MuUnited States, nharaunda uye zvigaro zveElk zvinoparadza zvirwere
Mukutanga kwegore ra2018, kunetseka pamusoro pe "zombie deer" kuparadzira chirwere kuvanhu kwakaita kuti vanhu vafunge. Kunyange zvazvo zvichibvira, mikana yekubatwa nechirwere chisingaperi chisingararami (CWD) -chimwe chakafanana nemadhipa emombe maduku-mushure mokudya nyama yemhuka yakadzika kwazvo. Kusvika iye zvino, vazhinji vezvikara vane huwandu hwakanyanya hweCWD. Uyezve, hazvina kumbobvira kuve nechokwadi chechirwere chisingaperi chinopararira chinoparadzirwa kubva kune nzara kana kuti kusvika kune vanhu.
Mune nzara uye mhuka, CWD inoguma murufu runononoka, runotambudza rwunozopedzisira rwunobata mhuka dzayo yekugona kudya nokunwa. Muvanhu, CWD inoparadza uropi zvishoma nezvishoma. Iro chirwere chepfungwa chinopararira nemhuka dzesimbi, mhuka, nondo, uye mhuka. Kunyanya kakawanda, CWD inogona kuiswa se "inononoka" zvirwere zvinotapukira. Zvirwere zvishoma zvishoma zvinotapukira zvinokonzerwa nehutachiwana uye mapironi; CWD inokonzerwa nemabhadharo.
Kurwara kwechirwere chisingaperi kunonyatsonzwisiswa muchirevo chezvirwere zvepachion. Ngatitange nekutora kutarisa zvakanyanya pane zvirwere zvepacon.
Chii Chinonzi Prion Disease?
Zvidzidzo zvenguva ichangobva kujekesa pfungwa ina pamusoro pemabhadharo.
Kutanga, mapiyona ndiwo chete anozivikanwa anogadzirisa zvirwere zvinoshaya nucleic acid. Zvimwe zvinotapukira zvinokonzera mabhakitiriya nemavirusi zvine DNA neRNA inotungamirira kubereka kwavo. Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakororo kunokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirwere.
Chechipiri, zvikwereti zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona, hutachiona, uye kushungurudzika kweporadi.
Hapana humwe hutano hunokonzerwa nechikonzero chimwe chete kuratidzwa muhuwandu hwakawanda hwechirongwa chekliniki.
Chechitatu, mapeoni ane mapuroteni akawanda anozviparadzanisa muuropi. Kazhinji, purotini ya prion inofungidzirwa kuti inobatsira pakuita zvirwere. Iyi proteni inowanzozivikanwa inonzi PrP C (prion protein cellular) ine alpha-helical.
Muchirwere chepachion, iyi alpha-helical inoshanduka ichienda kune pepa repatikati bheta rinonzi PrP SC (prion protein scrapie). Izvozvi PrP SC zvinowedzera mumashanga anovhiringidza nerve-cell kushanda uye kuita kuti sero rufu.
Prions anoparadzira apo beta-yakafuridzirwa mapepa (PrP SC ) kutora ma alpha-helical mafomu (PrP C ) kuti ave mabheji. Rimwe ruzha RNA rinopindirana nekuchinja uku. Nyaya, PrP SC neP PrP C dzine mhando imwecheteyo yeamino-asiri asi maitiro akafanana kana maumbirwo. Nenzira yakafanana, musiyano muzviitiko izvi zviviri zvinogona kufungwa sezvipfeko kana mapanga mumucheka.
Dambudziko rePeon-Mediated muvanhu
Mune vanhu, minyengetero inokonzera "kurara" chirwere chinotapukira. Zvirwere izvi zvine nguva refu yekudzivirira uye inotora nguva yakareba kuratidzira. Kutanga kwavo kunowedzera, uye nzira yavo iri kufambira mberi. Zvinosuruvarisa, kufa hakugoni kuitika.
