Zvatiri Ikozvino Zvitora
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Mazuva okutanga ekutsanangurwa kweterevhizheni aireva mashoko ekuzarura, nemashoko akanyorwa zvakananga pahwindo. Vhura zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakatanga neFrench Chef paPBS (1972). Yakakurumidza kuteverwa nemamwe mapurogiramu anosanganisira:
- Mashoko akanyorwa ABC World News Tonight
- Zoom
- Pane Rimwe Pazvakakura
Aya mapurogiramu epakutanga akafananidzirwa neWGBH Caption Center. Zvisinei, kubudiswa kwemashoko akazarurirwa kwakange kusingagamuchirwi zvakanaka nenharaunda yekunzwa uye izvi zvakakonzera kukura kwekuvhara mashoko.
Mavheti akavharwa anoshandiswa mumutsara we 21 wenguva yekuvhara yakavhara, uye haisi kuonekwa kunze kwekushandiswa kwemagodhi ekugadzirisa. (Kushandiswa kweChina 21 kwemashoko akavharwa kwakagamuchirwa muna 1976 ne Federal Federal Commission).
Kutanga Kwekuvhara Tsanangudzo
Ndakaona nezveruzhinji mupepanhau remunharaunda yaro kuti hurumende yakanga yatanga nhepfenyuro yeNational Captioning Institute iyo inogona kutengesa mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvekuvhara mashoko, uye izvo zvakavharwa zvinyorwa zvaizotanga muna 1980. Gwaro reNational Captioning Institute raive rakagadzirirwa kuti ridzivise izvo zvinogona kukakavadzana zvekuva nePBS kuburikidza neWGBH Caption Center, inopa mazita ekunyorwa kwemashoko kune mamwe manetaneti. Ini pakarepo ndakatanga kuponesa mari yangu yose yekuti adirese. Ndichiri kuyeuka rwendo rwokuenda Sears kunotora rondedzero yangu yokutanga, uye kufara kwangu muna March 1980 sezvandakatarisa purogiramu yangu yokutanga yakavharwa, chiitiko chaBarney Miller, pane zviduku zviduku uye zvitsvuku zvet tv.
Mashoko akavhara terevhizheni akawedzera, asi haana kukwana kugutsa matsi. Dambudziko racho raive chikafu chekuku uye mazai panguva apo vashambadziri vaisada kutora mashoko akawanda kunze kwekunge mamwe madiodhi akatengeswa uye vanhu vakawanda vane kurasikirwa kwekunzwa vaisada kutenga mabodhi kusvikira mapurogiramu akawanda akanyorwa aivepo.
Kutaura zvazviri, sezvandakadzidza gare gare, vatongi vakawanda vakanga vari kutengwa nekunzwa vanhu, zvikurukuru vanhu vachidzidza Chirungu semutauro wechipiri, vakawana kuti vanogona kubatsirwa nemashoko akanyorwa, kupfuura matsi ivo pachavo. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoramba zvichisarudzwa kutengesa zvakaderera: mari, kukwana kuwanika, uye kwete zvishoma, kusada kwekuoma kwevanhu vanonzwa kuti vanzwisise kurasikirwa kwavo kwekunzwa kuburikidza nekuva nereji yakaiswa necheterevhizheni.
Zvematongerwe Enyika Yakavharwa Mashoko Akanyorwa
Nhoroondo yekutanga yekuvhara mazita akavharwa yakanga yakazarawo nevematongerwo enyika. CBS pakutanga haina kubatanidzwa nokuti CBS yaida kushandisa teknolojia teknolojia panzvimbo yemutsara 21 kudondedzera. Izvi zvakaguma nekupikisa kwakasimba pamusoro pe CBS nevanhu vematsi. Ndichiri kuyeuka kupindira mune chimwe chekupikisa semudzidzi weTATID mukutanga kwema80s, apo mapoka evadzidzi veTATID akambomanikidzwa kuenda kuguta reRochester kuitira kuti vagone kubatanidzwa mukupikisa panzvimbo yeCSC yekunzvimbo. Pakazosvika 1984, CBS yakapa uye yakabvumidza kuparadzanisa zvinyorwa mumutsara 21 (uye teletext yakafa munguva pfupi yapfuura).
Musha weVheji yeGwaro reKunyorwa
Pamba video videotapes yakaonekwa nemashoko, asi kusarudzwa kwaisakanganiswa. Mukupera kwema1980 uye kutanga kwema1990, matsi vanhu vaisanganisira ini ndakatanga kupomera.
Kuenda kuBlockbuster video yaiva dambudziko mukugumburwa. Ndakapindirana neboka rakatanga naStuart Gopen naA Andrea Shettle, kuti vawane mamwe mashoko mavhidhiyo epamba. Ndakatumidza boka racho "Caption Action." The Caption Action movement yakabudirira pakuwana mashoko akavharidzirwa mumavhidhiyo akawanda, kusanganisira Star Trek series, uye Republic Home Video's Little Rascals series. Caption Action yakashanda zvakaoma kutumira shoko kune makambani emakambani emumusha apo kunyange mashoko ezvinyorwa pamavhidhiyo epamba ari kuzvidira, mutsiguru inotarisirwa uye inoda zvinyorwa!
