Dzimba dzakachengeteka uye dzakagadzikana dzinowanzotorwa zvishoma muUnited States. Asi nhasi fesheni inochengeteka-inochengetedza uye mahofisi akanyatsotarisa ndezvakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura yevanhu vemazuva ano-mhinduro chaiyo yezvakaitwa nevaya vanoshanda mumunda wehutano hwehutano nekuchengeteka.
Dedicated to study and preventing workplace injuries and sicknesses, munda wehutano hwehutano nekuchengeteka ndiwo anokonzera zviitiko zvinoshamisa-zvakawanikwa kuvashandi veAmerica kwemakore 200 adarika.
Mishonga inokuvadza uye mafekitari asingashande zvakanaka, kamwe chete aine nzvimbo yakawanda, vakaita nzira yekuchengeteka, nzvimbo dzakachena kune vashandi. Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo, sarudzo yepamutemo yebazi, uye kuzvidzora kwepamutemo nemabhizimisi ane kodzero dzakashandura nzvimbo yekuAmerica. Sezvakaguma, njodzi uye kuora kwehuwandu munyika dzakawanda dzakawanda zvakaderera zvishoma kwemakumi emakore-chiitiko chinoramba chiripo nanhasi.
Tsanangudzo
Occupational hutano nekuchengetedza ndiyo munda wehutano hwehupfumi huri kuongorora maitiro ekurwara nekukuvadzwa muhuwandu hwevashandi uye inopa uye kushandisa mazano uye mitemo yekudzivirira. Nharaunda yaro yakazara, inopoteredza zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuraira-kubva kuodhakwa uye epidemiology kuenda kune ergonomics nekudzivirira zvechisimba.
Nhoroondo yekare, chinangwa chehutano hwehutano nekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza kwave kuri pamabasa ekushanda kwebasa, sekufambisa vashandi. Asi munda iye zvino unobatanidza mabasa ese muUnited States.
Mukuwedzera pakuvimbisa nzvimbo dzedu dzebasa (kubva pazvivako zvekuvakira kuenda kuhofisi yezvivako) vane kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengeteka panzvimbo yekudzivirira kukuvadzwa, nyanzvi mune hutano hwehutano hunoitawo kuderedza zvose zvenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu njodzi dzinogona kutungamirira kurwere hwepanyama kana hwepfungwa iye zvino kana munguva yemberi.
Vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni matatu vanotambura nemhando yakakura yekukuvadza kunobata mabasa kana kurwara gore negore muUnited States.
Mamirioni akawanda anonzwisiswa nezvinetso zvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko kubva ikozvino. Vashandi vanobhadhara vanoti mari inopfuura madhora mabhiriyoni evhiki. Izvo hazvikwanisi kunyange kukanganisa kwemahomwe uye zvimwe zvinodhura zvinoshandiswa, zvakadai sokuderera kwekubereka uye mafungiro epfungwa ekuwana kana kutarisira mumwe munhu ane kukuvara.
Kunze kwevanhu vanozvidzivirira uye hama dzevashandi vemapurazi, vanenge vese vashandi vose vari voga uye vevanhu vane ruzivo rwemagariro evanhu uye rwepamutemo kusimudzira nekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakachengeteka uye ine utano. Vamwe vanofara kutevera zvikonzero zvepamusoro kana nekuda kwekukuvara uye zvirwere zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvakarasikirwa nekubudirira, kutengesa, uye yepamusoro yevashandi-inobhadhara mari yemishonga yehutano yemainishuwarenzi. Zvinowanzoita kuti vashandirwi vakawanda vave nehutano hwavo hwehutano nekuchengeteka mazano anopfuura kudarika zvinodiwa.
Nhoroondo
Mhedziso yokuti nzvimbo dzinoshanda muUnited States dzinofanirwa kudiwa kuti dziwirirane kune zvishoma zvishoma zvekuchengetedza uye hutano hwehutano haisi iyo yose inokakavadzana-asi yakanga isiri iyo nguva dzose saizvozvo. Kushanda kwemamiriro ehuwandu hweAmerica wakagadziriswa muhutano uye hunotanga mumakore 150 apfuura, nemitemo huru yezvoupfumi-inogadzirisa mitemo yekuchengetedza yakapfuura uye kubuda kwakasimba kwemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yakasimbiswa pasi pemapato makuru makuru eUnited States mumakumi emakore apfuura.
Mukufambisa kweHondo Yenyika, mafekitari akatanga kutanga kusvika kwose kwose kweUnited States. Kazhinji vaishanda nevaduku, vashandi vasina ruzivo, mafekitari aiva nzvimbo dzakaoma dzekushanda. Nhau dzakanyorwa mumushumo we1872 wehurumende yeMassachusetts 'Bureau of Labor yakataura zviitiko zvakawanda zvisingabatsiri apo vashandi vakarasika mitezo kana vakaurayiwa nekuda kwekushaya kukwana midziyo nemabasa anooma.
