Kusarudza danho remupenza wemapapu rako nderimwe rematanho anokosha kupfuura mamwe ose mushure mekunge mawanikwa. Zvinogona kuvhiringidza kumirira munguva ino, seanowanzoedzwa miedzo yakawanda. Dzimwe nguva nguva yemutambo haigoni kutongwa zvakasimba kusvika mushure mekuvhiyiwa, asi zvinokosha kuti kenza yemapapu yakanyatsorongwa.
Kukosha kweMakondomu Emaratani
Pane zvikonzero zvishomanana zvinoreva kufanirwa kwemukati wemapapu ako emapapu zvakakosha.
Chimwe ndechokuti kugadzirisa danho rekenza yako rinopa ruzivo rwakakosha pakuvandudza chirongwa chekurapa. Kutarisa kunogona kukubatsira kuziva kuti kana kwete chirwere chinokonzerwa nekenza yako, uye kuti ane utsinye kuva nemamwe mishonga. Imwe rubatsiro yekunyatsocherechedza uri mukufungidzira iwe unofunga. Kunyange zvazvo kurapwa kwekenza kuri kuchinja uye hazvibviri kuziva zvakajeka kuti ungapindura sei kurapwa kwako, danho rekenza yako rinogona kukupa pfungwa yezvaunogona kutarisira.
Miedzo uye Nzira Dzakagadzirwa neKunguru yeChitera
Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzinowanzoitwa kuti dzigone chikamu chemuti wemukenza wemapapu. Izvi zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti zviongorore hukuru hwechirwere chako, uye kana uye kwave kwapararira. Kufananidza miedzo kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakanyanya, asi bhiopsy inowanzodiwa kuti uzive kuti ndechepi yemukenza wemapapu une mapapiro, uye kuti yakasiyana sei pamakemikari. Mamwe mapeji emitambo anogona kusanganisira:
Kuongorora kufungidzirwa - CT scans uye MRI inoongorora zvinogona kubatsira kutsanangura hukuru hwekenza yemapapu uye kuti yakapararira zvakadini. Kushandiswa kwePET kuongororwa nemukenza wemapapu emapapu kunogona kunyanya kubatsira mukugadzirisa kana kanzera yemapapu inoshanda here kana kuti kwete.
Bronchoscopy - A bronchoscopy inzira inoshandiswa nechigadziko chakaiswa mumuromo mako uye mubronchi yako kufungidzira mafungiro makuru emapapu ako.
Izvi zvinobvumira vanachiremba kuti vaone zvirwere zviri pedyo nemugwagwa wenyu mukuru, pamwe chete nekenzayi yakadzika mumapapu nenzira inonzi inozivikanwa se endobronchial ultrasound.
Mediastinoscopy - A mediastinoscopy inzira inoshandiswa dzimwe nguva kuitira kufungidzira-uye chidimbu, kana zvakakodzera-nzvimbo inonzi your mediastinum. Iyo mediastinum ndiyo nzvimbo pakati pemapapu ako ane mwoyo, sophagus, trachea, uyewo akawanda lymph nodes. Kusarudza kana kana kwete chekenza yako yakapararira kune idzi nhengo dzomukati dzomukati dzinogona kuita basa guru pakuronga kurapwa.
Mhemberero dzemakumbo ekunyora - Mushure mokunge zvidzidzo zvekufungidzira zvaitwa, mapapu anonyanya kudikanwa anowanzodiwa kuti aone kuti chaiye chepenza yemapapu iwe uyewo ma molecular profile (genetic maitiro) emuviri wako. Chirwere chepapu chinogona kuitwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana: kuburikidza nesimbi inoshandiswa nenyuchi iyo ine nheyo inowanikwa kuburikidza nemudanda wako wepfupa mumapapu ako, bhiopsy yakaitwa panguva yebronchoscopy, chirwere chemapapu chakasununguka (kazhinji panguva yekuvhiyiwa kwekenza yemapapu), kana vhidhiyo -kusimbisa thoracoscopic biopsy, umo maitiro mashomanana anoitwa muchipfuva chako uye nzvimbo yakajeka inowanikwa kuti iwane mhuka. Munguva pfupi yapfuura muedzo unonzi liquid biopsy wakavapo , izvo zvinogona kugadzirisa zvimwe zviratidzo zvekenza yako nekutsvaga kweropa.
