Kuchinja kwehutano kwehutano kwave kuri mhirizhonga inopfuurira muUnited States kwemakumi emakore. Mashoko maviri ayo anowanzoshandiswa mukukurukurirana ndeyekuchengetwa kwehutano hwehutano uye umwe-mubhadharo system. Havasi chinhu chakafanana, pasinei nokuti dzimwe nguva vanhu vanovashandisa zvakasiyana.
Uye kunyange zvazvo vasina kubhadhara-sarudzo zvinowanzobatanidza kugoverwa kwepasi pose, nyika dzakawanda dzakaparidzirwa pasi rose pasina kushandisa imwe-mubhadharo system.
Ngatitarisei kuti mazwi aya anorevei, uye mimwe mienzaniso yekuti inoshandiswa sei pasi rose.
Universal Coverage
"Kuvhara kwepasi rose" kunoreva hutano hwehutano apo munhu wese ane hutano hwehutano. Maererano neU.S. Census Bureau, maive nemamiriyoni 28.1 eMamerica asina hutano hwehutano hwehutano muna 2016 (izvi zvakakonzerwa kuderedzwa kubva pamamiriyoni 46.6 avo vakanga vasati vashandiswa kwemakore gumi zvisati zvaitika, kuderedza kwaiva pamusana pekushandiswa kweAne Affordable Care Act ).
Kusiyana neizvi, hapana vasiri vagari vemuCanada vasina kuvimbiswa - hurumende yavo-hurumende inopa hupenyu hwepasi pose. Nokudaro, Canada inobatanidzwa mune zvehutano, asi United States haisi (zvinokosha kuziva kuti mamiriyoni 28.1 asina kuvimbiswa muUnited States inosanganisa vanofungidzirwa mamiriyoni 4,7 vasina kutumirwa kune dzimwe nyika.Hondo yehurumende yeCanada haisi kupa vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vasingatendi).
Single-Payer System
Kune rumwe rutivi, "vasina-payer system" ndeimwe umo mune chimwe chinhu-kazhinji hurumende inotarisira kubhadhara zvikwereti zvehutano. MuUnited States, Medicare uye Veterans Health Administration ndeyemienzaniso yevamwe-mubhadhari maitiro. Medicaid dzimwe nguva inonzi se-single-payer system, asi inobatanidzwa pamwe chete nehurumende yehurumende uye hurumende imwe neimwe yehurumende.
Saka kunyange zvazvo iri iyo nzira yehurumende inobhadharwa nehutano hwehutano, mari inobva kune zvinhu zviviri pane imwe.
Vanhu vakafukidzwa pasi pehushandi hwehutano hwemashandiro kana mararamiro ehutano hwemakethe muUnited States (kusanganisira zvirongwa zveAACA-zvinoenderana) hazvisi chikamu chekubhadhara mumwe chete, uye inshuwarhu yehutano haisi hurumende inotungamirira. Mune misika, zviuru zvezvikamu zvakasiyana, inshuwarisi makambani anotarisirwa kubhadhara zvikwereti zvemhengo.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, "kubhadharwa kwepasi rose" uye "single-payer system" inopindirana, nokuti hurumende yehurumende ndiyo inonyanya kukoshesa kutarisira nekubhadhara hutano hwehutano hwakafukidza mamiriyoni evanhu. Zvakaoma kufungidzira sangano rega rega sekambani yemishuwarenzi ine zvigadzirwa, kana kuti kunyange kutarira kwose, kugadzira hurongwa hwehutano hwehutano hwenyika yose.
Zvisinei, zvinonyanya kuitika kuti zvive nehuwandu hwekuvharidzira kunze kwekune imwechete-mubhadharo, uye nyika dzakawanda pasi pose dzakazviita. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaratidza kuti United States inofanira kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma chirongwa chezvino cheutano hwehutano kupa hurumende inobhadharwa mari yehurumende yevanorwara uye varombo (shanduko yegadziriro yakawedzerwa yeAACA's Medicaid kuwedzerwa ), pavanenge vachida avo vari varombo utano-hunyanzvi uye mune zvemari kutenga mazano avo.
Gridlock yezvematongerwo enyika iyo yakange iine nzvimbo pamusoro peAne Affordable Care Act pamusoro pemakore anoverengeka apfuura inoita kuti zvive nyore kufungidzira sarudzo yakadaro kuwana kuwana kutengesa kwakakwana kudarika. Asi zvakanyatsobvira kugadzirisa hurongwa hwakadaro, hunozopa huwandu hwekugoverwa pamwe chete nekuva nevanowiripa vatengi.
Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvinokwanisika kuva nenyika imwe chete-mubhadharo kunze kwekuva nehutano hwehutano hwehutano, hazvibviri kuitika zvachose nokuti mubhadhari mumwe chete muhurongwa hwakadaro pasina mubvunzo uchava hurumende yehurumende. Kana hurumende yehurumende yaifanira kutora hurongwa hwakadai, haisi kuzove nezvematongerwo enyika kuti iite kuti isarudze munhu wega wega wehutano hwehutano.
