Pakati pemiti yemichindwe, Bambi deer, sandy beach, uye mvura inodziya, Florida Keys kazhinji inonzwika senzvimbo yemashiripiti. Asi pakuvhuvhura 2016, mushanyi asingadiwi, chirwere chinonzi screwworm, chakatanga kugadzira zvinetso zvemhuka, zvipfuwo, uye zvikwata, zvikurukuru nokuti nondo inowanika muFlorida Keys inowanikwa mungozi. Asi kubva kumombe yezviuru zve 1000, kakatova pedo ne10 muzana yakaiswa pasi nekuda kwezvipembenene zvinorwadza izvi.
Nyanzvi dziri kukura zvakadzama mukunyatsonzwisisa chirwere ichi, migumisiro yaro, uye nzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzekumisa.
Basics of the Screwworm
Ikoko rinopinda semhashu. Icho chiri chekukura kweflyfly yekare yakatarisa asi inotarisa zvakasiyana-iyo ine maziso eruvara uye muviri unotaridzika wesimbi unenge uri bhuruu, ruvara, kana grey nemicheka yerima.
Iyi mbungu inotanga kukonzera zvinetso kana ichiisa mazai ayo. Nhunzi dzomukadzi dzinoisa mazai avo pamucheto wevanga (kana dzimwe nguva dzimwe sarudzo semuromo kana mumhino). Mazai anovhunga mukati mezuva rokuiswa. Mwana anobhururuka-mhuta-ndokuchera muchironda, achichishandisa sekudya. Izvi zvinonzi myiasis.
Mune mamwe mazwi, iyi inoputika maggot, asi kusiyana nemamwe mavhundu rudzi urwu runorarama panyama inorarama, kwete mhuka dzakafa. Izvo zvinosuruvarisa zvakanyanya kune mhuka sezvinoita mhondi ichidya uye idya muzvivara zvakuvadzwa. Inogona kutora chiduku chiduku mumaronda akadzika, anorwadza, akavharwa.
Madziya acho akabva pavanga iri pasi pevhiki, pupate, uye ave nhunzi, kutangazve urongwa hwose.
Chironda chinotapukirwa chinowedzera kukwezva kumazizi enhunzi. Mamwe mazai achaiswa muchironda chimwe chete, achiita mhuka kunyange kurwara. Pakupedzisira, mhuka dzine utachiona dzinogona kufa kubva pane izvi.
Kune Zvose Nyika Itsva uye yeNyika Yekare shanduko yevhunduka.
Nyika Itsva screwworm inonzi Cochliomyia hominivorax . The Old World screwworm inonzi Chrysomya bezziana uye yakawanikwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakasviba, muAsia (kunyanya South Asia neSouth-East Asia), Africa, uye Middle East.
Ndeapi Mhondi Inowanikwa?
Zvipembenene zvinowanikwa muSouth America uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeCaribbean. Izvo nyika iyo hurumende yeUnited States inofungidzira inosangana nayo inosanganisira Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Jamaica, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, uye Venezuela.
Iyo magorokota anogona kugara achidzoka kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Iwe unogona kuwana kuva nemabhegi ako akatarisa kushungurudza, asi ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei pane basa rakawanda rekudzivirira nyama nemhuka kubva pakufamba kusina kuongororwa kuburikidza netsika dzenyika. Kune nguva dzose mukana wekuti mhuka kana mhuka dzingatakura nhunzi kana kuti chirwere ichi kudzokera munyika.
Vakatosvika kuUnited States
Zvipembenene zvichida zvakatanga kusvika kuU.S. kubva kuSouth America muma1800s. Zvipembenene zvakagadziriswa kubva kuU.S. muna 1966. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti, vanhu vanozvigadziridza zvezvipembenene zvakazoonekwa pakupedzisira muUnited States muna 1966. Pakanga zvichiri zvichiri zvipembenene muU.S. kusvika muna 1982, zvakadaro. Zvipembenene zvakapinda zvikuru kubva kuMexico kuenda kuTexas ndokuzopararira mberi gore negore.
