Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakadai seporiyo, malaria, uye chirwere cheginea chinokonzera kutambura uye rufu pasi pose gore negore. Asi, nekuedza zvakaoma, zvinogona kuitika kuti vanhu vabvise zvirwere zvinotapukira.
Chii chinopedza zvirwere zvinopararira? Izvi zvinoreva kuti chirwere chacho chinobviswa munyika yose uye hapana mavambo mamwe kupi.
Kubva kare munhoroondo yevanhu, takagadzirira uye takabudirira pakuparadza zvirwere zviviri.
Zvirwere Zvirwere Zvichipiri Zvakatambidzwa
Muna 1979, nyika yakaona yekupedzisira kwechiitiko chechibhokisi. Iyi nyaya yekupedzisira yaiva mumurume muSomalia, uyo aiva nechimiro chemuviri wehutachiona ( V. muto ), iyo inouraya 1% chete kana kuti vashomanana kune avo vanoitengesa. Chiitiko chekupedzisira chechirwere chinotyisa ( V. chikuru, icho chinouraya makumi matatu kubva muzana yevakarwa vacho) chaiva muduku muBangladesh muna 1975.
Chibhokisi , chirwere chemhepo, chakavharwa nokuti 1) paiva nechirwere, 2) chirwere chacho chakanga chiri nyore kuonekwa, 3) mhuka dzisina kutakura chirwere (icho chingave chakaoma kutarisa), uye 4) chirwere chakanga chiri chinotyisa pane chibvumirano chepasi rose chekuita zvinhu zvekugadzirisa.
Dhokwekisi kuparadzwa kwakagadzirwa kuburikidza nepurogiramu yakakura yokudzivirira. Masangano ezvehutano akaita zvirongwa zvekudzivirira kuverenga nyika yehosikiti uye kupindura uye kupoteredza nekupora chero zviitiko zvakange zvaitika.
Iko kune zvinyorwa zvechibhokisi chakange chakachengetwa muU.S. uye iyo iyo-Soviet Union (zvino yava kuRussia). Imwe ngozi yebazi muna 1978 yakatengesa mufananidzo wekushanyira, uyo akafa uye akatakurawo mai vake, avo vakapona. Idzi ndidzo dzaive dzekupedzisira matambudziko ehutano hwakakomba hwechirwere.
Muna 2011, nyika yakange isina kusununguka kune imwe chirwere: rinderpest.
Ichi chirwere chezvipfuwo (bhuta, nondo, antelope, girafes, nemamwe mhuka). Rinderpest inoshandiswa kuva kane yezvipfuwo varimi uye yaifungidzirwa somunhu anokwanisa kugadzirisa bhaoterrorism sezvo vanhu vanovimba nemapoka aya kuti ave nechikafu.
Zvirwere Zvinotapukira Zvinogona Kubviswa
Hezvino zvipfumbamwe zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinogona kuparadzwa nevanhu.
Polio
Polio inogona kumira kuburikidza nehutachiona. Utachiona hunopararira zvikurukuru kuburikidza nemvura yakasvibiswa nemvura yakashambwa isina kukwana kwakachena. Kusvika kusvika ku95% yehutachiona hahuzivikanwi nokuti vane zvishoma kana zvisipo zviratidzo. Ichokwadi, zvirwere zvakawanda (72%) hazvina zviratidzo zvachose, asi vamwe (25%) vane zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai sokunyunyuta, kusuruvara, kurwisana, fivhiri, kurwadziwa kwehuro, uye kushaya kukuru.
Zvisinei, mu4 mazana ezvirwere zveporiyo, chirwere ichi chinokonzera mazamu akakomberedza uropi nemutsara wemusana, uye mu 0.5% yematambudziko, munhu wacho ane chirwere chekushaya mitezo, kazhinji mumakumbo, asi dzimwe nguva ari muchidimbu kana chiso. Vanhu vazhinji vanopona, asi kune avo vanove vakaoma mitezo, vanenge 2 kusvika ku5% yevana uye 15% kusvika ku30% yevanhu vakuru vanofa nehosha.
Nokuti zviitiko zvakawanda zveporiyo zvinokonzera zviratidzo zvechokwadi uye mvura inogona kuparadzira chirwere chacho, zvakaoma kuziva apo chirwere cheporiyo chaenda.
Zvitatu zvematatu matambudziko makuru angave apedza kubviswa: Rudzi rwechipiri rwakapedzisira rwaonekwa muna 1999 muIndia, uye Rudzi rwechitatu haruna kuonekwa kubva munaNovember 2012. Vamwe vanhu vanosvika 80 muzana vanogara munzvimbo dzisina rusununguko, uye chikara cheporiyovirus chinoratidzika chinopararira munyika nhatu bedzi: Afghanistan, Nigeria, uye Pakistan. Kurora kunogona kupedza chirwere ichi.
Dracunculiasis ( Guinea Worm Disease ( GWD )
Ichi chiitiko, chinosanganisira kubatwa nehonye, hazviwanzokonzera rufu asi zvinokonzera kuremara kwakawanda kubva kuhutachiona hwehutachiona nekurwadziwa. Inokonzerwa nehonye mhondi inogara mumvura isina kunwa yakachena, uye vanhu vanoiwana kuburikidza nokunwa mvura iyo.
Munenge gore rimwe mushure mekunge uchinwa mvura yakasvibiswa, munhu ane hutachiona anotambura nechirwere chinorwadza cheganda chinokonzerwa nehonye, kazhinji pamakumbo kana patsoka.