Zviratidzo zvekuvhiya - Dzimwe nguva nguva yakarurama yepakati haigoni kutsanangurwa kusvikira mushure mekuvhiyiwa, zvakadai selobectomy, yakaitwa. Dzidza kuti ungaverenga sei mushumo wemapapu emapapu ekurondedzera .
Miedzo yeMetastases
Mukuwedzera kune miedzo yakaitwa kuongorora mutapu wemapapu pachayo, kuongororwa kunoitwa kutarisa metastases (kupararira) yemukenza wemapapu. Nzvimbo dzinowanzonyanya kufarirwa nekenza yemapapu dzinosanganisira mapfupa, uropi, chiropa, uye adrenal glands. Iyi miedzo inogona kusanganisira chirwere chemuviri CT (kutarisa chiropa uye adrenal metastase), pfupa rekutsvaga (kutsvaga masafu emapfupa), uye uropi CT kana MRI scan (kutarisa brainstore metastases).
Mukomana muduku wemukenza wemapapu unogonawo kupararira kumapfupa emapfupa, uye dzimwe nguva mapfupa emapfupa anonyanya kuitwa kutarisa ichi kupararira.
TNM Staging
Kuti uzonzwisisa danho remukenza wako wemapapu zvinobatsira kukurumidza kugadzirisa chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa se "TNM staging." TNM kushambadzira inzira yekutarisa bundu rako nekuongorora kukosha kwayo uye kuti yakareba sei. Iwe unogona kunge wakaona izvi pamishumo nemakadai akafanana neT2N2M0. Zviri nyore chaizvo kunzwisisa izvi kupfuura zvinotaridzika. Tsamba idzi dzamuchaona dzinosanganisira:
T -T inomiririra "tumarara" uye chiyero chehukuru hwekenza yako mumakiromita. Somuenzaniso, kenza iyo 3cm (1.5 inches) muhupamhi inganyorwa "T1.)
N - N inomirira lymph "node" kubatanidzwa. N0 zvinoreva kuti kenza haina kupararira kune chero nhengo dzemaitiro. N1 zvinoreva kuti kenza yakapararira kune lymph nodes pedyo nedumbu rekutanga. N2 zvinoreva kuti tumarara yakapararira kune lymph nodes zvakanyanya kure nechokutanga chemuviri. N3 inoreva lymph nodes kunyange zvakanyanya kure nechomuviri kana kune rumwe rutivi rwemuviri.
M - M inomirira kuvepo kwemasitasisita. M1b zvinoreva kuti kenza yakapararira kune nzvimbo dziri kure dzomuviri. M1a zvinoreva kuti kenza yakapararira kune imwe mapapu, kana kuti pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pezvikamu zvinokonzera mapapu (zvinonyangadza zvinopesana nemvura).
Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zveTNM kuenzanisa, uyewo, zvinopindirana nematanho akaenzana ematanho (nhamba dzezvikamu) yemukenza wemapapu.
Kurongeka Kwemarudzi Akasiyana-siyana eLung Cancer
Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dzemukenza wemapapu, kuenzanisa kwakasiyana chaizvo
Chero-duku kemukirini yemapapu yemapapu yakaputsika muzvikamu zvishanu: gadziriro 0 kusvika pachitanhatu IV, uye majekitendi ayo aya anowedzera kuderera. Mukomana muduku wemukenza wemapapu unoputsika muzvikamu zviviri chete: chikamu chiduku uye nzvimbo yakareba.
Non-Small Cell Chirwere Chetano Chetano
Chero-duku kenza yemukirini inoputsika kusvika muzvikamu zvishanu, zvichibva pachitsauko 0 kusvika pachitanhatu IV. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinowedzera kuputsika muzvikamu. Ngatitarisei pane imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi pamwe nezvimwe zvirwere zvinowanzoitwa.
Dhigirii 0 Chirwere Chechirwere
Kuongororwa kwemutiroti 0 muto wekenza wemapapu asiri muduku hauna kufanirwa, asi zvinowanzova zvakajairika iye zvino kuti mutsa wekumapapu CT kuongorora kwakawanda. Muchitemiti 0 mapapu emapapu-uyewo carcinoma in situ-kenza inopararira mukati mezvikamu zvishomanana zvemasero umo yakatanga uye haina kupararira mberi kwepakati mukati memapapu. Izvi zvinokonzera kuti zvifungidzire zvichibva pakutsvakurudza kwe sputum yako (sputum cytology) asi kenza haisi kuonekwa pane zvidzidzo zvekufungidzira zvatiri iye zvino. Sezvo izvi zvipembenene zviduku zvikuru, zvinowanzowanikwa pakuongorora uye zvisingamboiti zviratidzo.
