Kuti unzwisise kuti sei uye nei chigadziko chichirambwa mushure mekugadziriswa kunoitika zvakakosha kunzwisisa kwete chete chimiro chekugadzirisa chirongwa, asiwo mamwe mashoko anokosha pamusoro pemagadzirirwo ezvirwere zvemuviri, maitiro akasiyana evatsigiri vomuviri, uye kuti zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinogona sei kuomesa chikamu chekugadzira.
Chii Chine Kuisa?
Kuisa kune nzira yekurapa iyo chimiro kana nhengo inobviswa kubva mumuviri mumwe uye ichiiswa kune imwe muviri kuti inotsiva nhengo kana mhuka dzisingashande zvakanaka, haipo, kana kuti chirwere.
Kugadzirwa kwehupenyu kunongowanikwa kune zvirwere zvakanyanya. Izvi hazviitiki kune zvirwere zvishoma kana zvishoma, zvinoitwa apo nhengo inenge ichirapa zvokuti ichazopedzisira yatungamirira ku dialysis kana kufa pasina kuiswa.
Zvipembenene zvakanyanya kufanana zvinoitwa nekutora nhengo kubva mumuviri wemunhu, uri mupenyu kana wakafa, uye unoiswa mune imwe muviri wemunhu. Nhengo, masukisi akadai seganda, ligaments, uye tendons, uye kunyange cornea kubva muziso zvinogona kuwanikwa uye kunopiwa kune mupiro kugadzirisa nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana.
Zvinokwanisika kuisa mishonga yemhuka pamwe chete, yakadai kubva kune inguruve kana mombe, uye inoshandisa iyo kumubatsiri wemunhu. Imwe yenzira dzakawanda dzinowanzoshandiswa nemhando iyi yemaviri ndeyevatano vanoda chirwere chemwoyo chinotsiviwa.
Nhoroondo, nhengo dzekugadziriswa dzakatorwa kubva mumuviri wemunhu ndokuiswa mune imwe muviri wemunhu. Iko kwakange kusina zviitiko zvisingaonekwi zvezviviri zviri kubviswa kubva pachigamba uye zvakagadzirirwa kumubatsiri wemunhu.
Pakati peizvi, inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye 1984 nyaya yaStephanie Fae Beauclair, anonyanya kuzivikanwa se "Baby Fae," uyo akawana mwoyo webhononi pazera remakore gumi nemaviri asati afa nekuda kwekuregwa kwemuviri pazera remakore makumi matatu nemashanu.
Marudzi eTransplant
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekufambisa uye runyora rurefu rwe nzira dzekutsanangura nzira dzinogadzirisa kuchinja.
Dambudziko rekuregwa rinopesana pakati pemhando dzevadzidzisi, sezvo kusiyana pakati pomubatsiri uye mupiki kunogona kuwedzera mikana yekuramba. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho, kunzwisisa nhutano hwekusimudza kunogona kubatsira kuisa njodzi yekuregwa uye kunogona kubatsirawo boka rehutano hwehutano kusarudza kuti mushonga unorevei zvakakosha kuti ubatsire kudzivisa uku.
Heino mutsara pfupi wezwi rinoshandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekufambisa.
Autograft: mhuka inotorwa kubva kune imwe chikamu chemuviri uye inopindurwa kuva imwe chikamu chemuviri mumwechete. Semuenzaniso, mushure mekutambudzika kukuru, murwere anogona kunge ane ganda rinotorwa kubva pamakumbo avo. Izvi zvinovandudza mikana yekunyatsoropodza kwakanaka, uye nyaya dzorambwa dzinenge dzisiripo sezvo mupi uye mupiki ari vanhu vakafanana.
Allograft: rudzi urwu rwekutsvaga munhu kuti munhu ave nokugadzirwa kwemashupu, nhengo, kana corneas. Munhu anopa mumwe munhu akasiyana kune anogamuchira uye haakwanisi kuva nechimiro chakafanana (zvakadai semapatya akafanana). Iko kune chiitiko chinozivikanwa chekurambwa nemhando iyi yekugadzira chimiro.
Isograft: rudzi urwu rwekugadziriswa runoitwa pakati pomunhu anopa chimiro chakafanana uye anogamuchira, akafanana nemapatya akafanana.
Izvo hazvina mungozi yekuregererwa munyaya iyi, sezvo muviri usingatauri rimwe divi rinenge rakafanana sekunze.
Xenograft: rudzi urwu rwekutsvaga huri pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana . Iyi ndeyemhuka kune marudzi ekudhinda, akadai semakumbo kuvanhu kana kuti yenguruve kuvanhu. Kazhinji, izvi zvipembenene zvipembenene asi muzviitiko zvisingawanzo zvave zviputi zvemuviri. Ikoko kune tarisiro yengozi yakakura nemhando iyi yechirongwa chekugadzirisa, asi kazhinji kuchinja kwezvinhu kunopa dambudziko rekuregwa.
Mhando dzeOrgan Donors
Iko kune mhando mitatu yevatsigiri vomuviri kuti vaone.