Socialized Medicine
"Utano hwevanhu huri pakati pevanhu" ndeumwe mutauro unowanzotaurwa mukukurukurirana pamusoro pekubhadhara mumwe chete uye kuvhara kwepasi pose, asi iyo nzira iyo mumwe-mubhadhari anotorwa danho rinowedzera. Muhutano hwehutano hwehutano, hurumende inobhadhara kutarisira utano uye inoshandisa zvipatara uye inoshandisa vanachiremba nevamwe vezvehutano. MuUnited States, veVeterans Administration (VA) system muenzaniso wekurapwa kwevanhu, sezvo hurumende inoshandisa uye inoshanda iyo VA zvipatara, uye inopawo zvikwereti.
Sangano reNational Health Service (NHS) muUnited Kingdom muenzaniso wehurongwa huri hurumende inobhadhara mabasa uye inewo zvipatara uye inoshandisa vanachiremba. Asi kuCanada, iyo inewo-mubhadhari wehurumende uye inoshandiswa pasi rose, zvipatara zvinoshandiswa pachedu uye vanachiremba havasi kushandiswa nehurumende-vanongorayira hurumende yebasa ravanopa.
Utano Hwakaita Munyika Yose
Maererano neDeta kubva kuOnited Economic Economication and Development, nyika dzakawanda dzave dzakapararira pasi rose, uye 100 muzana yehuwandu hwevanhu vakavharwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira Australia, Canada, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, uye United Kingdom. Mukuwedzera, dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakapararira pedyo nehuwandu hwepasi pose nehuwandu hunopfuura 98 muzana yehuwandu hwevanhu vanochengetedzwa, kusanganisira Austria, Belgium, Japan, neSpain.
Kusiyana neizvi, chikamu chepfumbamwe chepfumbamwe chevanhu veUnited States vakanga vaine inshumo muna 2016, uye kuongorora kweGallup kwakaratidza kuti chiyero chemaAmerica nehutano hwehutano hwakanga hwadonhera kusvika pasi pezana nezana zana nekupera kwegore ra2017.
Ngatitarisei nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzedzimwe nyika dzakagadziriswa pasi rose (kana kuti pedyo nepasi rose).
Jerimani
IGermany inobatanidza nyika yose, asi haishandisi imwe-mubhadharo system. Pane kudaro, munhu wese anogara muGermany anodiwa kuchengetedza utano hwehutano. Vazhinji vashandi muGermany vanozonyora kune imwe yenyika isingabatsiri "mari yezvirwere", iyo inobhadharwa nekubatanidzwa kwevashandi uye mari yevashandi. Zvimwe, kune hurongwa hwehutano hwehutano hwehutano huripo huripo, asi inenge 11 muzana yevagari veGermany vanosarudza inshuwalhu yehutano yega yega
Singapowo
Singapore inowanikwa yose, uye hutano hutano huripo hunovharwa (mushure mekudzikinurwa) nehurumende inotarisira inshuwarisi inonzi MediShield. Asi Singapore inodawo kuti munhu wose ape pakati pe7 ne9,5 muzana yemari yavo kuAde Account. Kana varwere vachida kugara vachirapa, vanogona kutora mari kubva kuAkaunti dzavo dzeMidhi kuti vaibhadhara-asi mari inogona kushandiswa chete kune dzimwe mari, zvakadai semishonga iri pahurumende inogamuchirwa. Mukuwedzera, hurumende inobhadhara zvakananga mari yezvoutano pachayo pachako (pane mari yeinishuwarenzi, sezvinoitika kune kuvharwa kunotengwa kuburikidza neAACA-yakagadzirisana kuUnited States, somuenzaniso), kuitira kuti vanhu vatore nokuti kutarisira kwavo kwakaderera zvikuru kupfuura zvingave zvakadaro.
Japani
Japan inogara yakazara, asi haishandisi imwe chete-mubhadharo. Coverage inonyanya kugoverwa kuburikidza nechimwe chezviuru zvemakwikwi emishonga inshuwarano zvirongwa muStatory Health Insurance System (SHIS). Vagari vanofanirwa kunyoresa muchikwata uye vachibhadhara mari inopfuurira yehuwandu hweSIS, asi kunewo mukana wekutsvaga pamba, inslemental yehutano inshuwarisi.
The United Kingdom
I UK ndiyo muenzaniso weimwe nyika inowanikwa pasi rose uye imwechete-mubhadharo , uye sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, hurongwa hweUnited States hunogonawo kurondedzerwa sehutano hwemagariro evanhu, nokuti hurumende ine zvipatara zvakawanda uye inoshandisa varapi vezvokurapa. Mari yeNational Health Service yeUnited States inobva pamutero wemari. Vagari vanogona kutenga inshuwarhu yehutano yega yega kana vachida, uye inogona kushandiswa pakugadzirisa zvirongwa muzvipatara zvega, kana kuti kuwana nekukurumidzirwa kushandira kutarisirwa, pasina nguva yekumirira inogona kuiswa neNHS nokuda kwekusava nenjodzi mamiriro ezvinhu.
Sources:
> Gallup. US Uninsured Rate Yakachengetedzwa pa12.2% muChikamu chechina che 2017. January 16, 2018.
> Sangano reEconomial Cooperation uye Development. Kuyera Health Coverage. May 2016.
> US Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage muUnited States, 2016 . yakabudiswa muna September 2017.
> US Census Bureau, Imari, Urombo, uye Health Insurance Coverage muUnited States, 2005 . Yakabudiswa muna August 2006.