Chii Chinokukurudzira Iwe?
Mashoko ekufambisa, zvinokurudzira, uye manzwiro ose ane shoko rimwe chete. Apo patinofunga nezvekukurudzira, tinogona kubvunza pamusoro pemanzwiro nemashoko anoti "chii chinokuita iwe?" Zvose izvi zvinoratidzira muhupenyu hwehutano-zhinji dzenharaunda dzinobatanidzwa nekutya uye zvinokurudzira mumuviri zvinobatanidza manzwiro edu nemaitiro.
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Mumwe musangano wezvematongerwe enyika akanga asingatyi uye akabatanidzwa akabata chirwere chakanyanya kubva kune aneurysm mune imwe nzvimbo yekare yokukurukura arteri . *
Mushure mekurohwa, akanga akangwarira uye akangwarira, asi asingateereri chero chinhu chipi zvacho chakamupoteredza. Manzwi emhuri yake uye kunyange kushungurudzika kwepanyama zvaiita sokuti hazvirevi chinhu kwaari. Akange asingadi kudya kunze kwekuti zvokudya zviiswa mumuromo make, uye iye aisazotaura kunze kwechirongwa chimwe chete. Vanachiremba vakamuwana iye neakinetic mutism, kushaya kukuru kwekukurudzira.
A CT scan yakaratidza kuti ropa kubva kune aneurysm yakanga yasimudzira mukati maro yekare anonzi cortex (ACC), nzvimbo iri kumashure chaiyo inonzi inonzi lo lobe, mukati meuropi pamusoro pekupedzisira sematemberi ake. Anterior cingulate cortex chikamu chechimbic system, ruzivo rwehutano hwemagariro hunoratidza uye hunoita kuti utaure.
Chikamu chechikamu cheAAC chakabatana neamygdalae, nzvimbo dzinotambudza zvekunzwa, pamwe ne prefrontal cortex, iyo inosanganiswa nemitemo yepfungwa. Iyo inobatanidzawo ne hypothalamus uye brainstem, iyo iyo ACC inokonzera kushaya kwemwoyo wedu, kuwedzera kweropa, uye zvimwe zvigadziro zvemamiriro ekufungidzira.
Chikamu chepamusoro cheAAC chakabatanidzwa ne-frontal lobes, iyo inotibatsira kutungamirira nekuita zvirongwa. IAC inobatanidza zvakananga ne premotor cortex, iyo inokurudzira chikamu chokutanga chekufambidzana kunoitwa. Mukubatana, kumusoro uye pasi zvikamu zveAAC zvinoita kuti zvive zvakanaka kuti zvibatanidze ruzivo rwemweya uye rwuendese mberi kune chiito.
Matambudziko eAnterior Cingulate Cortex
Zvinosuruvarisa, iAAC inogona kukuvadzwa nehutano hwehutano hwakadai semakumbo, kuora kwemvura, shamroke nezvimwe. Apo izvi zvinenge zvichiitika, kuwirirana kunokosha pakati pemanzwiro nemabasa zvakasunungurwa, uye tinorasikirwa nehanzvadzi yedu yemanzwiro. Izvi zvinokonzera kusava nehanya, zvakare kunonzi abulia , umo vanhu vasinganzwi kudiwa kwekupindura kune chero chinhu chipi zvacho mumamiriro avo ezvinhu, kusanganisira zvinhu zvingawanzove zvakakosha kwavari, semhuri, shamwari, kana dzimwe nguva kunyange kurwadziwa mumuviri. Chimiro chakakomba isakinetic mutism, umo munhu anonyanya kushungurudzika havatombotauri kana kutaura.
Dopaminergic Reward Pathway
Mukuwedzera pakushaiwa kwekukurudzira, kune dzimwe nguva apo isu tinokurudzirwa zvisina kunaka. Kuita zvinodhaka ndeimwe yemuenzaniso wakanaka pane watinokurudzirwa kuzvibata munzira dzatinoziva kuti dzinopesana nezvatinoda.
James Olds naPeter Milner kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMcGill vakaratidza kuti kukurudzirwa kwemazisolimbic mupiro wepasi pazasi uye mberi kweuropi kwakaita semubairo mumakonzo. Electrodes yakaiswa muhupenzi hwehave kuitira kuti mhuka itange kuzvisimudza nekudzvinyirira hover. Mhuka dzaizoshandisa lever iyi dzimwe nguva kupfuura chiuru kakawanda muawa.