Mukuwedzera kune midziyo yakaipisisa nemichina, zvivako zvakanga zvakasviba uye zvisingabatsiri. Kuzarura mahwindo kwaizoita kuti zvivhiringidze zvinhu mukati memafekitari, saka vakaramba vakavharwa, vachirega vashandi vachifema mumatsotsi emakemikari uye guruva rakawanda zuva nemasikati.
Mukupindura kumushumo we 1872 uye kuumbwa kwemashamba, Massachusetts yakava nyika yekutanga yeUnited States kuedza kutengesa kwefekitari iyo yaisanganisira kuongorora, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kubuda moto kwakanga kuri munzvimbo imwe neimwe nzvimbo. Dzimwe hurumende dzakakurumidza kutevera. Pakazosvika 1890, nyika 21 dzaive nemhando yemutemo mumabhuku ekudzivirira utano hwehutano panzvimbo yebasa. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza uku kwaiva nhanho mumugwagwa wakarurama, yakanga iri inonyadzisa mitemo nemitemo. Mitemo yakasiyana kubva kuhurumende kusvika kune imwe nyika uye yakanga isiri nguva dzose inomanikidzirwa. Nyika dzine hurumende dzakawanda dzakakonzera mabhizimisi kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakasimba, uye kusundira kwakaitwa kuti iite mitemo yekare. Kubva mberi uye mberi kuenderera mberi kwakatanga apo vanhu vose vaida mitemo yakasimba uye mabhizimisi akarwisana kuti avasunungurire.
Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvemitemo zvakaguma zvakasvika mumusoro munaDecember 1970, apo Mutungamiriri weRichard Nixon akapinda mutemo weWesupational Safety and Health Act, achiva mutemo wekutanga wepamutemo wekudzivirira vashandi veAmerica. Mutemo wakapa hurumende yeUnited States simba rokunyorera nekusimbisa mitemo yehutano nehutano kune vese vese vashandi venyika. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, iWesupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) yakasimbiswa kutarisira kushandiswa kwemutemo mutsva.
Kuvandudzika uye kuwedzera kune mitemo yehurumende uye yezvematongerwo enyika zvakaparidzwa mumakore kubvira, zvichiwedzera basa rehutano hwehutano nekuchengetedza vadzidzisi uye kuenderera mberi nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzemabasa kune vose. Iye zvino, kana ukakuvara pabasa, iwe haungarambi uchikanganiswa nekuda kwekubhadhara kwevashandi. Kushandiswa kwepamutemo kunowanikwa kusingabatsiri kana vasiri vashandi. Kuongorora uye mitemo yekutarisira kunobatsira kuona mamiriro asina ngozi. Uye mazuva ano zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzebasa rekushanda zvinoita kuti zvive pachena njodzi uye kubatsira vashandi kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu anoisa vashandi pangozi munzvimbo yekutanga.
Kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma kuenzanisa kuve kwechokwadi kwemurairo-hatina deta yakawandisa pamusoro pekuchengeteka kwebasa kubva mumazuva e-OS-zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhamba yehuwandu hwekushanda kwepabasa yakaderera neanopfuura 65 muzana , pasinei nekunaka kuwedzera kwevashandi venyika.
Current Issues
Nyaya dzakadzidzwa uye dzichitungamirirwa nehutano hwehutano uye dzehupfumi nhasi dzinosiyana zvakasiyana nebasa. Semuenzaniso, zvinotyisa zvakadai sematunhu akakwirira uye mitambo inorema zvingave zvine hanya zvikuru nevashandi vekuvaka, asi hutano hwepfungwa nekudzokorora kudzvinyirira mupfungwa kungangodaro inotarisa munzvimbo dzehofisi. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, pasinei nekuvandudzwa kwakakura kwemaitiro emabasa, kune huwandu hwekuchengetedza uye hutano hwakanyanya muvashandi veAmerica umo basa rakawanda rinogona kuitwa.
Falls
Mazana evanhu muUnited States vanofa nekudonha gore negore. Ndicho chinokonzera kukanganisa pakati pevashandi vekuvaka-asi zvakadzivirirwa zvachose. Kune vavaki vakawanda, kushanda kubva kumatunhu akakwirira hakugoneki, asi nekuchengeteka kwakachengeteka, kufa nekukuvara zvinogona kudziviswa. Izvi zvinotanga kutangira basa risati ratanga panguva yekutanga yezvikamu zvekugadzirira. Vashandi vanofanirwa kusanganisira mari yekuchengetedza zvigadziriswa, sezvinoita mazinga, zvigadziro, nekugumburwa kwemaitiro, muhuwandu hwekushanda kweprojekiti, kuitira kuti mushandi wese anokwanisa uye anodzidziswa kushandisa zvishandiso zvaanoda.
Heat Illness
Maererano neHSHA, vazhinji vevashandi vanofa gore roga roga kubva pakushanda zvakanyanya kupisa kana mamiriro okunze, uye zviuru zvevamwe vanorwara. Chikamu chakakura chezviitiko izvi chinoitika mumhizha yekuvaka, asi zvinogona kuitika kumunhu wese anoshanda munzvimbo isina kukodzera kugadziriswa kwemamiriro okunze.