Chirwere chemuti wekenza yemapapu 0 - Kurapa kusarudzwa kwemukati 0 kanza yemapapu inoberekwa, nerudzi rwekuvhiya kunoenderana nenzvimbo yekenza.
Zvirwere zvemuti wekeroti yemukenza yemapapu - Sezvo chikwata chekenza yemapapu, kana kuti carcinoma in situ , inofungidzirwa kuti haisi inopisa, aya kanzira inofanirwa, inyanzvi, ive 100 muzana inoporesa nekurapa.
Nhanho I Hasi Nemadiki Masero Anokonzera Kansa (NSCLC)
Gwara I risati riri duku rekenza yemapapu emapapu rinosanganisira zviremara izvo zvinopisa (zvikamu zvose kunze kwesero 0 zvinotorwa sevasingadi), asi izvo zvisina kupararira kune chero nhengo dzemaitiro. Izwi rokuti "kusvibiswa" rinogona kutyisa, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kenza yakasvibisa chero mishonga kunze kwemapapu. Zvinongoreva kuti yakapararira mberi kwepamusoro-soro yemasero akaisa mhepo. Vanenge 15 kubva muzana yevanhu vanoongororwa panguva iyi. Inopfuurira kuputsika mukati:
Nhanho Ia mukenza wemapapu - Aya matumasi ari pasi pe 3cm (1.5 inches) muhupamhi.
Gwara remukenza wemapapu Ib Ibamarara aya akareba kupfuura 3cm muhupamhi.
Zvirwere zvekenza yemapapu emupapu - Kuvhiyiwa kwekenza yemapapiro ndiko kurapwa kwesarudzo yekenza yekenza. Kune vanhu vane kenza yemukenza yemapakati asi vasingakwanisi kuvhiyiwa, kana kune avo vane zviremera zvisingakwanisi kuwanikwa nekuvhiyiwa, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) inogona kushandiswa kurapa kenza. Nechitsauko Ia mapepa emapapu, kuvhiyiwa kunogona kuva ndiyo chete kurapwa inodiwa. Pamusana wepabonde yeAub lung kana avo vane nharo dzakashata, oncologist inogona kukurudzira adjuvant chemotherapy (chemotherapy yakagadzirirwa kurapa chero masero emukenza akapararira kupfuura mapapu asi haasati aonekwa pane zvidzidzo zvekufungidzira.)
Zvirwere zvemuti wekenza yemapapu yemapapu - Kufanirwa kwemukati wekenza yemukenza wemapapu kwakanaka, uye inenge hafu yevanhu vanoonekwa kuti vari kurarama makore mashanu mushure mekuongororwa. Izvi zvinenge zviri nani kana kenza inowanikwa panguva yekuongorora kuongorora muto wemapapu.
Chikamu Chechipiri Chakanga Chiri Nemadiki Chirwere Chirwere Chirwere
Chikamu II chisiri chediki chekenza mapukenza emapapu chinosanganisira kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana. Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa ne " kereke ", zvinogona kunge zviduku asi zvakatozopararira kune lymph node dziri pedyo, kana kuti zvingave zvakakura kudarika kero ine cancer. Izvi zvipfeko zvinogonawo kunge zvakapinda mumugwagwa kana kumativi emapapu (the pleura.)
Chirwere chechipiri chepamu memapapu - Izvi zvinowanzova pakati pe3 ne7cm uye zvakapararira kune lymph nodes dziri pedyo.
Chikamu IIb kenza yemapapu - Aya kanzura anowanzomira pakati pe5 ne7cm uye akapararira kune lymph nodes ari pedyo, kana asina kupararira kune lymph nodes asi akakura zvikuru (kupfuura 7cm.)
Mishonga yekamuti II yemukenza yemapapu - Kurapa kwechikamu chechipiri kunowanzobatanidza kusanganiswa kwehutano hwemunharaunda. Kuvhiyiwa kwekenza yemapapu (chirwere chemunharaunda) inowanzova imwe kana bundu rinoshandiswa. Adjuvant chemotherapy (a systemic treatment) inowanzoitwawo saizvozvo. Zvimwe zvirwere zvinogona kukurudzirwa zvichienderana nee molecular profile ye tumorama yako.