Chirwere ichi chinopararira kana munhu iyeye apinda mumugwagwa une gumbo rine utachiona. Nokudaro, chirwere chinonzi worm worm chinogona kudziviswa nekuramba uchichinwa mvura yakachena uye nekuchengetedza vanhu vari kunze kwemvura.
Yaws
Uyu utachiona hunokonzerwa ne spirochete bhakteriya, Treponema palladium pertenue, yakabatana nechirwere (uye Bejel naPinta) inobata kamu, pamwe nemapfupa nemapfundo. Yaws inogona kurapwa uye pakupedzisira inopedzwa nedzimwe chirwere chemishonga inorwisa mishonga.
Mushandirapamwe wemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakatowedzera kuparadza chirwere muma 1950s nema1960. Nhasi, chirwere ichi chinowanika munyika 14 nemamiriro okunze anodziya, uye kune basa rokuriisa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Malariya
Marariya , chirwere chinowanzozara, chinogona kuva kudzivirirwa nekumira utsi hwakapararira marariya . Chirwere chacho chinokanganisa vazhinji gore roga roga, zvichikonzera mamiriyoni 207 emhosva uye 627,000 vakafa. Utsi hwave hwakamira kuburikidza nemishonga inopukisa, mambure emabhedha, mabhakitiriya anokonzera mhutu, uye anotapira utsi.
Hookworm
Kutapukira kubva kune hookworm, iyo inogara munzvimbo dzine urombo hwakasvibiswa uye inopinda nepakati pemakumbo evanhu, inogona kumiswa nemadzimba edzimba nehombodo. Mukutanga kwema1900, zvipembenene zvaiwanzoitika kumaodzanyemba kweU.S., asi mapurisa emunharaunda uye zviri nani zvekushambidzika kwetsvina zvakaderedza kupararira kwayo. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriyoni 500 kusvika ku7 700 pasi rose achiri kutakura hookworms.
Lymphatic Filariasis
Izvi zvinogona kurapwa nekupa munhu wose mushonga wekudzivirira kamwechete pagore, uye, semarariya, nekumira utsi. Chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa nehonye inopararira nemumhutu (akawanda akasiyana, asi kakawanda utsi hunonzi popheles muWestern hemisphere). Iyo honye inofamba uye inovhara lymph system yemunhu ane utachiona. Izvi zvinokonzera marumbo ekuputika kana masero (elephantiasis) uye kuoma kurwisana nezvimwe zvirwere sezvo lymph system chikamu chemuviri wechirwere chemuviri.
Kubvira muna 2012, munyika 56, kune kuve nekurapa kwemaviri nemishonga mbiri yakapiwa kamwe chete pagore kudzivirira chirwere. 13 yenyika idzi hazvizivikanwi kutengesa ikozvino, asi mamiriyoni makumi maviri ane utachiwana uye mamiriyoni makumi mana akapararira munyika yose.
Measles
Measles inogona kumira nekugodzwa. Utachiona hunokonzera kukurumidza, fivha, uye dzimwe nguva pneumonia uye encephalitis (kuputika kweuropi). Inobhururuka uye ine imwe yepamusoro yehutachiwana hwehutachiona. Mumwe munhu anogona kuuraya vamwe 15. Zviitiko zvizhinji zvinogadzirisa, asi muUnited States 0,2% yezvirwere zvinotungamirira kurufu uye 6% inotungamirira pumumonia.
Mhosva dzainge dzadonha mushure mokunge chirwere chacho chiine chibvumirano muna 1963, asi pakanga painezve kuitika muma1991. Kutsika kwehutachiona kwakakonzera kuwedzera uku mumatambudziko, nekufa, muUnited States Chirwere chave chakaparadzirwa nekufamba, kusanganisira kubuda muPhilippines uye kubva kuUnited States uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEurope.
Rubella
Izvi zvinogona kumiswa nekubatanidza chirwere chinonzi rubella nemishonga inopera masero. Ichowo chirwere chekufema-chinokonzerwa nehutachiona uye chinokonzera kupisa, fivha, glandira, nekubatana. Vaya vakakanganiswa zvakanyanya ndivo vacheche vemadzimai vane utachiona panguva yekuzvitakura. Congenital rubella inokonzera kukanganisa mwoyo, chiropa, spleen, uye uropi hwekuora, pamwe nekushaya matsi uye kukanda.
Yakabviswa kubva kuUnited States uye kubva kumativi ose muAmerica.
Onchocerciasis (Rupfumi Rwizi)
Onchocerciasis ndicho chikonzero chechipiri-chinowanzokonzera hupofu munyika yose. Inogona kumira nekurapa mashoma kune avo vari munzvimbo dzakapararira.
Nyeredzi dzinogara pedyo nehova uye nzizi dzinogona kutumira worm, Onchocerca volvulus, kune vanhu vari munzvimbo idzi. Iyi honye kamwe mukati memumwe munhu inogona kuunza zviuru zvemhonye dzinopararira kune mumwe munhu uye ganda rinokonzera kuora (uye zvinetso zveganda).
The Bottom Line
Pane zvirwere zvatiri kunyanya kumira. Izvo zviri nyore kutsvaga uye zvinotyisa zvokuti tinoda kushanda nesimba kuti tizvione. Ivo vanewo nzira yakarurama yekudzivirira, kusanganisira chirwere, kuchengetwa kwetsvina, nemishonga. Vakawanda zvakare vanowanikwa muvanhu, vachidzivisa kudiwa kutsvaga mhuka dzomusango dzine utachiona.
> Kwakabva:
> Russell CD. Kugumisa Zvirwere Zvinotapukira: Tinogona Uye Tinofanira Tinofanira Here? Mitsva mu Immunology. 2011; 2: 53.