Hapana maitiro akaonekwa muU.S. kunze kweTexas kubva kuma1970 uye hapana mamiriro ekukara akataurwa kuU.S. kubva muna 1982, apo mapeji matanhatu ekupedzisira akaudzwa muTexas. Pane kuedza kuchengetedza Panama Canal sepakapera iyo shiri dzisingagoni kupararira kubva kuSouth America kusvika kuCentral nekuNorth America.
Izvozvo hazvirevi kuti pane zviitiko zvisati zvamboonekwa muU.S. Dzimwe nguva mumwe munhu anodzoka nemhuka kubva kune imwe nyika inotapukirwa. MunaMuvhuro 2010, imbwa yakakodzwa yakaonekwa nevarwere vezvemhuka kuti vakatakura infestation kubva kuVenezuela kusvika kuFlorida. Nzvimbo yacho yakanyatsorapwa mushure mechiitiko ichocho.
Pamberi ra1966, zvipembenene izvi zvaive dambudziko guru kune vashandi uye vamwe nemombe. Miporeguru inoshandiswa kugara mumamiriro ekudziya muU.S. Zvichienderana nekutonhora kwakaitika sei munguva yechando, idzi dzakapona dzinogona kupona mune dzimwe dziya dzinotonhora kune gore rose-Florida, Texas, Arizona, neCalifornia. Shure kwechando, nhunzi dzichapararira munguva yechando, zhizha, nekuwa. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chebhururuka chaigona kupararira kuchamhembe, sezvo chichipararira kusvika ku80-160 km muchizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Nenguva yakaipisisa mamiriro okunze akauya, dzimwe nguva vaigona kusvika kumativi epakati eU.S. uye zvakatombofungidzirwa kuti dzakaparidzwa pamwe nemuganhu neCanada.
The Screwworm's Effect on the Economy
Zvipembenene zvinowanzobata zvirwere nemombe zvingakosha zvikuru. MuFlorida chete, iyo mabhizimisi inokosha kupfuura mazana maviri emamiriyoni US $. Ndiyo indasitiri iyo nyika inoda kuchengetedza zvekuwanda. Dzimwe nyika dzinoitawo saizvozvo, hongu.
Zvirwere zvinokonzera zvirwere zvingaguma nekurashikirwa kwemombe, pamwe nehutachiona hunogona kukanganisa mari yakawanda kuburikidza nekurapa nekudzivirira zvirongwa. Kana zvipembenene zvikapararira uye zvikafukidzira zvipfuwo muUnited States zvinogona kutengesa zvipfuwo zvemabhizimisi mazana emamiriyoni emadhora.
Kudengenyeka kuduku kwaiva muMexico muna 1992 uye 1993 kunodhura mamiriyoni emadhora. Isu hatidi kuwona chikuru.
Screwworm Control
Zvipembenene zvakatanga kubviswa kubva kuUnited States nekusunungura asina kuchena varume screwworm nzizi, kubva muna 1950s. Florida iri kudzokorora izvo zvakashanda makore anodarika makumi mashanu apfuura. Hurumende yakatanga muna Gumiguru 2016 kusunungura flies yakaoma zvakare. Tariro ndeyokuti shiri dzakasviba dzichabatana nemadzimai, zvichiita kuti vashoma mazai abudiswe, sezvo vakadzi vakawanda vasingazobudiriri.
Zvinotora nhunzi dzakawanda. Nyanzvi dzinofanirwa kubudisa mamiriyoni ehunzi semvhiki imwe neimwe kuti dzirambe dzichida nezvimwe zvinodiwa kana zvisinei kuti 'dzisazununguka' dzinowanzova nhunzi dzemhuka. Ikoko kwaiva nechando chando muna 1957-8. MuFlorida, vaongorori uye hurumende vakabudisa varume vaviri kusvika ku14 vasina hanya pavhiki uye vakaona kusvika kwezvipembenene zvinodonha. Vakabva vatora maitiro avo evanhu vasina kuchena vachiita kuti 50-75 mamiriyoni mapflies asina kunyanya pavhiki.
