Vakawanda vedu hatinzwisisi kuti sei kutarisira utano kunodhura. Isu tinoziva mari yekuchengetwa kweutano inotora chikamu chikuru-chechi chechigadzirwa chedu chakakura. Asi, nei mari yehutano yakakura ichikura nokukurumidza kupfuura kutengesa?
Sarudzo ye 2005 yakaitwa USA Today / Kaiser Family Foundation / Harvard School of Public Health yakaratidza kuti vanhu veAmerica vaifunga nezvemakaro emishonga nemakambani ehushuwarisi, uye mishonga yezvokurapa kusagadzikana ndiyo yaiva inonyanya kukosha inobatsira kuwedzera kwekurapa kwehutano.
Vaya veAmerica vakanga vasina kururama. Nepo kune zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana izvo zvinobatsira kuwedzera kwekurasira kwehutano hwakanaka, mumwe wavo anofukidzira vamwe vose.
Chinhu chimwe chete chinokonzera hafu yekumuka mune mari
Kubhadhara kwehuwandu hwehafu yekuwedzera kwemari, iyo imwe huru yezvinhu zvinowedzera kuwedzera kwehutano hwekuchengetedza kweutano ndiko kufambira mberi kwekambani mukurapa . Kuvonga kubudirira kwezvokurapa, tinogona kuporesa kana kubata mamiriro ezvinhu akashandisa kuuraya isu. Asi, maitiro matsva aya anouya nematengo emitengo.
Semuenzaniso, iyo yose yenhengo yemishonga yekuchera inhengo yakashanduka kubvira kuma1960. Kana iwe waida kuiswa mwoyo muna 1965, iwe wakafa. Zvino, kana iwe uine mukana wekuti uve neunopa, mazana ezviuru zvemadhora gare gare iwe une mwoyo mutsva.
Pasina kunzwisisika, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwakave kwakajairika mumakumi mashoma mashoma apfuura. Hazvisi zvisizvo kuti munhu mumwe chete ave nemajoka akawanda akatsiviwa, kana kuti ave nejoka rimwechete rakatsiviwa kakawanda.
Asi, kufambira mberi mune nzira dzokuvhiya haisiyo chete kufambira mberi mune teknolojia yezvokurapa kuwedzera mari yehutano. Iyo yose munda weRNA recombinant biopharmaceuticals yakashanduka kubvira kuma1980. Semuenzaniso, Enbrel, jekisi inoshandiswa kudzivirira zvinokonzera zvinokonzera rheumatoid arthritis uye ankylosing spondylitis, inodhura madhora 20,000 pagore.
Haisi kungodhura chete kwekombiji itsva, zvakare. Izvo zvakare mari yekuenderera mberi kupa hutano kune mumwe munhu ane hupenyu hwakaparidzirwa neimwe yezvinhu izvi zvitsva.
Tora chirwere chemoyo semuenzaniso. Makore apfuura pane nitroglycerine, oxygen, uye morphine. Kana iwe uri murume wemakore makumi mashanu ane chirwere chepfungwa, iwe hauna kukwanisa kurarama kwemakore akawanda nekuti teknolojia yekubata zvakakwana chirwere ichi chakanga chisipo.
Iye zvino, iwe unogona kuiswa kune chimiro chakafanana neLipitor nguva refu usati wava nekutangira kwepfupa yepfupa. Kutanga kwako kwezviratidzo kunogona kunonoka kwemakore. Kana iwe pakupedzisira uchinge uine zviratidzo, unogona kurapwa nezvinhu zvakadai seangioplasty , stents , uye kupfurikidza nekuvhiya, zvichiita kuti uwedzere hupenyu hwako kwemakumi emakore.
Asi, mari yeiyo mamwe makumi emakore haisi mari chete yePiritor uye stent. Ikowo mari yezvimwe zvose zvehutano zvawakagamuchira nokuti wakagara makore akawanda kwenguva refu. Kudai wainge wafa paunenge wava nemakore makumi mashanu kubva pamoyo wako, iwe ungadai usingadi bhosi panzvimbo yako kana wava nemakore makumi matanhatu. Iwe ungadai usina kubatwa nekenza yeprostate pawanga uri nemakore makumi manomwe. Zvose zvehutano hwekurapa dzakabatanidzwa semugumisiro wakananga wekufambira mberi mune teknolojia yehutano yakakubvumira kuti urarame kwenguva yakakwana yekuda kurapwa kune zvimwe zvinhu.