Zvirwere zvinopindirana muvanhu zvinonzi zvinotapurirwa spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Zvirwere izvi "spongiform" nokuti dzinokonzera uropi kutora sechitarisiko chechipembenene, chakazara nemakomba ari muuropi.
Mishanu mhando dzeTSE dzinowanikwa kuvanhu zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:
- Kuru
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob chirwere (CJD)
- Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob chirwere (vCJD)
- Dambudziko reGerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS)
- Kuuraya kwemhuri inouraya
Chirongwa chemakiriniki cheCJD chinosanganisira kuora mwoyo, kurasikirwa kwemuviri, kufamba, kuona kurasikirwa, uye kupora simba kune rumwe rutivi rwomuviri. Kunyange zvazvo yakafanana neyeku, iyo inokanganisa madzinza Ekare muNew Guinea mushure mekunyangarika kwehupfungwa hwevanhu, kuru hazvikonzeri kuora mwoyo. Uyezve, CJD inowanikwa munyika yose uye isingabatanidzi nemaitiro ekudya, basa, kana kuvepa mhuka. Zvechokwadi, zvinomera zvinogona kukura CJD. Pasi pose, CJD inobata munhu mumwe chete mumamiriyoni uye inowanikwa munyika umo zvipfuwo zvine zvirwere zvepachiona uye munyika umo mhuka dzisingabatanidzi zvirwere zveponi.
Kuparara kwechirwere chisingaperi chirwere chevCJD. Chimwe chimiro chakajairika chevCJD chirwere chepongiform encephalopathy kana chirwere chemombe chakashata. Chikonzero nei CWD uye chirwere chemhou chinonzi "chimiro" CJD ndechokuti chirwere chinowanikwa kune varwere vanowanda zvikuru kune avo vanowanzova neCJD. Uyezve, kune mamwe maitiro ekurapa uye zvipatara zvinowanikwa zvakasiyana muVCJD.
Muna 1996, chirwere chemombe chakasviba chakasvika mukati mekudzivirirwa mushure mokunge maruva ematambudziko akaonekwa muGreat Britain. Vanhu avo vairwara vaigona kunge vaidya nyama yenzombe yakavhenganiswa neukama hwemhou. Uyezve, vanhu chete vane rumwe rudzi rwepion-prion proteins homozygous ye methionine-vakavandudza urwere. Sezviri pachena, prion proteins homozygous ye methionine inongororwa nyore nyore mupepa yepa beta-pleated (PrP SC ).
Dambudziko Rinopedza Zvirwere
Kusvika iye zvino, pakange pasina kumbozivikanwa maitiro ekutumira kweCWD kuvanhu. Zvisinei, kune humwe humwe uchapupu huripo. Muna 2002, chirwere chinonzi neurodegenerative chakaonekwa mune varume vatatu vaidya nyama yemhuka muma 1990. Mumwe wevarume ava akasimbiswa kuva neCJD. (Yeuka kuti CJD "inononoka" uye inotora nguva kuratidza.)
Maererano neCDC, kubva munaJanuary 2018, CWD muhurukuro isina mahwendefa, elk, uye mhashu yakataurwa mumasangano makumi maviri nemaviri uye mapato maviri eCanada. MuUnited States, CWD yakave ichionekwa muMidwest, Southwest, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeEast Coast. Zvinogonawo kuti CWD iripo munzvimbo dzeUnited States dzisina simba rakachengetedza hurongwa. Kunyange zvazvo yakawanda inowanikwa muUnited States uye Canada, CWD yakawanikwawo muNorway neSouth Korea.