Zvirwere zvemuti wekamuti II yemukenza wemapapu - Kunyange kuvhiyiwa kunowanzobudirira, pakati pe20 ne50 muzana yezvipembenene zvinodzoka zvakare. Kunyange kana vakadzoka, zvisinei, kurapa kuripo. Iko makore mashanu ekupona kwechikamu chechikamu chechipiri inenge mamiriyoni 30 muzana asi inowedzera kuwedzerwa nekugamuchirwa kwemishonga matsva.
Chikamu III Chero Hasi-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Gwara rechitatu risina duku rekenza yemapapu emapapu rinosanganisira boka rakasiyana-siyana rekenza. Mukati, chikwata chechitatu kenza yemapapu chinowanzotaurwa se "chikwata chekutanga" kenza yemapapu asi chikamu chechipiri chekamu mapapu chemapapu chisingaoneki kazhinji chinonzi "chikwata chepamusoro." Chikamu III chakakoromoka mukati:
Nharaunda IIIa isiri duku duku yemukiramu yemapapu - Aya kanzura angave makuru uye akapararira kune lymph nodes (N!) Iri pedyo kana kuti maduku uye akapararira kumakiromodhi ane kure (N2.) Anogonawo kutumirwa ku " lungamende " kenza.
Nharaunda IIIb isiri duku duku yemukenza yemapapu - Iyi kancita inogona kuva yakakura chero ipi zvayo, asi yakapararira kune nhengo dzakare kure lymph nodes (N2) kana zvivako pedyo nemapapu zvakadai semwoyo kana sophagus.
Kurapa kwekenza yemapapu echitsauko III - Zvirwere zvekutsvaga IIIa uye IIIb zvirwere zvemapfupa zvakasiyana kwazvo. Kune chikwata chechitatu kenza yemapapu, chirwere chinogona kuitwa ne "chinangwa chokurapa" -medical chinoreva zvinoreva zvinangwa zvekuporesa kenza. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa pamwe chete nemakemikari maviri uye remishonga inonzi radiation .
Kusiyana neizvi, kurapa kwechitsauko IIIb mapapu emakondomu akafanana neaya emagetsi echishanu, uye anowanzoitwa kuitira kuvandudza zviratidzo kana kuwedzera hupenyu, asi haakwanisi kuporesa kenza. Iyo inowanzotarisirwa nekubatanidza chemotherapy uye remapiritsi emishonga. Dzimwe nguva, kurapa kwakadaro chemotherapy kunogona kuderedza ukuru hwechirwere chetatu rebhanhire, kuitira kuti kuvhiyiwa kunogona kuitwa pane imwe nguva inotevera. Kuongorora kwema molecular (gene testing) yakakosha zvikuru pamakumbo panguva iyi, sezvo mazano ekurapa angave ari mamwe emishonga yakanakisisa (tarisa mukana wekenza yemapapu IV.)
Zvirwere zvemuti wekamuti wekenza yemapapu III - Kutaura kwechikamu chechitatu III uye IIIb mapepa emapfupa akasiyana zvikuru. Kusiyana nehuwandu hwemakore mashanu ekupukunyuka kwemazana makumi maviri emutambo IIIa, kuponeswa kwechikamu chechitatu III kunongodarika 5 muzana chete. Sezvambotaurwa kare, zvisinei, nhamba idzi hadzifungi nezvemishonga yakawanda itsva ikozvino inowanikwa pamukenza wemapapu.
Nhanho IV Hasi-Small Cell Kurapa Kanza
Chirwere chekutanga chechina chekenza yemapapu yemapapu ndicho chikamu chepamusoro chesechidiki chekenza yemapapu emapapu. Kunyange zvakadaro, inenge makumi mana kubva muzana yevanhu vane chirwere chepakati chechina panguva yekuongororwa. Izvi zvipembenene zvakapararira kune dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri, kune rimwe mapapu, kana pane nzvimbo pakati pemishuini iri kuvhara mapapu ( kunyangadza kwekunyengedzera kwemvura ).
