Mari Yakakura Yokuvimbisa Kanzerano Therapy
Kwemakore mashoma, masuo kune rekodhi rekutsva aive akazaruka akazaruka, uye rejeri yakasara isina kuchengetedzwa pasina mutengesi ari kuona. Ndiri nenzira yekufananidzira kutaura nezvemazuva emhando yemimhanzi yepiracy yemuIndia yakaitika kumativi emakore ane chiuru. Uku kuputika kwepiristika kunonyanya kunokonzerwa neNapster, yevezera vezera-pe-peer (P2P) mafaira ekugoverana basa iro rakabvumira mamiriyoni asingaverengwi kugovana MP3 (mafaira emimhanzi ye digital) pasina.
Zvisikwa uye kuparadzirwa kwakawanda kweNapster kwaiva chiitiko chinokanganisa chekambani yekurekodha. Sean Parker nevamwe vashandi vebasa rekugoverana mafaira munguva pfupi vakaunza hurumende yemakambani ekurekora nokuti, sesu tose tinogona kuonga iye zvino, kugovana mumhanzi wekodzero, kana piracy, kuba. Makore maviri asati apera, Napster akanga avhara purogiramu yacho isina kugoverwa.
Kunyange zvazvo kubhururuka kuchiri dambudziko guru - BitTorrent ndedzimwe nzira yekupa pachena dhiyabhorosi semitambo uye mafirimu nevamwe - Napster yakanga yakasununguka nyore nyore kushandiswa. Napster akachinjawo mararamiro atakaona maitiro atingawana mimhanzi, uye vanhu vazhinji avo zvino vanoshandisa dare reTunes vakatanga kutanga pfungwa yekudzidzira mimhanzi neNapster.
Napster angangodaro asi Sean Parker, mumwe wevakiki vayo, ari mupenyu uye akanaka. MunaMuvhuro 2016, Parker yakaita nhepfenyuro yekucherechedza $ 250 mamiriyoni ekutsvakurudza kwema immunotherapy kuti igoverwe nematunhu matanhatu emukenza, kusanganisira Stanford uye Memorial Sloan Kettering.
Sean Parker: Tech Wunderkind uye Top Philanthropist
Napster yakanga isiri kukundikana; zvirokwazvo, yakanga iri kubudirira kukuru, uye vazhinji vanopikisa kuti iyi ndiyo bhizinesi rinokura rinokurumidza. Zvisinei, vanhu vakanga vachishandisa Napster nenzira dzisina kururama, ndicho chikonzero chaifanira kuvharwa.
Mushure mekuparadzwa kweNepster sezvataiziva-chiratidzo chacho chakafamba nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvisati zvamboitika muna 2011 - Parker akafarira zvikuru zvekugarisana nevamwe.
Akateya nhepfenyuro yezvemagariro evanhu Plaxo, chimwe chinhu chaakazobviswa. Zvadaro muna 2004, pazera remakore makumi maviri nemaviri, Parker akaita shanho rakamuita mabhiriyoni uye akachinjawo nyika: Akazova mutungamiriri we Facebook.
Sezvo mutungamiriri we Facebook, Parker akatora zvishoma kutanga-uye akazvizivisa kunyika. Akaunza varimi uye vakabatsira kugadzira nzvimbo yacho. Zvechokwadi, Mark Zuckerberg angave akauya ne Facebook, asi Facebook ndizvo zvazviri nhasi nekuda kweParker.
Parker yakagara iri dambudziko rakaoma reveler uye guru spender. Muna 2013, akashandisa $ 10 Mamiriyoni emari pamuchato pane pfuma yega yega iri ku Big Sur. Akazobhadhara nyika yeCalifornia madhora 2,5 mamiriyoni ekuvakira kamba, matongo akaipisisa, mvura yakazara uye guru guru dhani pasi pedyo nenzvimbo yakachengeteka yemhuka dzesango.
Muna 2005 apo mutungamiri we Facebook, Parker akabatwa necocaine uye akazorega kubva kune kambani. Kuonga gore rake-pamwe nekubatana ne Facebook, Parker inokosha pa $ 3.5 biliyoni.
Mumakore mushure mokusiya Facebook, Parker akatendeuka zvakawanda kuti ave nehanya nekununura. Muna June 2015, Parker akapa $ 600 mamiriyoni kuParker Foundation.
Maererano nebhuku reParker Foundation:
Nheyo dzinovaka paSean nhoroondo yehupenyu hwehupenyu uye hunoita basa rake rokupayona munharaunda yekombiyuta, vhidhiyo, sangano rekambani, uye mutemo wevanhu. Kubva muSan Francisco, nheyo yacho inotarisira kurwisa hutsinye hukuru hwehutano hwehutano mumamiriro matatu ekutarira: Life Sciences, Global Public Health, uye Civic Engagement.