Cadaveric Mupiro: mishonga yemufi, nhengo, uye / kana corneas inoshandiswa kuva mupiki wemunhu mupenyu.
Mhando iyi yemugove ine dambudziko rimwechete rekutengesa semumwe mupi wepano asingabatsiri kunze kwekuenzanisa kwekuberekwa kwemagetsi kunotarisa mutambo pakati pomubatsiri uye mugamuchiri ari nani pane zvinowanzoitika.
Kurarisana Nevamwe Vanopa: munhu anopa mhuka anorarama anopa nhengo kune imwe hama inoda nhengo yekugadzirwa. Kuwedzerwa kunogona kuva zvishomanana zvishoma kuti zvingarambwa nekuda kwekuberekwa kwemafuro pakati pomunhu anopa uye anogamuchira.
Ropa Rukuru: munhu anopa zvipo anosarudza kupa nhengo kumubatsiri asingabatanidzi. Mhando iyi yemugove ine dambudziko rimwechete rekuchengetedzwa kwekurambwa semupi wehupi umwe asingabatsiri asingabatsiri kunze kwekuti mupi uye mupiki ari kunyatsonaka mazamu mazita.
Organ Reject
Ruzhinji rwezvimwe zvipembenene zvakaitwa muUnited States zvinyatso zvigadziriswa . Izvi zvinogona kuva pfupa, ligaments, tendon, mavheti emwoyo, kana kunyange ganda. Kune avo vanogamuchira kune dzimwe nyaya dzakanaka kwazvo: ivo havakwanisi kuwana kukanganiswa kwemasukisi aya .
Nekugashira nhengo, kurambwa kwechigadziko chitsva ndicho chikonzero chekukosha kwakadaro kuti inoda kugara ichicherechedza kuburikidza nebasa reropa, mushonga wezuva nezuva, nemari yakakura. Kurambwa kunoreva kuti muviri unoramba chimiro chitsva nokuti unoona sechirwere chekune imwe nyika chakafanana nehutachiwana husingadiwi. Mikana yekurambwa inowanzotambudzwa nguva dzose nekuda kwekugadziriswa kwevakagamuchira nokuti kukanganisa kunogona kureva kudzokera kune chirwere che dialysis kana kuti rufu rinokonzerwa nechikwata chisina kukwana.
Mashandisiro anoita Simba reMusununguko
Zvirwere zvemuviri zvisiri nyore uye zvakaoma zvikuru, uye mumatambudziko mazhinji inoita basa rinoshamisa rekuchengeta muviri wemunhu zvakanaka. Mune masimba emuviri anoita zvinhu zvakawanda, kudzivirira muviri kubva kumirwere, majirusi, uye zvirwere pamwe nekubatsira kurapa. Kutaura kuti maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere zvinotambudza ndezvechokwadi, sezvo mabhuku ose ezvinyorwa akanyorwa pamuviri wezvirwere zvemuviri uye kuti unochengetedza sei muviri.
Pasina simba rekudzivirira zvirwere, hatingazopona paucheche sezvo isu tisingakwanisi kurwisa mabhakitiriya maduku-kutarisana kunyange kutonhorera kunogona kutungamirira kurufu. Mune masimba ehurumende anokwanisa kuziva "izvo" uye ari mumuviri uye anogonawo kuziva "zvimwe" uye kurwisana naro.
Iyi nzira inowanzobudirira mukuchengetedza mumwe munhu zvakanaka uye kuchengeta zvinhu zvakaipa kubva mumuviri, kana kurwisana kana ichipinda mumuviri. Zvirwere zvekudzivirira muviri hazvisi nguva dzose kuchengetedza zvinhu kubva pakupinda mumapapu kana ropa kana kubva pakugadzira utachiona, asi zvinobudirira zvakanyanya pakurwisana navo.
Zvirwere zvemuviri zvinogonawo kukonzera zvinetso kana zvisinganzwisisi "self" se "zvimwe." Izvi zvinetso zvinonzi "autoimmune" uye zvinokonzera zvirwere zvakakomba zvakadai se lupus, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, chirwere chechirwere cheshuga , uye rheumatoid arthritis. Zvirwere izvi zvose zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzerwa pasina chikonzero chakanaka, uye migumisiro inogona kuva yakaipisisa.
Iyo Immune System uye Kurambwa Kwemungo
Mune mamiriro ekugadzirisa kwomuviri, dambudziko guru-mushure mokuwana nhengo yakakodzera yekugadziriswa-kuchengetedza nhengo itsva mhenyu kuburikidza nekudzivisa kurambwa. Izvozvo zvinowanzoitwa nemishonga, kana mishonga yakawanda, iyo inobatsira kunyengedza muviri kuti uone "imwe" se "iwe pachako." Zvichinyatsojeka, maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri anofanira kufunga kuti chigadziko chitsva chiri chikamu chemuviri, kwete nhengo hazvisi zvaro.
Kunyengera muviri wesimba kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura zvaungaita sekuti muviri unobatsira zvikuru pakutsvaga vapambi nokuti unokosha muupenyu. Muvanhu vazhinji, zvirwere zvemumasimba zvinowedzera kuva nesimba uye zvakasimba mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu uye zviri nani kurwisa utachiona gore rimwe nerimwe rinopera zvakanaka kusvika pakukura.