Kurapa kwekenza yemukenza yepapurovhesi - Kunyange zvazvo chirwere chemukati chepamuvha IV chisingareswi, kurapwa kwakagadzirirwa kutapudza hupenyu uye kuderedza zviratidzo zvasimudzika zvikuru mumakore mashomanana apfuura. Kubvira pakagadzirwa nekenza yemapapu e-lungu-inonziwo mastrapa yemapapu emapapu-ine kenza yakapararira kupfuura mapapu, chirwere hachiwanzoitwa. Mishonga inoshandiswa inogona kusanganisira:
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted therapies - Mishonga inowanika kune vanhu vanotakura zvipembenene nemitauro yakawanda inoshandiswa mumutauro, kusanganisira EGFR mutations, ALK rearrangements , uye ROS1 rearrangements , pamwezve nemishonga inodzidziswa mumakiriniki. Bata iwe oncologist kuti uwane runyorwa rutsva rwekuchinja.
- Immunotherapy - Two immunotherapy mishonga iye zvino yakagamuchirwa kuvanhu vane chirwere chemapapu. Kunyange zvazvo mishonga iyi isingashandi kune munhu wese, kune vamwe vanhu ivo vakaguma nekugara kwenguva refu kunyange kune avo vane zvikamu zvakanyanya kupfuura zvechirwere.
Zvirwere zvemukati yemukirini wemapapu yemapapu - Kufanirwa kwemugariro wemukenza wemapapu IV unovandudzwa. Kunyange zvazvo makore mashanu ekupukunyuka kwaive akangova 1 kusvika 2 kubva muzana, izvi zviri kuchinja pamwe nekubvumirwa kwemashure mishonga mitsva, zvose zvinotarisirwa kurapwa, uye immunotherapy, kurapa chirwere chacho.
Small Cell Lung Cancer Stages
Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, kenza yemukomana yemapapu yakaputsika muzvikamu zviviri chete; Izvozvo zvinokonzera kugoverwa muzvikamu zvichienderana kana kana kwete chekenza inogona kurapwa uchishandiswa imwe munda weyeroti kana kwete.
Kakawanda Chikamu Chechidiki Chirwere Chirwere
Inenge chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chevanhu chinowanikwa muchengeti chekutanga chekenza yemukomana wemapapu, inozivikanwa sekenza yemapapu isina kukwana. Izvozvi mapundu anowanikwa mumapapu rimwe chete, asi angave akapararira kune lymph nodes.
Zvirwere zvisingabatsiri mukana wemukenza wemapapu emapapu - Pazviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, kurapwa kwekenza yemukemikari kadiki inenge yakasarudzwa, asi kurapwa kazhinji kunosanganiswa kwekemotherapy uye remishonga inonzi radiation.
Kurapa kwekamukira yemukenza wemapapu shoma - Mazuva mashanu ekupona kwemuviri wekenza yemukenza wemapapu shoma ndeye 30 kubva kune makumi mana muzana. Iko yakakwirira apo matumire aya akawanikwa kare kare uye apo kuvhiyiwa kunogona kuitwa.
Yakawedzerwa Gwara Small Cell Lung Cancer
Inenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevanhu vanoonekwa kuti vane kenza yemukirini yemapapu ine chirwere chakawanda chechirwere. Izvozvo zvinogona kuwanikwa mumapapu maviri, uye kazhinji zvinopararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri, kunyange panguva yekuongororwa. Zvinowanzopararira kuuropi.
Mishonga yemukenza wemapapu yakakura - Kunyange zvazvo kenza kaduku kemapapu kadiki inowedzera kuva kenza ine utsinye, inowanzopindura zvakanaka nekubatanidzwa kwekemotherapy uye remishonga inonzi radiation.
Zvirwere zvekenza yemapapu emapapu akawanda - Makore mashanu ekupona kwemazana emakore akawanda emukenza wemapapu emapapu inongodarika 2 kusvika ku8 muzana, asi zvinotarisirwa kuti izvi zvichavandudza. Kunyange zvazvo zvakaratidzika kufambira mberi zvishoma kwakange kwaitwa murapi yekenza yemukomana wemapapu kwemazana makumi emakore ichi chiri kuchinja iye zvino. Matambudziko akawanda emakiriniki ari kuenderera mberi kuongorora izvi zvinogona kufambira mberi mukurapa.
Chirongwa Chekenza Yemarumbo Chachazombochinja Here?