MunaMuvhuro 2016, Parker Foundation yakapa $ 250 mamiriyoni kuti agadzire Parker Institute yeCcercer Immunotherapy. (Sezviri pachena, Parker anoda kutumidza zita rake raanozvipa iye zvino.)
Chii Chinonzi Immunotherapy?
Kukura mumuviri wedu kunoitika semugumisiro wekunyatsoratidza nzira dzinoendesa zviratidzo zvepanyama zvinogadzirwa nehupenyu hwemagetsi. Nokusarudza maitiro evanhu ava venyama, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kurwisa kenza.
Zvisikwa zvakasikwa, zvakadai se interleukins, interferons uye zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaktokines , zvinogona kuumbwa mubazi. Uyezve, mashizha anoshandiswa, anoenzanisa nekugadzirwa kwezviratidzo zvechisikigo, anogonawo kubudiswa mubhuku.
Izvi zvakasikwa uye zvigadzirwa zvinogona kugadziriswa kuti zvive zvinosvibisa nekukura kwekenza masero kana kuita kuti masero ane utano kuti avhare kukura kwekenza masero. Kushandiswa kwemajini anokonzera mhinduro yekudzivirira muviri kunonzi immunotherapy .
Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeMununotherapy
Pfungwa inokosha inoshandisa immunotherapy - kushandisa masimba ezvirwere zvekudzivirira kenza - hazvisi zvitsva. Vanhu vakaronga izvi pfungwa zvakare kumashure kwezana remakore rechi19. Uyezve pakati pe1890 ne1960, vatsvakurudzi vakasiyana-siyana vakaedza kuparadzira vanorwara nekenza vachishandisa mabhakitiriya kuti vararame nekenza; zvinokonzerwa nekuedza uku kwakavhenganiswa.
Yakanga isiripo kusvikira kuma1980 apo yatakatanga kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emumasimba. Kunyanya muma1980, vatsvakurudzi vakawana maviri ezvisikwa izvo zvakasimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu kwemajoni ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvemuviri (immune system): guru histocompatibility complex (MHC) uye T-cell receptor (TCR). Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakafuridzira muurayi wekuongororwa kwemakiriniki pakutanga. Zvisinei, kunyatsobudirira kwehutano muhutano hwekudzivirira immunotherapy hazvina kuitika kutoti isu tainzwisisa zviri nani T-cell basa uye costimulatory uye coinhibitor mamolekoro. Ndapota ramba uchifunga kuti maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere zvezvirwere hazvina kumira zvakanaka uye anoshandisa simba rawo kurwisa zvirwere, taifanira kunzwisisa zviri nani zviito zvaro.
Aya 3 Mazano Anoita Kanzera Immunology uye Immunotherapy
Iko kune mitatu mitemo inotungamirira musango wekenza immunology uye mutungamiri unokwanisa immunotherapies.
Nheyo # 1: kudzivirirwa kwezvirwere. Kuongororwa kwepachivha kunoreva kushandiswa kwerusununguko rwemasimba ekudzivirira uye kubvisa masero anenge aripo akashandurwa uye haasisiri anowanzo (funga nezvekenza masero).
Nheyo # 2: kugadzirisa mafungiro. Kugadziriswa kwepachimungu kunoreva nzira iyo maitiro ezvirwere zvemuviri anorwisa kushandura masero anokonzera. Uku kuderedza kunoguma mune kuenzana, umo maitiro emakumbo anogara asi anotariswa. Mamwe masero emarara, zvisinei, anokwanisa kupukunyuka migumisiro yemusununguko wemuviri nekuda kwekuderedza kusagadzikana kwemuviri kana kukwanisa kukunda mhinduro dzemuviri. Aya masero anopukunyuka anova kanzira inoratidzika muchipatara.
Zvinotarisirwa # 3: kusagadzikana kwezvirwere. Nekudzivirirwa kwezvirwere, kenza masero akapukunyuka nemigumisiro yemagadzirirwo emusikirwo anoshandisa muviri wemuviri wezvirwere kuti udzivise kuparadzwa uye kuramba uchikura nekuparadzanisa.
Parker inotaura kuti akasarudza kuisa mari yakawanda mu immunotherapy tsvakurudzo nokuti immunotherapy ndiyo chete inorapwa inogona kuratidza kukanganwa kwenguva refu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuongororwa kwe immunotherapy kunonyanya kubhadhara mari - inogamuchira 4 peresenti chete yeNational Cancer Institute inosvika madhora madhora mabhiriyoni mashanu emari. Uyezve, Parker anotaura kuti R & D kumakambani emishonga anowedzera kufarira kutsvakurudza kunotsvakurudza chemotherapy kana kuti vakagadziriswa ezvo zvinowedzera kuwedzera kudiwa kwezvipo zvekudzivirira immunotherapy.
Sources:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. Masero uye Genomic Surgery. Mu: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 10e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. Mu: Kantarjian HM, Wolff RA. eds. Iyo MD Anderson Manual yeAradic Oncology, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016.