Kutsvakurudza kuri kubatsira kupfurikidza varwere kukunda hondo yekurambidza kubviswa, pamwe nekubatanidza kubatana nechirwere, nekubatsira kunyatsoziva kuti masimba ezvirwere zvemuviri anoratidza sei muviri uye nhengo se "mamwe" mushure mokunge kuiswa. Kuwana chaiwo chikamu chipi chemuviri wechirwere chemuviri chinotanga matanho mazhinji mukurambwa zvinoreva kuti pakupedzisira nzira yekudzivisa iyo inogona kusikwa.
Chii Chichikonzera Kurambwa Kwechirongwa?
Inofungidzirwa kuti kuvapo kwechirongwa kunotanga kuonekwa se "zvimwe" apo SIRP-alpha protein inosungira kune imwe michina yakagadziriswa pamuchena weropa rega. Kubva ipapo, kutengesa kweketani kunoitika kunogona kutungamirira kuchigunwe chakakwana chokuramba kana chisati chabatwa munguva kana kana mishonga ikakundikana mukudzora mhinduro.
Vatsvakurudzi vanotaura kuti semhando dzemaropa, pachava ne-SIRP-alpha marudzi, uye nekuedza mupi uye mupiki vanogona kuderedza dambudziko rekuregererwa kwekufambisa kusati kwavhiyiwa kunoitwa nekufananidza mupi uye mupiki SIRP-alpha mhando. Izvi zvinogona kuderedza dambudziko rose rekurambwa, kuderedza chiyero chemishonga inofanirwa kudzivirira kudziviswa, uye kupfuura zvose, kubatsira chirongwa chinogara kwenguva refu mumugamuchiri.
Kupera Dambudziko rekurambwa Usati Watumirwa
Iko kune kare nzira dzakawanda dzokuti mukana wekuregwa unoderera usati wasvika pakuvhiyiwa, kutanga uye zvakanyanya nekuita kuti mupi wemupi uye mupiro ave nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeropa, uye achienderera kune mamwe maitiro akaoma uye maitiro.
Kana mupiro ari mupiro anorarama, hama inowanzodiwa nokuti mikana yekuramba yakaderera. Tinogona kuwana mune ramangwana kuti izvi ndezvokuti mhuri dzakanaka zviri nani SIRP-alpha inoenderana, asi panguva ino inongova imwe pfungwa.
Kuenzanisa kwemajeni kunowanikwawo kuitira kuti mupi wemupi wemupi wega anokwanisa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha nemafungiro epfungwa, sezvo mararamiro akakwirira anokonzera zvakanyanya makore akawanda ehupi basa.
Tarisira kuti uone kutsvakurudza kunobatsira kuita zvinhu zviviri zviri nani pakati pomubatsiri uye mumiririri wezvinyorwa, pamwe nekuwedzera tsvakurudzo mukusarudza "kuvhara" zvikamu zvemuviri wezvirwere zvekuzvidzivirira kuti udzivise kurambwa.
Kupera Dambudziko rekurambwa Mushure mekugadzirwa
Parizvino, mushure mokunge chirongwa chekugadzirisa chave chapera, mhinduro yevashandi uye chirwere chekushanda chichabatsira kutarisa rudzi rwemishonga uye chiyero chemishonga inopiwa kupa kudzivirira kupfuudzwa.
Mabazi aya anowanzoongororwa mumavhiki nemwedzi mushure mekugadziriswa, uye ipapo kuwanda kunowedzera kune varwere vakawanda mushure megore rokutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, murwere achadzidziswa kutsvaga zviratidzo zvekuramba uye kurinda nekuchengetedza hutano hwavo.
Kurindira kurambwa, kugadzirisa mishonga inobva mukutyisidzira kana kuvapo kwekuregwa, uye kudzoka kunowanzoitika. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti vaone kana chikamu chekuramba chichigadziriswa mutori wekugadziriswa wekugadzirisa unofanirwa kutarisana nawo kuitira kuchengetedza hutano hwavo.
Mune ramangwana, sezvo hufambira mberi hwakawedzerwa mukuderedzwa kwezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere, varwere vangada mishonga shoma, vashoma kutarisa, uye vanowana hutano hwakanaka hwekuwedzerwa kwehutano kwenguva refu. Izvozvo zvakati, tsvakurudzo inofanira kutungamirira kumishonga inobatsira yakawanda inogona kukonzera kurambwa kubva kuitika kana kuti inogona kumisa kufambira mberi kwekurambwa kana yawanikwa.
> Sources:
> Vanotsvakurudza Funga Vakawana Chikonzero Chekurambwa Kwemuviri muKushandura Mushonga. NPR. http://wesa.fm/post/researchers-think-theyve-found-cause-organ-rejection-transplant-patients#stream/0
> Donor SIRPA polymorphism inogadzirisa mhinduro ye innate ye immune response kune allogeneic grafts. Science Immunology. http://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/2/12/eaam6202