Zvinofadza kuti CWD yakatanga kuonekwa mujeri rakabatwa muma1960. Pakazosvika 1981, yakave yakabatanidzwa munondo. Kunyange zvazvo kupararira kweCWD mumhuka dzomusango kunowanikwa pasi, mune dzimwe vanhu, kuwanda kwezvirwere kunogona kudarika 10 muzana, uye kusvika kusvika 25 muzana yehutachiona hwehuwandu hwakataurwa mumabhuku acho. Zvinyorwa, mukutapwa kwezvikara zvinotapirwa, kuwandisa kweCWD kunogona kunge kwakanyanya. Kunyanya, inenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana yemadhongi mune imwechete yakabatwa neboka raiva neCWD.
Zvidzidzo zvezvipfuwo zvinoratidza kuti CWD inogona kuparidzirwa kune vanhu vasiri vanhu, semonke, iyo inodya nyama yakasvibiswa yakasvibiswa neuropi kana mvura yemvura.
Mune nzara uye zvisikwa, zvinogona kutora kusvika gore risati rasvika zviratidzo zveCJD. Zviratidzo izvi zvinosanganisira kurasikirwa kwekurema, kunyora, uye kugumburwa. Iko hakuna marapirwo kana zvirwere zveCWD. Uyezve, dzimwe mhuka dzinogona kufa neCWD zvisati zvamboita zviratidzo.
Muna 1997, WHO yakakurudzira kuti vese vese vanokonzera zvirwere zve-prion-kusanganisira mbatya neCWD-ichengetedzwe kunze kwekudya kwekutya kutengesa.
Kudzivirira
Kana CWD yaifanira kupararira kuvanhu, nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira kuparadzirwa uku ndeyokusa kudya nyama yemhuka kana nyama yakakosha. Muitiro wokudya nyama yemhuka yakapararira muUnited States. Mukuongorora kwakaitwa muna 2006-2007 kwakaitwa neCDC, 20 muzana yevakabvunzwa vanoti yakashambadzirwa kana nyama, uye zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvakaratidza kudya nyama yemhuka kana nyama yakakosha.
Nekushandiswa kwenzara uye zvinyorwa zvakapararira uye hapana uchapupu hunooneka hwekutumira asi hunyorwa, hazvigoneki kuti mhuka dzakawanda uye nyama yakasungwa aficionados dzicharega kushandiswa. Nokudaro, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vashandi vanochengetedze pakutsvaka.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvenyika zvipenyu zvinotarisa kupararira kweCWD mumasango ezvinyorwa zvekudzivirira uye kushandiswa nekushandisa zviedzo. Zvakakosha kutarisa nemamwe mawebsite ehurumende uye mahofisi ehurumende yemasango ekutungamira uye kudzivisa kuvhima vanhu umo CWD inozivikanwa.
Zvinonyanya kukosha, kwete dzose dzinotarisa CWD mumhuka dzomusango uye zvisikwa. Uyezve, kuongororwa kwakaipa kweCWD hakureve kuti munhu ane nzara kana kuti akaremara haana chirwere. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukana wekuti nharaunda kana kuve nechirwere chisina kunaka hachive neCWD yakakwirira.
Heano mamwe mazano kune vatsva nezveCWD:
- Usabata, kupfura kana kudya nyama yemhuka kana kuti mhuka iyo inotarisa kurwara kana ichiita nenzira dzisingazivikanwi
- Dzivisa nzira-kuuraya
- Paunenge uchigadzira mbatya, svetera gorosi kana magirafu emarubha, kuderedza kushandiswa kwako kwehupi kana dzimwe nhengo, uye usashandise mishonga yemumba kana midziyo yekicheni
- Funga kuva nehadzi kana kuti iwe unotarisira kuedza kuongororwa neCWD
- Kana uri kutamba mitambo inoshandiswa mune zvekutengeserana, bvunza kuti nyama yako ive yakagadzikana yakasiyana nedzimwe nharaunda uye elk
- Usambofa uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge uchinge wakagadzikana neCWD
- Tarisa nehurumende yezvemhuka dzesango kuti udzidze kana kuedza kwenzara kana kuti kwechirwere cheCWD inokurudzirwa kana inodikanwa
Nekuremekedza mhuka yezvokutengeserana uye nyama yakakosha, Dhipatimendi reUnited States Rekurima Kwemhuka Nekutsvaga Chirongwa Chekuona Utano inoshanda chirongwa cheCWD chekudzivirira zvipfuwo. Iyi purogiramu yakazvipira, uye vadzidzisi vemombe vanobvuma kuisa mombe dzavo kuedza. Haasi vese vadzidzisi vemombe vanobatanidzwa muchirongwa. Zvichida pfungwa yakanaka yekudya nyama yakasvibirira kana nyama yakawanda kubva kune vatengesi vemabhizimisi vanotora chikamu purogiramu.