Chimwe chiitiko cheCaption Action chaiva apo ndakabhadhara kuti ndiise hurukuro kubudiswa pamatareji, uye yakatorwa ne Variety.
Zvichida nguva inonakidza yandakanga ndaiva nayo pandakatambira tsamba kubva kune mukuru weRipublic Pictures Home Video kunditaurira kuti vaizotanga mashoko. Vakanga vagara vasati vatsanangurira mashoko kusvikira ndatora danho rekunyora kune tarisiro Spanky McFarland yeCheche Rascals mukurumbira. Mr. McFarland akabatana neRepublic, uye mamwe ose aiva nhoroondo . (Kana Spanky McFarland akanga asina kuita kudaro, danho rangu rinotevera raive riri kutarisa pasi uye kuonana naJackie Cooper).
Mushure mokubudirira neRiphabliki, vanhu vematsi vakandikumbira kuti nditore paIndaneti Trek mavhidhiyo. Kuti ndiwane mavhidhiyo e Star Trek, ndakanyorera rubatsiro rwemunharaunda weTinner Trek fan, kunyora kune vatungamiri vemasangano emafirimu, kutumira pamapuraneti emashoko e-internet, nezvimwewo.
Hurumende Gwaro Rinofananidza Nharo
Pakazosvika '80s, kukura kweterevhizheni yakareva kuti purogiramu yakawanda yepurogiramu yakanga isingasviki kune matsi uye yakaoma kunzwa . Pakupedzisira, hurumende yakanzwisisa kudikanwa kwemitemo yekufambisa zvinhu uye kukurudzira kuti terevhizheni yose inoona masendimita gumi kana makumi maviri yakave yakagadzirirwa mumashoko ekuvhara mazita. Uyu mutemo waiva wekare weTerevision Decoder Circuitry Act we1990. Pakupedzisira, taizosunungurwa kubva kune vodhidhi uye dambudziko rekuku neii raizogadziriswa.
Kuwana uyu mutemo wakapfuura kwakanga kusiri kawendekalk, asi pedyo. Ikoko kwaiva nekushorwa kubva kune rimwe sangano rezvenyanzvi. Ndakatora kopi yeCapitol Hill chaiye kupupurirwa nemumiriri weiyo sangano. Shamwari neni ndakanyorera tsamba kuburitsa uchapupu hwemumiririri uye ndikaisa faxed kusangano. Chinhu chinotevera taiziva, mumiriri uyu akanga asiri kushanda kune iyo sangano.
Zviterevhizheni zvine zvigadziriswa zvinotenderera zvakatengeswa muna 1993, uye kwete nguva pfupi iri kutevera - zvinosvika mazana mana emadhora mazana maviri emadhora zvainge zvatengeswa muna 1992. Kuwedzera kwemaserevhizheni ekutora mashoko-chinyorwa kwakanga kusina kukwana kuti kuwedzere kuwedzera kukuru kwekuwanikwa kwekinyorwa. Chimwe chikonzero chaiva nokuti kunyora kwaive kuchiri basa rekuzvipira, iro raiwanzoita kuti vaparidzi vese vazvione sechimwe chinhu chine chakanaka chinofanira kubhadharwa nekunze kunze kwekungozvibata semumwe mutengo webhizimisi. Mukupindura, Congress muna 1996 yakapfuura Muterevhizheni Mutemo we1996, uyo wakapa mvumo yakavharwa paTV. Chiito ichi chakabatsira kukurudzira kukurumidza nokukurumidza mumashandisirwo emashoko ekuvharwa. Kunyange zvazvo kwete zvinhu zvose paTVV, tinouya kure kubva kumaawa 15 okutanga pavhiki ezvinyorwa zvinyorwa muna 1980.
Iko kufungidzira kwemaindasitiri kukuratidza kunowanikwa pawebsite yeIndaneti muna 1995, Yakavharwa NemaWebvu Web. Apo pakutanga pakutanga webhusaiti yehutano, yakatova ruzivo rwekuwana rubatsiro rwemashoko, uye yekuwana mabasa mumashandisi ekunyora.
Remangwana reKutsanangurwa
Chii chichaitika mune remangwana? Kubva ikozvino, kutsvakurudza nekusimudzirwa kwenzwi rekugadzirwa kwekombiki kunopfuurira uye rimwe zuva, rinogona kutora zvinyorwa sezvatinoziva nhasi. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, mutsara wekutora mashoko unoenderera mberi uchiwedzera kuti usangane nechikumbiro chinowanikwa nemitemo.