Izvi zvakangoita semumhutu uye zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapirwa nemumukanana seZika , Dengue , uye Chikungunya . Hurumende nevatsvakurudzi vave vachitsvaga kutsvaga nzira dzekudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukirwa nemukonyo kubva pakupararira uye zvakatarisa kugadzirisa pfungwa iyi. Pakave nevakawanda vakatsigira kushandiswa kwemasikito kana kuti kushandiswa kweWalbachia kunokanganisa mamiko evanhu.
Kunze kwekubvisa nhunzi uye kushandisa mushonga, zvinogonawo kuva zvakakosha kudzivisa kubvumira mhuka kuti dzive nemavanga angaita dendere kune mazai aya. Kune mhando dzemhando dzezvipfuwo zvinogona kutungamirira kumavanga ayo inobhururuka inoshandisa mazai. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuvepa, kuveura bvudzi, kubudisa, uye kukanda mhuka.
Iyowo pfungwa yakanaka yekuti mhuka dzidzivise maikiti. Kumikidza kubata kunogona kuva nzvimbo yekutanga mazai mazai. Kupararira kwemakiti muTexas chaizvoizvo kwaireva kuti zvipembenene zvakaramba zvichiri mumakore makumi masere nemazana masere kupfuura zvingave zvisiri izvo.
Pakupedzisira, kunewo nzvimbo yekusarudzwa kweChin West, yakagadzwa neFlorida (uye Georgia). Izvi ndezvokuti kurega kutendera mhuka dzinotapukirwa dzinobvumira kupararira kwezvipembenene izvi. Pane zvipo zvekuchengetedza mhuka dzinogona kutapukirwa kubva pakubuda munzvimbo dzakakanganiswa.
Kurapa Kwechirwere
Mune zviitiko apo utachiona hunoitika, mamwe makemikari kana achishandiswa kune ronda rinotapukira anogona kuuraya maruva. Inowanzodikanwa kurapa ronda racho kwemazuva maviri kusvika matatu mumutsara uye zvino kubvisa maperembudzi mushure mekunge (taura nekunonoka).
Vamwewo vanoshandisa kupinza kana kusvibisa mhuka nemushonga kuti vadzivirire zvakare maruva kwemazuva manomwe kusvika kune gumi.
Zvinokonzera Chirwere Zvinokanganisa Zvipfuwo Here?
Zvipembenene zvinogona-uye zvakabata-mavanga emhuka dzinokambaira uye mhuka dzinokanganisa, sezvinogona kukanganisa mhuka dzezvipfuwo. Screwworm zvirwere zvakaonekwa mumakati, imbwa, uye kunyange nguruve muFlorida muna 2016 kuputika. Mhosva dzekutanga dzinowanzoonekwa mumhuka dzemhuka.
Mavanga acho anogona kurapwa uye maperembudzi anogona kubviswa, asi zvakanakisa kudzivisa izvi. Zvinorwadzisa chipfuwo uye zvinogona kuva dambudziko rinoparadza.
Kana uine chipfuwo, chengetedza maronda ako emhuka uye akauisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo kune magwenga kana uchikwanisa kuzvidzivirira. Kana iwe ukatora chipfuwo kubva kunze kweUnited States kana kuti uuye nechipfuwo chako kuti chiende newe kunze kweUnited States zvakakosha kuti vet vheche aone chipfuwo chako, kunyanya kana pane maronda anorwadza.
Ikoko Kunokanganisa Vanhu Here?
Izvi zvinowanzoitika dzimwe nguva, asi zvakakwana hazvifaniri kunge zvichitinetsa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuchengeta mavanga akavharwa nguva dzose iri pfungwa yakanaka, uye pfungwa iri nani kana iwe uri munharaunda yakakanganiswa nefreeworm infestations. Muchiitiko chisingawanzi chetachiona, zvirwere zvinogona kurapwa uye maperembudzi acho anobviswa.
> Sources:
> North Carolina Dept of Agriculture. Screwworm.
> FAO. Screwworm kudzora uye kuparadza muodzanyemba kweUnited States of America.
> USDA. Nyika Itsva Screwworm .
> California Department of Agriculture. Screwworm .