kana ichiitwa mukati memavhiki maviri ekutsvaga. (Utachiona hutora anenge mavhiki maviri kuti ubate.)
Mukuwedzera kune kupemha, pane zvimwe zviito zvaunogona kutora kuti udzikise kutarisana kwako nehepatitis A munzvimbo umo hepatitis A inogara.
- Shamba maoko ako nguva dzose-kunyanya mushure mekushandisa imba yekugezera, usati wagadzirira kudya, uye mushure mekunge uchinja diapers.
- Ipai sanitizerisi iyo inopfuura 60 muzana doro inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo yesipo uye mvura kushambidza maoko ako.
- Dzivisa kugunzva meso ako, mhino, uye muromo kunze kwekuti maoko ako akachena.
- Dzivisa kutsvoda, kukumbatira, uye kugovana nekucheka nevanhu vanogona kurwara.
- Dzivisa kusangana nevanhu vanoita sevanorwara.
- Idya chete zvokudya zvakanyatsogadzirwa uye zvakashanda zvakatsva.
- Idya mazai akaoma-akabikwa.
- Iva nechokwadi chokuti zvigadzirwa zvemucheka hazvina kunyorwa.
- Shambai michero nemiriwo mumvura yakachena uye muzvichenese.
- Dzivisa kudya zvokudya zvinoshandiswa nevatengesi vezvokudya.
- Dzivisa zvokudya zvinoshandiswa pamadziya ekudziya.
- Dzivisa kudya masadhi.
- Dzivisa zvinodhaka zvakagadzirwa nemishonga yakadai sa salsa.
- Inwa mvura yakabhoderedzwa kana carbonated chete nechisimbiso chisingaiti.
- Dzivisa mvura yepombi.
- Dzivisa ice rakagadzirwa nemvura yepombi.
- Dzivisa popsicles yakasviba kana kuti kirasi yakasviba.
> Sources:
> CDC. Hepatitis A: General Information . www.cdc.gov.
> Hepatitis Viruses. Mu: Ryan KJ, Ray C. eds. Sherris Medical Microbiology, 6e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Wheeler C, et al. Kuputika kweHepatitis A Yakabatana neGreeniiiiiii. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353: 890-897.
> County San Diego. Health & Human Services Agency. Hepatitis A. http://www.sandiegocounty.gov.
> Dhipatimendi reUnited Health Health & Human Services. Hepatitis A. www.vaccines.gov.