Prions mune Mimwe Mhando dzevhu
Muna 2014, Kuznetsova nevamwe vaishanda navo vakawana kuti mamwe marudzi evhu iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAlberta nekumaodzanyemba kweSaskatchewan (zvikamu zveCanada) inogona kuchengetedza zvibvumirano zveCWD.
Maererano nevatsvakurudzi:
Nenzira yakawanda, ivhu rakapfuma-ivhu rinogona kusunga zvipfeko zvinokurumidza uye kunowedzera kusagadzikana kwavo kufanana nehuvhu hwemigodhi montmorillonite. Zvisikwa zvikamu zvevhu zvinoparadzaniswa uye zvisingazivikanwi zvakanaka, asi zvinogona kukanganisa kusangana-ivhu kwevhu. Zvimwe zvinokosha zvinokonzera zvinosanganisira ivhu remhepo, inogadzirwa nevhu remhinduro uye yakawanda yesimbi (metal oxides) .... Nheyo huru muCWD-endemic nzvimbo yeAlberta neSaskatchewan iChernozems, inowanikwa mu 60% yenzvimbo yose; iyo inowanzofanana yakasikwa, ivhu mineralogy uye ivhu rinobva munyaya yehupenyu, uye inogona kuratidzirwa sevhu yelo loyy, montmorillonite (smectite) ine 6-10% yegashikiti yega.
Mhuka dzinodya ivhu kuti dziwane zvido zvadzo. Iyi ivhu inodzokororwa zvakare kune ivhu nenzira yemarara kana zvitunha. Nokudaro, zvipfeko zvinogona kuendeswa mabhasiro muvhu. Zvinoratidzika kuti zvipfeko zvakanyatsobatanidza zvakanyanya kune ivhu.
Shoko Rinobva
Kusvika iye zvino, pakange pasina mararamiro anotsvitswa ehupenyu husingaperi hwekuparara kubva kune nzara kana kuti kune vanhu; zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinonetseka nezvengozi. Kuparara kwechirwere chisingarapiki kwakafanana nemadhipa ane madondo, ayo akanyorwa kuti anopararira kubva kumombe kuvanhu.
Kana uchidya nyama yemhuka kana nyama yakakosha, iri pfungwa yakanaka yekuita zvimwe zvingwarira uye kutarisa kutungamirirwa kubva kuhurumende yehupenyu hwemhuka. Ne mhuka yemhuka, usambofa kudya nyama kubva kune dzimwe nzara kana kuti zvisikwa zvinoratidzika kurwara. Uyezve, chinhu chakanaka kuva neshiri dzomusango kana nyama yakakosha yakaongororwa neCWD.
Kana uchitenga nzara yezvokutengeserana kana nyama yakakosha, iva nechokwadi chokuti nyama iyi inopupurirwa seyo isina CWD.
> Sources:
> Kurwara Kukonzera Kupera. CDC.
Kuznetsova A et al. Zvichida basa revhu rinenge riri mukupararira kweCWD kumadokero kweCanada. Prion. 2014; 8 (1): 92-9.
> Prusiner SB, Miller BL. Prion Diseases. Muna: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Slow Viruses & Prions. Muna: Levinson W. eds. Kudzokorora kweArabic Microbiology uye Immunology, 14e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.