Vashandi vanoremekedzwa zviri pamutemo pasi pemutemo wehurumende kuti vaone kuti nzvimbo dzebasa dzisina dambudziko rekuchengeteka, uye dzinosanganisira kutonhora kwakanyanya. Nharaunda yayo, OSHA inokurudzira vashandi vemabhizimisi uye vatungamiri kuti vadzivirire vashandi kubva kurwere hunokonzerwa nehupfu uye kukuvadza kuburikidza nemushandirapamwe wemamishinari unovakurudzira kupa mvura, kuzorora, uye mumvuri kune vashandi vose-kunyanya apo inotyisa inopisa 91 degrees Fahrenheit kana yakakwirira.
Kudzokorora Kushungurudzika Kukuvara
Nzvimbo inotanga kunetseka inobatana nehutano hwehutano ndiko kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nekusava nekugadzikana nekudzokorora zvakare. Vashandi vazhinji vekuUnited States vanoshanda zvakanyanya pamakombiyuta, kusungurudza uye kuverenga kwemaawa ekupedzisira, zvichiita kuti kushandiswa kwemamwe mishonga nemasangano. Mhando iyi yekudzokorora mabasa zuva uye masikati kunze kunogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa, zvakadai sekarpal tunnel uye kunyange maziso eziso. Kuda kwevashandi vemazuva ano kuti vashandisewo kusagadzikana kwepamusoro pakushandisa michina yepamagetsi (zvose uye kubva paawa) kunogonawo kuita kuti pave nekurwadziwa kwemazuva mazhinji, kurasikirwa kwehupfumi, uye mari yekurapa. Vashandirwi vazhinji vanoona kuti kuisa mari mune ergonomics uye mahofisi-based based security initiatives (zvakadai sokutarisa mashizha, marwendo, uye kuwira) chaizvoizvo ine kudzoka kwakanaka kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kamwe chete pakarashika zvibereko uye mari yevanoshandisa kurapa inofungidzirwa.
Sedentary Behavior
Sezvo vashandi vatama kubva mubasa rekunyora kuenda kumatafura emabasa, vanhu veUnited States vava kuwedzera sedentary. Vashandi vehofisi vanowanzogara kwemaawa akawanda panguva yebasa-vasingatauri pavanenge vachienda zuva nezuva uye nguva yekuzorora. Asi mararamiro ehupenyu anogona kuva nemigumisiro mikuru yehutano hwako, kusanganisira kuwedzera dambudziko rako rekuwedzeredza, ropa rekuvhara, nerufu. Hazvishamisi naizvozvo izvo, maererano neCenters for Disease Control uye Kudzivirira, chete chikamu chetatu chevanhu vakuru vanowana zvishoma zvishoma zvekuita maitiro zvinokurudzirwa kuchengetedza hutano hwako-maminitsi makumi matatu emabasa ekuenzanisa, mazuva mashanu pavhiki.
Kunyange izvo, zvisinei, zvingave zvisina kukwana kuvhara njodzi dzekusungwa kumatafura. Chimwe chidzidzo chakawana kuti avo vakagara kwenguva yakareba 12.5 maawa pazuva (kwete kunze kwenyika yekugona kuenda kune vashandi vehofisi vanoda kufara pamubhedha) vaiwanzofa kubva kune zvese zvinokonzera kupfuura avo vakanga vari kushingaira, vachifamba-famba kunyanya maminitsi makumi matatu. Ichi chaiva mhaka pasinei nokuti vanhu vakashanda nguva dzose. Kugara kwenguva yakareba kakawanda kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipisisa munguva.
Violence Workplace
Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga nezvekuchengeteka kwebasa zvikuru kunyanya maererano nemaitiro emitambo inotyisa sekuvaka, hove-yakadzika-gungwa, kana kugadzira miti. Zvechokwadi, idzi nharaunda dzinosangana nedzimwe nhamba dzepamusoro dzekufa kwevashandi veUnited States. Zvisinei, kukuvara kusina kuuraya uye zvirwere zvinotaura nyaya yakasiyana zvikuru. Vanamukoti vabatsiri, somuenzaniso, vanoona mamwe ematunhu akakwirira ekurasikirwa kwemazuva ekurasikirwa nekuda kwechisimba chinokonzerwa nevarwere vasina kugadzikana mune zvavanotarisira. Kutaura zvazviri, mhirizhonga yebasa mumabasa ekuchengetedza hurumende kana zvivako zvekugara muUnited States zvakapetwa kaviri kune mapurisa anotarisana nehurumende uye inenge kaviri kune avo vanoshanda mumashandi ekugadzira miti. Izvi zvinokuvadza zvinogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakakura pakubudirira, sezvo zvinopfuura hafu yezvikuvadza izvi zvichiguma nemazuva kure nebasa-kusataura nezvemutoro unowedzera wemari yekurapa uye kurwadziwa kwevanhu.