Nharaunda yaunopiwa nokuda kwekenza yemapapu yako inogona kuchinja munguva, kunyanya apo mimwe miedzo inoratidzira ruzivo rutsva. Izvozvo zvakati, nhandare yemukenza wako kazhinji inomiririra danda rekuongororwa. Somuenzaniso, kunyange kana iwe uvhiyiwa muchengeti wechitatu wemapapu uye iye zvino usina uchapupu hwekenza, kenza yako inenge ichiri kunzi danho IIIa (kunyange izvi zvingasanganisira tsanangudzo yakaita seNED, iyo inomirira pasina uchapupu hwechirwere.)
Hazvisi zvisinganzwisisiki kuti danho rekenza yemapapu risimudzirwe kana ruzivo rutsva ruwanika. Semuenzaniso, kana ichinyorwa mushure mekunge uchitarisa kuongorora kuti lymph nodes inoshandiswa pane PET scan. Kana kenza inodzoka, danho rinogona kuwedzera zvakare. Somuenzaniso, kana chirwere chepachipiri chemapapu chekare chichidzoka uye kune uchapupu hwokuti hwakapararira kumapfupa, ikozvino kwaizoonekwa sechitanhatu chepenza yemapapu.
Danho Rako Rokupedzisira Mushure meKenza yako yeLung Is Staged
Kana iwe uye chiremba wako uchinge watora nzvimbo yakarurama yekenza yako, maitiro ekurapwa kwekenza yemapapu achakurukurwa. Iyi inguva apo vanhu vakawanda vanofunga kuti vangasarudza sei chirwere chepamapirisa chepamapfupa emapapu chinonyatsonaka Ndiyo nguva iyo iwe ungada kufungidzira pfungwa yechipiri yemukenza wako wemapapu. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kuwana mhinduro yechipiri hakugumbusisi chiremba wave uchiona, uye chaizvoizvo, kuwana pfungwa yechipiri inotarisirwa. Aya maonero anogona kukupa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzokurapa, kana kuti, pane kungoita kuti uwedzere kuva nechivimbo pamusoro pekurapa kwaunosarudza. Ramba uchiyeuka kuti pane zvinhu zvakawanda kune chikwata chinopinda mukusarudza kurapa kwakanakisisa.
Shoko Rinobva
Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti munhu wose akasiyana. Izvo hazvina matanho maviri matatu evanhu vane mararamiro akafanana, uye munhu wose anopindura nenzira yakasiyana nekurapa.
Hazvikwanise kusimbiswa zvakakwana kuti zvirapa-uye kuponeswa kwemitengo-yemukenza yemapapu iri kuwedzera. Ramba uchifunga kuti chero zviverengero zvaunenge uchiverenga pamusoro pekufungidzira kwako makore mashomanana. Kunyange zvazvo nhamba idzi dzichigona kukupa kuomesera kwakaoma pamusoro pekuti vanhu vanoita sei nhamba, havatiudze zvakawanda nezvekuti iwe uchapindura sei iwe pachako. Uye tichifunga kuti kune dzimwe nzira itsva dzemishonga yemukenza yemapapu yakagamuchirwa munguva iyo pakati pe2011 ne2015 kupfuura yegore remakore makumi mana risati rapera gore 2011, izvi zvingasave zvichinyatsobatsira.
Tora nguva yekudzidza nzira yekuwana ruzivo rwekenza yakanaka paIndaneti . Rega mhuri yako neshamwari zvikubatsire iwe parwendo rwako. Izvo zvauri kuverenga ruzivo urwu zvinoratidza kuti wakatora danho guru pakuve mubatanidzwa unoshanda mubasa rako. Dzidza kuti ungava sei mumutsigiri wehutano hwako. Avo avo vari kupona uye vachirarama nemukenza wemapapu vachakuudza kuti zvinogadzira kusiyana kukuru. Uye hakuna munhu anokurudzira kupfuura avo vanorarama nehosha iyi.
Sources:
National Cancer Institute. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ) - Health Professional Version. Updated 07/07/16. http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/hp/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq#section/all
Pfuura J, Carbone D, Johnson D. et al. Nheyo uye Maitiro eKunguru yemuviri . 4th Edition. Williams naWilkins: 2010.
Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Brierley J, naGoldstraw P. Kurondedzera, Kumboora Purogiramu, uye Zviratidzo zveMagariro muLung Cancer kana New Tower yeBabel. Nyaya yeTraracic Oncology . 2016. 11 (8): 1201-3.