Trivia Kushamisika uye Kukushamisa iwe
Trivia inogona kufara uye inonakidza, kunyanya apo iwe uri kudzidza pamusoro pechinhu chiri pedyo neimba. Pasinei nokuti une chirwere cheshuga kana kuziva mumwe munhu anoita, ungada kudzidza zvimwe zvinonakidza nezvechirwere ichi. Kuona kuti kurapwa kwakawanda kwakashanduka sei kunogona kupa simba. Mukuwedzera, kudzidza zvakawanda maererano nechirwere cheshuga kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera kukuziva kwako nekukurudzira iwe kutora utongi.
Sezvo shoko iri richienda, ruzivo simba.
25 Nyaya Inofadza Nezvechirwere Cheshuga
Nhoroondo yekare yakanyorwa yechirwere cheshuga yakange iri muna 1500 BC muEprip Ebers papyrus. Icho chaireva zviratidzo zvekugara uchidzoka.
Chirwere cheshuga zviratidzo zvakadai senenyota, kurasikirwa, uye kuwedzerwa kwemvura kwakabvumwa kwemakore anopfuura 1200 chirwere chisati chatumidzwa.
Chiremba wechiGiriki Aretaeus (30-90 CE) ainzi akakwira ane zita rokuti "chirwere cheshuga." Akanyora chirwere chine zviratidzo zvakadai sokunyota nguva dzose (polydipsia), kunyanyisa kunyura (polyuria) uye kuora kurasikirwa. Akatumidza chirwere che "chirwere cheshuga," zvinoreva kuti "kuputika."
Dr. Thomas Willis (1621-1675) akadana chirwere cheshuga "uipi hwakaipisisa" uye akarondedzera urini yevanhu vane chirwere cheshuga chechipiri "sechishamiso kwazvo, sekunge chakanga chakazara nouchi kana shuga." Akanga ariwo wokutanga kurondedzera kurwadziwa uye kushungurudza kubva mumigunha yehutano nemhaka yechirwere cheshuga.
Munguva dzekare, vanachiremba vaiidza chirwere cheshuga nekudya uriniti kuti vaone kana zvaive zvakanaka. Vanhu vakaravira murini kuti vaongorore chirwere cheshuga vakanzi "mvura yakasvibirira." Zvimwe zvirwere zvekuongorora zvinosanganisira kutarisa kuona kana urinhi inokwezva masvosve kana nhunzi.
Mukupera kwema1850, chiremba wechiFrance anonzi Priorry akarayira varwere vane chirwere cheshuga kuti vadye shuga yakawanda. Zviri pachena, iyo nzira yekurapa haina kuramba, sezvo shuga inowedzera ropa remashuga.
- Kudzoka muzuva, pakange pasina ropa remaglucita mamita. Pane kudaro, vakaedza shuga yeropa vachishandisa urini. Muna 1941, Ames Diagnostics akashandisa Clinitest® effervescent urine shuga yekuedza mapiritsi kuti aedze urine. Izvi zvaireva kusanganisa urinhi nemvura mubhuku rekuedza uye kuwedzera piritsi shoma yebhuruu yakakonzera kemikari yekuita iyo inogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwepanyama nekuda kwekupisa kukuru. Mucherechedzo wemvura inogona kuratidza kana pane glucose mumuguta.
Muna 1969-1970, iyo yekutanga inotengesa ropa yeglucose mamita yakasikwa naAmes Diagnostics. Yakatumidzwa kuti Ames Reflectance Meter (ARM). Ames akazova chikamu cheBayer. Chigadzirwa chacho chaitarisa zvakafanana nemidziyo yegricorder yakashandiswa muIndaneti Star Trek series. Dzinodhura madhora mazana matanhatu uye dzaive chete kuvarapi kuti vashandise mumabasa avo kana zvipatara. Purogiramu yegazi glucose yemamita yekushandiswa kwemusha nevarwere vakanga vasina kutengeswa muU.S. kusvika kuma1980.
Dr. Richard Bernstein, munyori webhuku rakakurumbira rinonzi Dr. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution , ndiye munhu wokutanga kushandisa mamiriyoni anotakura kuti aone mazinga ake ega shuga pamusha. Akanga ari injini panguva iyoyo uye mune hutano hwakaipa nekuda kwechirwere cheshuga 1. Akawana mamiriyoni eA ARM aireva chete kuvarapi. Sezvo akanga asiri chiremba panguva iyoyo, aitaura mudzimai wake (uyo aiva chiremba chepfungwa) kuti awane chigadzirwa chake. Chirwere cheshuga chake chakavandudzwa. Akabva atanga kushandiswa kwemapurazi emagetsi emagetsi ekushandisa kwechirwere kumba. Akange asingakwanisi kuwana mabhidhiyo ezvokurapa kuti abudise zvidzidzo zvake, saka pazera remakore makumi matatu nemana akaenda kuchikoro chezvokurapa uye akava dhigiriyori wenhau.