Zviruwa izvi zvakazotevera zvakaratidzwa mumonke nemamwe vatsvakurudzi.
The ventral tegmental area, inozivikanwawo seyeslimbic mubayiro wepurojekiti yemapurisa kune zvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatanidzwa nemanzwiro uye motokari, kusanganisira anterior cingulate cortex uye amygdala. Iyo inoshandurawo kune ve prefrontal cortex, iyo inotitendera isu kutonga uye kuongorora kukosha kwemubairo unobatanidzwa nechiitiko chechinhu chiri munzvimbo yedu.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mu ventral tegmental nzvimbo ndiyo nucleus accumbens. Nucleus accumbens inosanganisira zvikamu zviviri: nheyo uye shell. Zvipfeko zvemukati zvinopedza dzimwe mhinduro dzekuzvibata kune zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye zvinoita sezviri kufananidzwa nekufambidzana kunobatanidza nekukosha kwepfungwa.
Iko kunotaridzika kunowedzera hutsika huripo-somuenzaniso kana amphetamine inopindirwa mukati mechiri, mhuka inowanzoshanda kune chinangwa chave chakabatanidzwa nemubairo munguva yakapfuura. Iko shell inoratidzika yakabatana zvikuru nezvinhu zvitsva nezviitiko.
Matambudziko eDopaminergic Reward Pathway
Neurochemically, nzira yekupa mubayiro inobva pane neurotransmitter dopamine. Kushandisa zvinodhaka kwakave kwakanyatsobatanidzwa nekuwedzera dopamine kutapurika mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Saizvozvowo, zvimwe zvinodhaka zvinotarisirwa kuwedzera mazinga e dopamine muuropi, zvakadai semishonga inotarisirwa kubata zviratidzo zvehosha yaPasinson, inogonawo kukanganisa urongwa uhwu, zvichiita kuti uite zvinodhaka zvakadai sekubhejera kubhejera.
Kana mumwe munhu anoshandisa cocaine kana amphetamine achirega kushandisa chirwere ichi, vanogona kutambura kubva pakuderera mu dopamine mu mesolimbic mubairo, izvo zvinotungamirira kumanzwiro ekusava nehanya nekuora mwoyo panguva yekurega. Izvi zvinogona kubatsirawo kune vamwe vanachiremba kubata chirwere chinotambudza kana chisimba-kupa mishonga yakadai seHaldol inoderedza maitiro e dopamine, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa mumotokari yemurwere uye nokudaro kuinyaradza. Serotonin zvinokurudzira zvinogona kuita zvakafanana kunyange zvisinganyanyi kuitika, uye zvinogona kudzivisa zvimwe zvemigumisiro ye antipsychotics.
Mhedziso
Zvikamu zvehuropi zvakanyanyobatana, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuziva kuti sei munhu ane chiratidzo chisinganzwisisiki. Apo ini ndakurukura mbiri mbiri dzakabatanidzwa nekutyaira, dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai sedare rekare rinogonawo kubatanidzwa.
Kushungurudzika kwekukurudzira hakusi kurega kusingaperi. Uropi hunochinja zvikuru, uye dzimwe hurumende dzinogona kubhadhara chikamu chekuparadza kune imwe nzvimbo. Mukadzi uyo akatambura nehutachiona mukati maro anterior cingulate cortex yakagadziriswa nekufamba kwenguva apo muviri wakadzorera ropa, kunyange zvazvo akaramba achirwara zviratidzo zvekuderera kwechikonzero chokuyeuchidza kuora mwoyo.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange isu tiri bongo redu, izvi zvinoreva zvakare kuti tinokwanisa kugadzirisa uye tinogona kukunda mhirizhonga uyo ungangoderedza kukanganisa kwedu kuita.
* Mashoko evanhu ega ega akachinjwa kuti adzivirire zvakavanzika.
Sources
Barris R, Schuman H (1953): Bhizimusi anterior cingulate gyrus seson; syndrome of the anterior cingulate gyri. Neurology. 3: 44-52.
Nielsen J, Jacobs L (1951): Kubatana kwezvipembenene zvemukati wekare zvinogadzirisa gyri; report of case. Bulletin yeLos Angeles Neurological Society. 16: 231-234.
Sollberger, M., Rankin, KP, & Miller, BL (2010). Social cognition. Kuenderera mberi Kwoupenyu Hwose Neurol, 16 (4), 69-85.