Zvakadini nezvimwe 50%?
Kunyangwe kufambira mberi mune teknolojia yezvokurapa inotakura makumi mashanu kubva muzana kubva kuzana muzana yekuwedzera mune mari yekuchengetedza utano, pane imwezve iyo 50% inofanira kuverengwa. Zvimwe zvezvimwe zvose zvinodhura zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera mari yemari uye kukwaniswa kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano. Zvose izvi zvinokonzera kuwedzera kwekuda kwehutano. Vanhu vakapfuma vanokwanisa kuwana hutano hwakanyanya, saka vanoshandisa hutano hwakanyanya. Vanhu vane inshuwarhu yehutano vanochengetwa kubva mumutoro wezvinodiwa zvehutano, naizvozvo vanodya hutano hwehutano hwakanyanya.
Dhaka, utsotsi, uye kushungurudzwa, pamwe chete nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwevanhu sekukwegura kwehuwandu uye kuwedzera kwekuneta kwehuwandu kunowedzerawo kuwedzera kwehutano hwekutarisira hutano.
Asi hapana chinhu chinosvika pedyo nechinangwa chekufambira mberi mune teknolojia yekurapa.
Nei mari inowedzera yehutano yakakosha?
Mari yekushandiswa kwehutano muUnited States yakabva kubva ku4,7% yePGDP muna 1960 kusvika ku14,9% yeGDP muna 2005. Zvino, yakanyanya kupfuura. Kana nhepfenyuro yehutano ichiri kuramba ichikurira chikamu chinowedzera chekuwana kwenyika yedu gore rega rega, ichazoguma isingagoneki. Munguva iyi, inoita kuti isu tisakwikwidzana mumusika wepasi pose.
Muhurukuro yaMarch 1, 2010 VaCarren Buffett vakabvunzurudza kuwedzera kwekutarisira kwoutano hwedu kune tapeworm, vachiti "zvose zvatinokonzera kutumira kunze, zvose zvatinopikisana nazvo ... zviri kutakura mari iyo ..."
Chii chatingaita pamusoro payo?
Hatidi kumisa kufambiswa kwemazuva emitambo yemishonga, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita kuti kutarisira kwehutano kuwedzere. Kufambira mberi mukurapa kazhinji chinhu chakanaka.
Pane kudaro, tinofanira kushandisa kushandiswa kwekutsvakurudza kubudirira kunyatsoongorora kubatsirwa kwekombiyuta imwe neimwe itsva pamusoro pemishonga yatinayo. Tinofanira kuona kana iyo teknolojia itsva inobata dambudziko iri nani kupfuura teknolojia yekare yakaita. Kana zvakadaro, iyo inobatsira yakaenderana nevarwere vose here? Kana, pane mamwe mapoka evarwere vari nani pakuwana kurapwa kwakakura? Parizvino, hatina ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pekubudirira kwekuenzanisira kwehutano hwakasiyana-siyana kuita sarudzo dzakanyatsorongwa pamusoro pemishonga inonyanya kuitika mumamiriro ezvinhu.
Uyezve, tinofanira kupedza kana kudzora dongo, unyengeri, uye kushungurudzwa. Tinofanira kukurudzira mararamiro ehupenyu kuti awedzere kuderera kwehuwandu. Uye, isu tinofanira kujekesa zvakanyanya mumari yehutano hwehutano kuitira kuti vatengi vese vave nemafungiro akajeka ekuwanda kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano hwavanoshandisa huripo hunodhura.
Zvinyorwa: Utano Hwehutano Hwakawanda: A Primer naHenry J Kaiser Family Foundation, Technological Change uye Kukura Kwehutano Huri Kutengeswa neCongressal Budget Office , Yenguva Yenguva Yakareba Yehutano Hwenyika Inoshandiswa neCongressal Budget Office .