Dr. Elliott P. Joslin, nheyo yeJoslin Diabetes Center, ndiye dhidhiro wokutanga kugadzirisa chirwere cheshuga uye kukurudzira kuzvitonga. Akava nehanya pashure pokunge tete vake akawanikwa uye akaudzwa kuti kwakanga kusina mushonga uye tariro shoma. Akafa nechirwere cheshuga kwete kwenguva refu. Amai vake vakaongororwa gore raakatanga kuita muna 1898 (makore mashomanana mushure mekufa kwainini vake). Akamubatsira kuti agone kurwara nechirwere cheshuga uye akararama kwemakore gumi zvakare ayo ainyanya kufarira panguva.
Dr. Elliot P. Joslin akati chirwere cheshuga ndicho "chakanakisisa chezvirwere zvisingaperi" nekuda kwayo "yakachena, kazhinji isingaoneki, isingabatanidzi, inowanzosuruvara uye inogona kurapwa."
Muna 1916, Dr. Frederick M. Allen akatanga chirongwa chekurapa chipatara chakavhara kudya kwechirwere cheshuga kusvika whisky yakasanganiswa nefivha yakasvibirira (tsvina yakajeka yevasina kunwa). Varwere vakapiwa iyi kusanganiswa kwemaawa maviri kusvikira shuga ikanyangarika kubva mumuti (kazhinji mukati memazuva mashanu). Vakabva vapiwa chirwere chakanyanya-gasi-carbohydrate. Iyi purogiramu yaiva nemigumisiro yakanakisisa yekurapa panguva yayo. Basa raEllen rakaratidza kufungisisa kwaDr. Elliot P. Joslin uyo akashandisa sechikonzero chekoriori-dzisingabviri kudya kudya nekurapa.
Dr. Priscilla White akapayona mushonga wechirwere cheshuga pakuberekwa. Akabatana nemuitiro waDr. Elliott P. Joslin muna 1924 apo kuberekwa kwe fetal kwaive 54%. Nenguva yekusunungurwa kwake muna 1974, kuberekwa kwekuberekwa kwe fetal kwaiva 90%.
Kusati kwa1921, kurapwa kwekusarudza kwechirwere cheshuga 2 chaiva nenzara kana kuti nenyota.
Muna 1922, pancreas yakawanikwa kuti ine basa mune chirwere cheshuga. Vatsvakurudzi vanoongorora kudya, vakabvisa pancreas kubva imbwa dzomumba mubazi. Mumwe mubatsiri akacherechedza nhamba yakawanda yemasvosve inokwezva kumucho wembwa. Mumuyo wakaedzwa uye wakawanikwa kuti une huwandu hwepamusoro hwehuga.
Tora 1 uye tape 2 chirwere cheshuga chakasarudzwa zvakasunungurwa muna 1936. Zvisinei, musiyano uyu wakanga wataurwa muma1700 apo chiremba akaona vamwe vanhu vanotambura nechirwere chisingaperi kupfuura vamwe vakafa mumasvondo mashoma mashanu mushure mokutanga kwezviratidzo.
Maererano neWorld Health Organization, nhamba huru yevanhu vane chirwere cheshuga yakafungidzirwa kuSouth East Asia neWestern Pacific Regions, inofanirwa nehafu yechirwere cheshuga munyika.
Maererano neWorld Health Organisation, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 422 vari kurarama nechirwere cheshuga munyika yose (data kubva muna 2014), inowanikwa kaviri kudarika kuwanda kubva muna 1980.
Muna 1942, yekutanga chirwere chechirwere cheshuga cheshuga chakaonekwa, sulfonylurea (mishonga inokurudzira pancreas kuti ibudise insulini).
- Muna 1963 chiito chekutanga che insulini 'pombi' yakabudisa glucagon uye insulini yakafanana nechecheche uye yakagadzirwa naDr. Arnold Kadish.
Nhasi pane makirasi anopfuura 7 emishonga yemuromo kuti abatsire kutarisira uye kubata chirwere cheshuga chechipiri.
Vanhu vane chirwere cheshuga cheshuga vanogonawo kushandisa zvinokonzerwa ne insulin, GLP-1 agonist yekurapa uye kutungamirirwa kwechirwere cheshuga chechipiri.
Muna 2016, Federal Drug Administration yakabvumira chekutanga yakavhara insulin nzira yainzi Minimed 670G system.
Muna 2017, yekutanga glucose mamita isina tsvimbo yemunwe yakarova musika weU.S. The Free Freestyle Free System inoshandisa teknolojia yepamusoro kuti ipe nguva chaiyo yeglucose kuverengwa nguva dzose neminiti uchishandisa se-pre-calibrated sensor (iwe haufaniri kuirimbidza nekunyorera munwe, izvi zvinoitwa mufekitari).
Muna 2018, FDA yakabvumira kushandiswa kweGALP-1 agonist itsva , Noz Nordisk's Ozempic (semaglutide), sechirevo chekudya uye chiito chekuita kurapa rudzi rwechipiri chirwere cheshuga kuvanhu vakuru. Semaglutide ndiyo yechinomwe GLP-1 agonist inogamuchirwa muUnited States uye yechina kamwe-yevhiki nevhiki injectable kugamuchira kugamuchirwa.
Zvidzidzo:
1. World Health Organization. Global Report Chirwere cheshuga.
2. Diabetes.co.uk. Diabetes History.